ABSTRACT The incidence of the olive caterpillar Palpita forficifera is among the main phytosanitary problems in olive groves in Brazil, and the use of resistant cultivars can be a useful tool to be incorporated into an integrated management strategy of this pest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the consumption and oviposition of P. forficifera on three olive cultivars in laboratory bioassays, in order to identify a potential antixenosis-type resistance. The cultivars evaluated were Arbequina, Arbosana and Koroneiki. Oviposition free choice tests were carried on young trees of the cultivars, with 7 days old adults. For consumption, detached leaves from the different cultivars were used in no choice and free choice tests with 5th instar larvae. The oviposition of P. forficifera was similar in all three cultivars. As for consumption, in no choice test, Arbequina had a higher dry mass consumed, yet, in free choice tests, no significant difference was observed in the fresh and dry mass consumed on the three cultivars. These results suggest that none of the cultivars expressed antixenosis-type resistance. Brazil pest P bioassays antixenosistype antixenosis type resistance Koroneiki adults th larvae test yet

ABSTRACT In Santa Catarina, Brazil, ‘Satsuma Okitsu’ and the ‘common mandarin' (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) are the widely known mandarin varieties harvested earlier than 'Ponkan'. This study analyzed and compared the maturation evolution of early maturing mandarins in two rootstocks. The experiment had as treatments combinations of the scion cultivars SCS458 Osvino, Clemenules, Satsuma Okitsu and Mexirica do Rio IAC and the rootstocks ‘Swingle’ and ‘IAC 387 Carrizo’. Fruit were sampled during ripening to evaluate soluble solids (SS), total acidity (TA), ratio (SS/TA), juice content and skin color (CIE Lab parameters and color index - CI). Treatments were compared by analysis of variance and linear and nonlinear modeling. Scions significantly affected the evaluated variables, but no rootstock effect was found. ‘SCS458 Osvino’ showed earlier ratio and, mainly, CI, but its juice content was low in part of the period. ‘Satsuma Okitsu’ and ‘Clemenules’ presented, early, higher CI and ratio than ‘Mexirica do Rio IAC’. In conclusion, the cultivars SCS458 Osvino, Satsuma Okitsu and Clemenules are more precocious in maturation compared to ‘Mexirica do Rio IAC’, and the first is the most precocious in peel maturation.

Resumen: El maracuyá amarillo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) se adapta bien a temperaturas tropicales. En climas subtropicales, las bajas temperaturas del invierno limitan su crecimiento. Algunos tratamientos con bioestimulantes promueven la germinación y el crecimiento inicial de la plántula. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la emergencia y el crecimiento de plántulas de maracuyá en diferentes fechas de siembra y tratamientos de las semillas. Se evaluaron dos tratamientos: aplicaciones de ácido giberélico (AG) 1.000 mg L-1 en el agua de imbibición de las semillas, y un estimulante compuesto (ST) de 90 mg L-1 de cinetina, 50 mg L-1 de ácido giberélico y 50 mg L-1 de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) aplicado sin dilución en las semillas (4 mL kg-1). Las fechas de siembra fueron 02/05, 22/05, 11/06 y 02/07, en 2013 y 2014. La tasa de emergencia con ST fue similar a la del testigo, pero se redujo con AG, que aumentó el tiempo desde la siembra hasta la emergencia. El crecimiento de plántulas, evaluado el 15 de septiembre de dos años, no se modificó significativamente con ningún estimulante. Las fechas de siembra no afectaron el porcentaje de emergencia, pero en las dos siembras más tardías la emergencia fue más lenta. El atraso en la siembra disminuyó el crecimiento de los plantines, y los modelos ajustados a la respuesta fueron diferentes en función de la característica evaluada y del año.

Summary: The yellow passionfruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) is well adapted to tropical temperatures. Under subtropical conditions, winter temperatures limit its growth. Some treatments with biostimulants promote germination and seedling initial growth. The objective of this work was to evaluate emergency and growth of passionfruit seedlings under different seeding dates and seed treatments. Two stimulants were tested: gibberellic acid (GA) 1000 mg L-1 in water soaking and a stimulant (ST) composed of 90 mg L-1 kinetin, 50 mg L-1 gibberellic acid and 50 mg L-1 indolbutiric acid (IBA) applied without dilution (4 mL kg-1). Seeding dates were May 2, May 22, June 11 and July 2 for 2013 and 2014. Emergency in the ST treatment was similar to the control but was reduced by GA treatment. GA increased the time needed for the seeds to emerge. Seedling growth evaluated on September 15, in two years, was not significantly modified by any stimulant. Seeding dates did not influence emergency percentage, but in the two latest dates the emergence was slower. The later the sowing dates, the smaller the seedling growth, and the models fitted to the response were different according to the characteristics evaluated and the year.

The objective of this work was to evaluate day-neutral strawberry cultivars regarding leaf emission, intensity of leaf spot [Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tul.) Lindau] and the impact of the removal of diseased leaflets on the number of leaflet remaining, under plastic-covered and open cultivation. The cultivars Aromas, Monterey, Portola and San Andreas were evaluated in open field and in beds covered with white or transparent polyethylene sheets. Plants grown under open field condition showed greater area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) of incidence. The AUDPC of severity was greater in Monterey and San Andreas when compared to Aromas, but without difference in AUDPC of incidence. San Andreas emitted a lower quantity of leaflets than Aromas, and had lower number of leaflets remaining after the removal of diseased leaflets. Monterey and Portola showed intermediate scores. As conclusion, the incidence of leaf spot is eased by cultivation in open field. The cultivars San Andreas and Monterey, compared to Aromas, favor M. fragariae. The impact of diseased leaflet removal in the quantity of leaflets in Aromas is lower than in San Andreas.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar cultivares de fresa de día neutro respecto a la emisión de folíolos, la intensidad de la mancha foliar [Mycosphaerella fragariae (Tul.) Lindau] y el impacto de la eliminación de los folíolos enfermos en el número de folíolos restantes, bajo cobertura de plástico y cultivo abierto. Los cultivares Aromas, Monterey, Portola y San Andreas se evaluaron en campo abierto y bajo coberturas de polietileno blanco o transparente. Las plantas cultivadas en campo abierto mostraron mayor área bajo la curva de progreso (ABCPE) de la incidencia de la enfermedad. El ABCPE de severidad fue mayor en Monterey y San Andreas en comparación con Aromas, pero sin diferencia en ABCPE de incidencia. San Andreas emitió menor cantidad de folíolos que Aromas y tuvo menor número de folíolos restantes después de la eliminación de los enfermos. Además, Monterey y Portola mostraron medias intermedias. Como conclusión, la incidencia de la mancha de la hoja es facilitada por el cultivo en campo abierto. Los cultivares San Andreas y Monterey, en comparación con Aromas, favorecen M. fragariae. El impacto de la eliminación de folíolos enfermos en la cantidad de folíolos restantes es menor en Aromas que en San Andreas.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi confirmar os híbridos obtidos em plantas originadas do cruzamento entre as tangerineiras Citrus deliciosa 'Montenegrina' e C. nobilis 'King', e estimar a similaridade genética entre os híbridos e entre cada híbrido e seus parentais. Vinte e três pares de iniciadores microssatélites foram testados. Quatorze desses pares apresentaram bandas polimórficas entre os parentais. Os iniciadores CCSM 129 e CCSME 52 foram suficientes para identificar os 12 clones nucelares observados na população estudada. A análise da similaridade genética da população (híbridos e parentais) mostrou similaridade média de 0,56. Além dos 12 clones identificados de 'Montenegrina', foram encontrados 25 híbridos, dos quais D18, C32, D06, C05 e D09 são os mais similares a 'Montenegrina'.

The objective of this work was to confirm the hybrids obtained in plants originated from the crossing between the mandarins Citrus deliciosa 'Montenegrina' and C. nobilis 'King', and to estimate the genetic similarity among hybrids, and between each hybrid and its parents. Twenty‑three pairs of microsatellite primers were tested. Fourteen of these pairs showed polymorphic bands between parents. Primers CCSM 129 and CCSME 52 were sufficient to identify the 12 nucellar clones observed in the studied population. Genetic similarity analysis of the population (hybrids and parents) showed 0.56 average similarity. Besides the 12 clones of 'Montenegrina' identified, 25 hybrids were found of which D18, C32, D06, C05 and D09 are the more similar to 'Montenegrina'.

The citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, is one of the main citrus diseases and has threatened the world's citriculture. In this study, the damage caused by citrus canker was quantified in a sweet orange culture, cv. Valencia [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.], grafted over 15 year-old Rangpur lime (C. limonia Osb.), in the municipality of Guatambu, SC, Brazil, in the crop of 2004/05. Evaluations of the number of fruits per plant (NF), fruit yield per plant (P), citrus canker incidence on the fruit (IFR), and incidence (IL) and severity (SV) of citrus canker on 80 leaves per orange tree were performed in the harvest period, applying diagrammatical scales. Plants had large variation in SV (0.16%-1.09%), IL (12.50%-56.25 %) and IFR (12.30%-56.09%). Linear regressions were significant between IL x SV, NF x SV, P x IFR, and NF x IFR. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the mean estimated values of IL in different quadrants of the crowns of the orange trees (N, S, L and O). Each 1% increase in IFR reduced 2.16 kg and 21.3 fruits per tree.

El cancro cítrico causado por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, es una de las principales enfermedades de los cítricos y tiene amenazada la industria de los cítricos en todo el mundo. En este trabajo se cuantificó el daño causado por el cancro cítrico en la producción de naranja dulce cv. Valencia /Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] injertada en limón 'Cravo' (C. limonia Osb.), con 15 años de edad, en el municipio de Guatambú, SC, Brasil, en la cosecha 2004/05. En el momento de la cosecha, se evaluó el número de frutos por planta (NF), el rendimiento de frutos por planta (R), la incidencia de cancro en los frutos (IFR) y la incidencia (IFL) y severidad (SV) de cancro en 80 hojas/planta, utilizando escalas diagramáticas. Las plantas presentaron gran variación en SV (de 0,16 a 1,09%), IFL (12,50 a 56,25%) y IFR (12,30 a 56,09%). Fue posible adaptarse regresiones lineales simples entre IFL x SV, NFx SV, R x IFR y entre NFx IFR. No hubo diferencias significativas (p> 0,05) entre los medios de IFL estimados en los diferentes cuadrantes de la copa de las plantas (N, S, E y O). A cada incremento de 1% en IFR se reduce la producción por planta en 2,16 kg y 21,3 frutos.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de seis porta-enxertos sobre a produção, a qualidade dos frutos e o crescimento da tangerineira 'Oneco', durante as sete primeiras safras, em Butiá, Rio Grande do Sul. Os porta-enxertos avaliados foram: citrumeleiro 'Swingle' (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata), laranjeira 'Caipira' (C. sinensis), citrangeiro 'Troyer' (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata.), limoeiro 'Cravo' (C. limonia), limoeiro 'Volkameriano' (C. volkameriana) e trifoliata 'Flying Dragon' (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa). As plantas enxertadas sobre 'Flying Dragon' apresentaram menor desenvolvimento vegetativo, o que indica as características nanizantes deste porta-enxerto, e obtiveram a maior eficiência produtiva média, apesar da baixa produção. As plantas enxertadas sobre os limoeiros 'Volkameriano' e 'Cravo' apresentaram as maiores alternâncias de produção. Nas condições experimentais avaliadas, os melhores porta-enxertos para a tangerineira 'Oneco' são o citrumeleiro 'Swingle' e o citrangeiro 'Troyer', no que se refere à produção e à qualidade dos frutos.

The objective of this work was to assess the effect of six rootstocks on yield, fruit quality, and growth of 'Oneco' mandarin during the first seven harvesting seasons, in Butiá, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The rootstocks evaluated were: 'Swingle' citrumelo (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata), 'Caipira' orange (C. sinensis), 'Troyer' citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata), 'Rangpur' lime (C. limonia), 'Volkamer' lemon (C. volkameriana), and 'Flying Dragon' trifoliata orange (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa). Plants budded onto 'Flying Dragon' had the lowest vegetative development, which indicates the dwarfing characteristics of this rootstock, and had the highest mean production efficiency, despite low yield. Plants grafted on 'Volkamer' lemon and 'Rangpur' lime had the highest alternate bearing. Under the experimental conditions evaluated, the most adequate rootstocks for mandarin 'Oneco' are 'Swingle' citrumelo and 'Troyer' citrange, regarding fruit yield and quality.

As plantas cítricas possuem ampla variação morfológica e citogenética. Neste contexto, análises dessas plantas podem auxiliar na identificação de materiais mais promissores para cruzamentos. Uma população de tangerineiras híbridas oriundas do cruzamento das tangerineiras 'Clementina Fina' (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.) e 'Montenegrina' (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) foi avaliada segundo características morfológicas, época de maturação, número cromossômico e viabilidade de pólen. Foi possível distinguir as 94 plantas da progênie e os genitores através dos dados morfológicos. Verificou-se uma alteração no período de maturação dos frutos nas plantas híbridas. Todas as plantas avaliadas são diplóides com um número cromossômico de 2n=18, bem como, alto grau de viabilidade de pólen, variando entre 79,0% e 98,1%.

Citrus plants show morphological and cytogenetic variability and these characteristics can be useful to identify the materials for hybridization. A population of hybrid tangerines, originated from the cross between 'Clementina Fina' (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.) as female and 'Montenegrina' (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) as male parents, was characterized using morphological traits, maturation period, chromosome number and pollen viability. It was possible to distinguish the 94 plants of the progeny and the parents by morphological traits. The time of fruit ripening of the hybrid extended from the beginning of April until the end of August. All plants analyzed are diploid with a chromosome number of 2n = 18 and presented high pollen viability, varying from 79.0% to 98.1%.

Os citros apresentam uma taxonomia muito complexa, principalmente com relação ao número de espécies que constituem o gênero Citrus e os gêneros afins. Genótipos classificados como espécies podem ter sido originados por hibridação interespecífica e preservados por meio da embrionia nucelar. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar uma população de tangerineiras híbridas oriundas do cruzamento das tangerineiras 'Clementina Fina' (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.), genitor feminino, e 'Montenegrina' (Citrus deliciosa Ten.), genitor masculino, utilizando marcadores do tipo microssatélites (SSR). Com 12 pares de primers, foi possível diferenciar 93 acessos do estudo e agrupar a F1 em indivíduos mais próximos do genitor feminino e do genitor masculino. O PIC (Conteúdo de Informação de Polimorfismo) dos primers variou de 0,27 a 0,65. Toda a progênie do cruzamento entre 'Clementina Fina' e 'Montenegrina' analisada neste estudo é híbrida, e os SSRs foram eficientes para identificar híbridos com maior similaridade genética em relação aos genitores, mostrando a existência de variabilidade genética entre as plantas da população estudada.

Citrus have a very complex taxonomy, especially considering the number of species included in genus Citrus and related genera. What is classified as a species may have originated by interespecific hybridization and preserved through nucellar embryony. This research aimed to characterize a population of hybrid tangerines, originated from the cross of 'Clementina Fina' (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.) as female and 'Montenegrina' (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) as male parents, using microsatellite molecular makers. With 12 pairs of primers it was possible to differentiate 93 of the studied accessions and to group F1 individuals nearer to the male or to the female parent. The primers PIC (Polymorphism Information Content) ranged from 0.27 to 0.65. All the analyzed progeny between 'Clementina Fina' and 'Montenegrina' is hybrid, where SSR were efficient in identifying hybrids more similar to the genitors, showing genetic variability among plants of the studied population.

A tangerineira 'Michal' (Citrus clementina x C. tangerina) poderá ser uma boa alternativa ao Rio Grande do Sul como cultivar copa para produção de frutos em época precoce. No entanto, há falta de informações sobre seu comportamento em cultivo nas condições ambientais desse Estado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento das plantas, a produção e a qualidade dos frutos da tangerineira 'Michal' enxertada sobre cinco porta-enxertos: citrangeiro 'Troyer', citrumeleiro 'Swingle', limoeiro 'Cravo', tangerineira 'Sunki' e trifoliata 'Flying Dragon', na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: a altura das plantas, a circunferência do tronco, a área de projeção da copa (APC), o número e a massa (MF) de frutos produzidos, a relação MF/APC (IP), o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), a acidez total titulável (ATT) e a relação SST/ATT do suco, além do tamanho dos frutos e do rendimento de suco. O citrumeleiro 'Swingle' promoveu bom vigor, boa produção, bom IP, bons níveis de SST e de ATT da 'Michal', enquanto o limoeiro 'Cravo' conferiu bom vigor, boa produção, bom IP e bom tamanho dos frutos, ambos podendo ser indicados como porta-enxertos em pomares de tangerineira 'Michal'.

'Michal' tangerine (Citrus clementina x C. tangerina) can be a good choice as canopy for early maturing fruit production in Rio Grande do Sul. The limitation is the lack of information about its performance and management. The aim of this research was to evaluate the development, production and fruit quality of 'Michal' tangerine grafted on five rootstocks: 'Troyer' citrange, 'Swingle' citrumelo, 'Cravo' lemon, 'Sunki' tangerine and 'Flying Dragon' trifoliate orange, in the Depressão Central of Rio Grande do Sul. The following variables were evaluated: plant height; trunk circumference; canopy projection area (APC); produced fruit number and weight (MF); MF/APC relation (IP); juice total soluble solids (SST) and total titrable acidity (ATT); fruit size and juice content. 'Swingle' citrumelo provided good vigor, yield, IP, SST and ATT for 'Michal', while 'Cravo' lemon induced good vigor, yield, IP and fruit size. Both are good recommendations as rootstock for orchards of 'Michal'.

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido para estimar a fertilidade do pólen e determinar o nível de ploidia em progênies dos cruzamentos da tangerineira 'Montenegrina' (C. deliciosa Ten.) com a tangerineira 'King' (C. nobilis Lour.) e com a laranjeira 'Caipira' (C. sinensis (L.) Osb.). As plantas, de pés-francos e com idade entre 11 e 12 anos, são mantidas na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, em Eldorado do Sul. Avaliaram-se o nível de ploidia, através da contagem dos cromossomos em células em meiose, e a fertilidade do pólen, por coloração do pólen com carmim propiônico, em 2005 e 2006. Todos os híbridos avaliados são diplóides e a fertilidade de pólen variou de zero a 98%. C27 - híbrido de 'Montenegrina' x 'Caipira' - revelou-se praticamente estéril, e a fertilidade de C21, do mesmo cruzamento, é de 10%. A menor fertilidade observada no cruzamento da 'Montenegrina' x 'King' foi de 42%.

This work was performed to estimate pollen fertility and determinate the ploidy level of 11 to 12 years old progenies of crosses of 'Montenegrina' mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Ten.) with 'King' mandarin (C. nobilis Lour.) and with 'Caipira' sweet orange (C. sinensis (L.) Osb.) maintained at Estação Experimental Agronômica of UFRGS, in Eldorado do Sul, Brazil. The ploidy level was determined by chromosome countings in meiosis cells and pollen fertility evaluated by staining pollen grains with propionic carmine. All evaluated hybrids are diploid and pollen fertility varied from zero to 98%. C27, a hybrid 'Montenegrina' x 'Caipira', was found is sterile, and C21, from the same cross, showed 10 % fertility. The lowest observed fertility in the progeny 'Montenegrina' x 'King' was 42 %.

O trabalho foi conduzido em área de pastagem natural da Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre-RS), no período de 25/10/2000 a 13/09/2001, com objetivo de avaliar os tratamentos: 8%, 12%, 16% de oferta de forragem (OF) durante todo ano, 8% de OF na primavera e 12% no verão, outono e inverno (8-12%); 12% de OF na primavera e 8% no verão, outono e inverno (12-8%); 16% de OF na primavera e 12% no verão, outono e inverno (16-12%), com novilhos em pastejo contínuo com lotação variável. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completamente casualizados com duas repetições. O maior ganho médio diário (GMD) ao longo do ano (0,466 kg an-1 dia-1) foi obtido no tratamento que teve sua oferta aumentada (8-12%). Este também foi o único manejo em que os animais ganharam peso no inverno. A produtividade animal (kg ha-1 de peso vivo) foi menor nos tratamentos de 16% e 16-12%. A variação da OF ao longo das estações do ano, como procedimento de manipulação da estrutura e composição da vegetação para promover maior produção de MS e GMD dos animais foi eficiente, sendo que seu efeito sobre a produção de MS e animal estende-se por todas as estações do ano.

This trial was conducted in natural pasture area of the Agronomic Experimental Station of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (Porto Alegre-RS), from 10/25/2000 to 09/13/2001, with the objective of evaluating the treatments: 8%, 12%, 16% of dry matter allowance (DMA) over the year, 8% of DMA at spring and 12% at summer, autumn and winter (8-12%); 12% of DMA at spring and 8% at summer, autumn and winter (12-8%) e 16% of DMA at spring and 12% at summer, autumn and winter (16-12%), using steers on continuous grazing with variable stocking rate. The experimental design used was blocks randomised with two replications. The biggest average daily weight gain over the year (0.466 kg/an/day) was obtained in the increased DMA treatment. This treatment, also, was the only management the animals increased weight at winter. The animal production/ha was smaller in the 16% and 16-12% treatments. The DMA changing over the seasons, as a procedure to manipulate the vegetation structure and composition to increase forage production and average daily weight gain was efficient, and its effect upon the forage and animal production go on all the seasons.