Resumo O livro e a escrita têm uma história indissociável das suas várias formas e dos materiais em que são ou foram produzidos. Estão também intimamente associados à evolução dos procedimentos administrativos e dos modos de governar, da emergência de opiniões públicas e oposições políticas influentes, ou mesmo do envolvimento dos cidadãos na atividade cívica e crítica. Esta mutação e busca de práticas expressivas e de lugares do saber é uma constante das culturas do livro, da escrita e da leitura e tem toda a atualidade. Hoje, estas transformações implicam também dispositivos digitais na comunicação escrita e na produção do livro, e a sua relação num sistema do livro mais complexo, não uma mera substituição de paradigma. A leitores, a autores e a produtores são exigidas novas competências e adaptações nas formas de viver a comunicação escrita, alterações que podem ser compreendidas à luz de outras grandes mudanças já ocorridas nos contextos das várias formas de manuscrito e da impressão mecânica.

Abstract Books and writing have a history that is inseparable from their various forms and the materials in which they are or were produced. They are also closely associated with the evolution of administrative procedures and ways of ruling, the emergence of public opinions and influential political oppositions, or even the involvement of citizens in civic and critical activity. This mutation and search for expressive practices and places of knowledge is a constant feature of the cultures of books, writing and reading and is very relevant nowadays. Today, these transformations also involve digital devices in written communication and book production, and their relationship in a more complex book system, not a mere paradigm shift. Readers, authors, and producers are required to have new skills and adapt to the ways in which they experience written communication, changes that can be understood in the light of other major changes that have already taken place in the contexts of the various forms of manuscript and mechanical printing.

Resumo Apresentação da profunda transformação que ocorreu nos últimos trinta anos sobre o Portugal Habsburgo (1580-1640), destacando o magistério de António Manuel Hespanha nessas alterações. Descreve-se o processo de ressignificação histórica do referido período em relação às formas de pré-conhecimento nacionalistas. Esboça-se, igualmente, uma reflexão sobre o futuro dos estudos de história ibérica perante o actual debate sobre as escalas e as cronologias da análise histórica.

Abstract In this paper, I focus on the profound changes that have taken place over the last thirty years regarding the way in which historians approach Hapsburg Portugal (1580-1640), and highlight the important contribution made by António Manuel Hespanha in this matter. The way in which the period has been subjected to a process of historical resignification is described against a background of nationalist preconceptions. I also offer a perspective for the future study of Iberian history in the light of the current debate on the chronologies and timescales of historical analysis.

Abstract This work is concerned with the expressive dimensions of 16th and 17th century writing, reflecting on material forms as creators of meaning, especially through the use of handwriting. It is proposed that the study of the holograph writing included a particular economy of time that created relations of sociability and which was used as a sign of acknowledgment of a collective ethos experienced in an individual manner. The classic origins of epistolary writing are evoked as revealing the soul, focusing on the writing of the Sardinian Sigismondo Arquer (c. 1525-1571) and his particular definition of intrus and extra writings.

Resumen Este trabajo se interesa por las dimensiones expresivas de la escritura durante los siglos XVI y XVII a partir de una reflexión sobre las formas materiales como creadoras de sentido, en especial por medio del recurso a la escritura de mano propia. Se propone que el uso de la holografía manuscrita encerraba una economía particular del tiempo que generaba relaciones de sociabilidad y que era empleada como signo de reconocimiento de un ethos colectivo vivido de manera individual. Se evocan los orígenes clásicos de la escritura epistolar como reveladora del ánimo y se presta atención a la elaboración de este tópico en los escritos del sardo Sigismondo Arquer (c. 1525-1571) y su particular definición de escrituras intus y extra.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the weeks of high rotavirus circulation in Valladolid (Spain) and to compare the characteristics of hospitalizations and emergencies in epidemic and nonepidemic periods. Methods: The information sources consisted of the weekly notifications to the Microbiological Information System, the Minimum Data Set, and the Emergency Registry. Expected cases for 2006 were calculated using a previously developed model. Weeks with observed cases over the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for expected cases were considered epidemic periods. Hospitalization and emergencies in epidemic and nonepidemic periods were compared. Results: The number of cases in 2006 was 42% less than the expected number. The mean number of daily admissions was higher in epidemic periods (d=1.49; p=0.01) and the length of admissions was longer. Conclusion: The activity of the paediatric service increased during the epidemic period. Consequently, implementation of surveillance activities and prevention and control programs for rotavirus in hospitals would seem advisable.

Introducción: Este estudio pretende determinar las semanas de alta circulación de rotavirus en valladolid, y comparar las características de los ingresos y urgencias en período epidémico con respecto al período no epidémico. Métodos: Se utilizaron las declaraciones al sistema de información microbiológica, el conjunto mínimo básico de datos y el registro de urgencias. Se calcularon los casos esperados para 2006 a partir de un modelo elaborado previamente. Si los casos observados superaban el umbral superior del 95% de los esperados, la semana se consideró epidémica. Se compararon las características de los ingresos y urgencias en ambos períodos. Resultados: En 2006 se diagnosticaron un 42% menos de los casos esperados. La media de ingresos diarios fue superior en período epidémico (diferencia=1,49; p=0,01), y también fue mayor la duración media del ingreso. Conclusión: La actividad del servicio de pediatría se incrementó en período epidémico, por lo que es oportuna la implantación de actividades de vigilancia, programas de prevención y control frente a rotavirus en el ámbito hospitalario.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine the weeks of high rotavirus circulation in Valladolid (Spain) and to compare the characteristics of hospitalizations and emergencies in epidemic and nonepidemic periods. Methods: The information sources consisted of the weekly notifications to the Microbiological Information System, the Minimum Data Set, and the Emergency Registry. Expected cases for 2006 were calculated using a previously developed model. Weeks with observed cases over the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval for expected cases were considered epidemic periods. Hospitalization and emergencies in epidemic and nonepidemic periods were compared. Results: The number of cases in 2006 was 42% less than the expected number. The mean number of daily admissions was higher in epidemic periods (d=1.49; p=0.01) and the length of admissions was longer. Conclusion: The activity of the paediatric service increased during the epidemic period. Consequently, implementation of surveillance activities and prevention and control programs for rotavirus in hospitals would seem advisable.

Introducción: Este estudio pretende determinar las semanas de alta circulación de rotavirus en valladolid, y comparar las características de los ingresos y urgencias en período epidémico con respecto al período no epidémico. Métodos: Se utilizaron las declaraciones al sistema de información microbiológica, el conjunto mínimo básico de datos y el registro de urgencias. Se calcularon los casos esperados para 2006 a partir de un modelo elaborado previamente. Si los casos observados superaban el umbral superior del 95% de los esperados, la semana se consideró epidémica. Se compararon las características de los ingresos y urgencias en ambos períodos. Resultados: En 2006 se diagnosticaron un 42% menos de los casos esperados. La media de ingresos diarios fue superior en período epidémico (diferencia=1,49; p=0,01), y también fue mayor la duración media del ingreso. Conclusión: La actividad del servicio de pediatría se incrementó en período epidémico, por lo que es oportuna la implantación de actividades de vigilancia, programas de prevención y control frente a rotavirus en el ámbito hospitalario.

Estudamos o desempenho motor de 50 pacientes com doença de Parkinson submetidos à cirurgia estereotáxica com planejamento computadorizado, sem ventriculografia (talamotomia ventro-lateral e/ou palidotomia póstero-ventral) antes e 1 mês após o procedimento cirúrgico. Foram realizadas 27 talamotomias ventro-laterais (TVL) unilaterais, 10 palidotomias póstero-ventrais (PPV) unilaterais, 6 PPV bilaterais, e 7 TVL associadas à PPV. A avaliação motora foi feita com a Escala Unificada para Doença de Parkinson, escore motor, nos períodos on e off. No total, houve melhora do escore motor em todos os grupos. A melhora das discinesias foi observada predominantemente no hemicorpo contralateral à cirurgia, no grupo das palidotomias. Dos 50 pacientes, 16 (32%) apresentaram complicações pós-operatórias, 9 destes (56,25%) se recuperaram totalmente, 6 (37,25%) mostraram melhora parcial, e 1 (6,25%) não apresentou melhora dentro do primeiro mês. Os resultados foram considerados satisfatórios, e a análise desses dados a longo prazo indicará se os benefícios são duradouros.

We evaluated the motor function of 50 patients with Parkinson's disease, who underwent stereotaxic surgery with computerized planning, without ventriculography (ventrolateral thalamotomy- VLT- and/or posteroventral pallidotomy- PVP) before and one month after surgery. 27 unilateral TVL, 10 unilateral PVP, 6 bilateral PVP, and 7 TVL with PVP were performed. The motor evaluation was performed with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, motor score, during on and off periods. We observed a global motor improvement in all groups. The improvement of dyskinesias was obtained in the contralateral side of the body, in the PVP groups. From the 50 patients, 16 (32%) presented post-operative complications, 9 of these (56,25%) improved completely, 6 (37,25 %) improved partially, and 1 (6,25 %) did not improve during the first month. These results were considered satisfactory, and a long term analysis will show whether these benefits are long lasting or not.