Abstract Salmon farming in the face of antimicrobial resistance and effects on human health and environment. Abstract: The present review compiles and analyzes studies of the last five years on antibiotic use in the salmon industry, reported effects on fish and humans, and impacts on the environment. There is a growing concern regarding the current management of veterinary therapeutic plans used for the treatment and control of bacterial infections. The main problems are related to the increase of resistance to antibiotics by pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria communities, horizontal transfer of resistance genes between bacterial cells, and a major number of cases of failed medical treatments in human and animal populations. Therefore, the challenges for the future will be to reduce dependence on antibiotics in animal production through research into alternatives technologies, the collection of epidemiological information from productive sectors that allow detailed monitoring in the different cultivation phases, biosafety measures from an approach of One Health, and strict supervision in the formulation of medicines by professionals in the animal area.

Resumen La salmonicultura frente a la resistencia de los antimicrobianos y los efectos sobre la salud humana y medio ambiente. Resumen: La presente revisión recopila y analiza estudios de los últimos 5 años sobre uso de antimicrobianos en la industria del salmón, efectos reportados en peces y seres humanos, y los impactos sobre el medio ambiente. Existe una creciente preocupación respecto al manejo actual de los planes terapéuticos veterinarios empleados para el tratamiento y control de infecciones bacterianas. Las principales problemáticas están relacionadas con el aumento en la resistencia hacia antimicrobianos por parte comunidades bacterianas patógenas y no patógenas, la transferencia horizontal de genes de resistencia entre células bacterianas y, un mayor número de casos de tratamientos médicos fallidos en poblaciones humanas y animales. Por lo tanto, los desafíos a futuro serán reducir la dependencia hacia los antimicrobianos en producciones animales mediante la investigación de tecnologías alternativas, la recopilación de información epidemiológica de sectores productivos que permitan realizar monitoreo detallado en las diferentes fases de cultivo, medidas de bioseguridad desde un enfoque de “One Health” y, una supervisión estricta en la formulación de medicamentos por parte de los profesionales en el área animal.

ABSTRACT The tissue response of the fish Gambusia punctata (Poey, 1854) grown under natural conditions under chronic heavy metal exposure is reported. Adult individuals of both sexes were captured 10 km downstream of a former open-pit mining area in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Branchial deformities with moderate extension were identified in 80% of the investigated individuals. Likewise, 100% presented numerous ferric iron deposits inside the enterocytes.

RESUMEN Se notifica la respuesta tisular del pez Gambusia punctata (Poey, 1854) crecido en condiciones naturales bajo la exposición crónica de metales pesados. Se capturaron individuos adultos de ambos sexos, a 10 km aguas debajo de una antigua zona minera a cielo abierto en Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Se identificaron deformaciones branquiales con una extensión moderada en el 80% de los individuos investigados. Asimismo, el 100% presentó numerosos depósitos de hierro férrico en el interior de los enterocitos.

RESUMO Tecnologia de bioflocos (BFT) tem vantagens em termos de redução do fornecimento de água, redução da taxa aparente de conversão alimenta FCR e aumento das densidades. Entretanto, não há informações sobre densidade adequadas e seu impacto na produção em largas escala das diferentes espécies. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar os efeitos da densidade de povoamento da tilápia vermelha masculinizada no BFT sobre desempenho produtivo, parâmetros de qualidade da água e características químicas dos peixes em larga escala e sob condições de cultivo no leste da Colômbia. Foram usados seis tanques circulares de 14 m de diâmetro, com capacidade de 153-m3, as densidades estudadas foram tratamento 1 (T30-30 peixes/m³) e tratamento 2 (T40-40 peixes/m³), em triplicado. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água das duas densidades estavam dentro das faixas normais para a espécie, mas o oxigênio dissolvido tendia a diminuir durante todo o processo de produção. As densidades de estocagem de T30 e T40, respectivamente, não resultaram em diferenças significativas no desempenho de crescimento. No final da experiência, FCR eram 1,6 e 1,7 de T30 e T40, respectivamente. Os peixes produzidos com menor densidade tiveram um ganho de peso semelhante; entretanto, a biomassa final não apresentou diferenças significativas. O BFT não afetou as características nutricionais, a porcentagem (%) de proteína foi 17.81 ±1 e 16.72 ±1 para T30 e T40, respetivamente. Não há presença de bactérias Salmonella spp. e Vibrio cholerae na carne de tilápia. (BFT Entretanto espécies produtivo Colômbia diâmetro 153m3, 153m3 153 m3, m3 153-m3 T3030 T 30 (T30-3 peixes/m³ peixesm³ peixesm m³ T4040 T40 40 (T40-4 peixes/m³, , triplicado espécie T3 respectivamente crescimento experiência 16 6 1, 17 7 semelhante entretanto nutricionais % (% 1781 81 17.8 ± 1672 72 16.7 respetivamente spp 153m 15 153-m T303 3 (T30- peixes/m T404 T4 4 (T40- ( 178 8 17. 167 16. (T30 (T40 (T3 (T4 (T

ABSTRACT Biofloc technology (BFT) has several advantages, such as low water supply requirements and apparent feed conversion ratio (FCR), and high densities. However, there is no information on adequate densities and their effect on the large-scale production of different species. In this study, we determined the effects of the stocking density of monosex red tilapia reared using BFT on the growth performance, water quality parameters, and chemical characteristics of fish on a large scale and under culture conditions in eastern Colombia. In total, six circular tanks (diameter: 14 m, height: 1 m, and capacity: 153 m³) were used in this investigation. Two stocking densities were considered: treatment 1 (T30: 30 fish/m³) and treatment 2 (T40: 40 fish/m³), in triplicate. The water quality parameters of the two treatment densities were within the normal ranges for the species, but dissolved oxygen decreased throughout the production process. The T30 and T40 treatments did not result in significant differences in growth performance. At the end of the trial, the FCRs were 1.6 and 1.7 from T30 and T40, respectively. Fishes raised at a lower density had a similar weight gain; however, their final biomass was not significantly different. BFT did not affect the nutritional characteristics of fish; the percentage of protein (%) in tilapia was 17.81% ±1% and 16.72% ±1% in the T30 and T40 groups, respectively. None of the fish were infected by Salmonella spp. or Vibrio cholerae. (BFT advantages FCR, FCR , (FCR) However largescale species study performance Colombia total diameter (diameter m height capacity 15 m³ investigation considered T (T30 3 fish/m³ fishm³ fishm (T40 4 fish/m³, triplicate process T3 T4 trial 16 6 1. 17 7 respectively gain however % (% 1781 81 17.81 ±1 1672 72 16.72 groups spp cholerae (FCR (T3 fish/m (T4 ( 178 8 17.8 ± 167 16.7 (T 17. 16.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the performance of two aeration types, splash and blower, used on a commercial biofloc technology (BFT) farm of red tilapia, Oreochromis sp., and their effect on growth performance and water quality parameters. For this, red tilapia juveniles were randomly distributed into twelve tanks. Each tank had an independent aeration system, and two experimental groups were characterized: six tanks used splash aerators (SPL group; one per tank, 1 hp), and the remaining tanks used a blower aerator (BLW group) with the same potency (1 hp). Water quality parameters were registered daily, and after 90 days of commercial culture, we obtained final growth parameters for each batch (tank). We observed no statistical differences on growth parameters, while water quality parameters showed that dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation were significantly higher for the SPL group. Therefore, this field study corroborated indications from prior research at laboratory conditions that, at a commercial scale, splash aerators are more adequate for the production of red tilapia in BFT conditions. types (BFT sp sp. system characterized group hp, hp , hp) BLW ( hp. . daily 9 culture tank. (tank) Therefore scale (tank

Resumen El estrés en la etapa de prefaenado es un periodo crítico dentro de la cadena productiva al provocar pérdidas en el peso vivo del animal, afectaciones en el rendimiento y calidad de la canal y pérdida del bienestar animal debido a una alteración de homeóstasis del organismo por la exposición a situaciones estresantes. En la presente revisión se identifican y describen los factores estresores que se han reportado en los últimos 5 años como principales causas de deterioro de la calidad de la carne entre los cuales se incluyen actividades de manejo de los animales por parte del personal de granja o planta (transporte, carga y descarga, en planta de sacrificio), condiciones ambientales (temperatura, vibraciones), tiempo de espera previo al sacrificio y mezcla de lotes, periodo de ayuno de agua y comida, y estados de fatiga, así como los biomarcadores usados rutinariamente para el estudio de condiciones asociadas al estrés. Aunque las investigaciones sobre el tema son abundantes, aún no es totalmente claro los mecanismos bioquímicos involucrados en la obtención de ciertas características organolépticas de la carne con respecto a niveles de estrés y las variaciones individuales observables en diferentes grupos de animales, así mismo, se requiere mayor investigación en los biomarcadores de estrés que permitan una identificación y medición más específica, efectiva y no invasiva.

Abstract Stress in the pre-slaughter stage is a critical period in the production chain because it causes losses in animal live weight, affects carcass yield and quality, and leads to a loss of animal welfare due to an alteration in the homeostasis of the organism as a result of exposure to stressful situations. This review identifies and describes the stressors that have been reported in the last 5 years as the main causes of meat quality deterioration, including animal handling activities by farm or plant personnel (transport, loading and unloading, in the slaughter plant), environmental conditions (temperature, vibrations), waiting time prior to slaughter and mixing of lots, water and food fasting period, and fatigue states, as well as the biomarkers routinely used for the study of conditions associated with stress. Although research on the subject is abundant, the biochemical mechanisms involved in obtaining certain organoleptic characteristics of meat with respect to stress levels and the individual variations observable in different groups of animals are still not completely clear, and more research is needed on stress biomarkers that allow a more specific, effective and non-invasive identification and measurement.

ABSTRACT It is reported the case of a 7-year-old Colombian Creole horse that was admitted to the Large Animal Veterinary Clinic of the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. In the clinical evaluation, the fracture of the incisor bone was determined. It was corrected through the restoration technique using a wire anchorage or interdental wiring of the incisors (cerclage technique). The patient presented a satisfactory evolution showing a consolidation of the fracture without complications of malocclusion. The implemented procedure was relatively simple and provided welfare to the equine.

RESUMEN Se reporta el caso de un caballo criollo colombiano de 7 años que ingresó a la Clínica Veterinaria de Grandes Animales de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. En la evaluación clínica se determinó la fractura del hueso incisivo. Se procedió a su corrección a través de la técnica de restauración mediante el anclaje de alambre o cableado interdental de los incisivos (técnica de cerclaje). El paciente presentó una evolución satisfactoria mostrando una consolidación de la fractura sin complicaciones de maloclusión. El procedimiento implementado fue relativamente simple y proporcionó bienestar al equino.

Abstract Feeding accounts for 50%-60% of production costs in fish farming, and alternative raw materials are used to lower production costs. These raw materials can alter nutritional values and sensory aspects of the final product. The present study describes the results for the proximal composition, sensory, and microbiological analyses of red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) fed with a biofloc meal (fish sediment residue). The results showed that the red tilapia biofloc meal contained protein levels over 30%, with 3% nitrogen and 6% calcium. Fish fed biofloc meal showed productive performances within the ranges established for the species. Sensory analysis revealed that the cooked product’s appearance was very characteristic, presenting a slight metallic flavor and moderate juiciness. The bromatological composition analysis indicated that each 100g of tilapia contained 16 g of protein. Finally, the microbiological study guarantees compliance with the local tandards and confirms that the product does not contain significant levels of microorganisms that could cause foodborne diseases when consumed by humans. In conclusion, the use of biofloc meal at a small red tilapia farm proved to be a sustainable alternative for feeding Oreochromis sp.

ABSTRACT It is reported the case of a Leopardus pardalis specimen, male, 15.6 kg body weight, found with partial decomposition in a road in the rural sector of the municipality of Arauca, Colombia. At necropsy, 36 parasitic forms of nematodes were found, with an approximate length of 3.4 cm, which were identified as Toxocara cati by the presence of lateral fins at the cervical end, the presence of three lips and a ringed cuticle. This is the first report in Colombia of the parasitic species in this wild feline, indicating that the species L. pardalis may be a potential carrier and disseminator of T. cati.

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de un espécimen de Leopardus pardalis, macho y peso de 15.6 kg, hallado con descomposición parcial en una vía del sector rural del municipio de Arauca, Colombia. En la necropsia se encontraron 36 formas parasitarias de nematodos, con una longitud aproximada de 3.4 cm, las cuales fueron identificadas como Toxocara cati por la presencia de aletas laterales en el extremo cervical, presencia de tres labios y de una cutícula anillada. Este es el primer reporte en Colombia de la especie parasitaria en este felino silvestre, indicando que la especie L. pardalis puede ser potencial portador y diseminador de T. cati.

Two cases of canines infected with Hepatozoon canis are described in the city of Cúcuta, Colombia. The first patient of 18 months of age came to consultation with vomiting, anorexia, and progressive weight loss. In the second case, it was intended to perform preventive ovariohysterectomy, but the patient presented anemia in the pre-surgical clinical tests. For both cases, the diagnosis was by blood smear, observed at 100X. For the second case the diagnose was confirmed by PCR. The treatment established was symptomatic, using drugs such as oxytetracycline and doxycycline. This is the first report of hepatozoonosis in the city of Cúcuta.

Se describen dos casos de caninos infectados con Hepatozoon canis en la ciudad de Cúcuta, Colombia. La primera paciente de 18 meses de edad llegó a consulta con vómitos, anorexia y pérdida progresiva de peso. En el segundo caso se pretendía realizar ovariohisterectomía preventiva, pero en los exámenes clínicos prequirúrgicos presentó anemia. Para los dos casos, el diagnóstico fue mediante extendido sanguíneo, observado a 100X. Para el segundo caso, el diagnóstico se confirmó con la prueba de PCR. El tratamiento instaurado fue sintomático, usando fármacos como oxitetraciclina y doxiciclina. Este es el primer reporte de hepatozoonosis en la ciudad de Cúcuta.