RESUMEN: Este trabajo sostiene una perspectiva crítica de los elementos que conforman el estatus jurídico de las personas inmigrantes en Chile, lo que nos permite analizar su fundamentación jurídica desde la configuración de los derechos y libertades que genera la libertad de tránsito contenida en el artículo 19 Nº 7 a) de la Constitución Política de Chile. Se realiza un estudio de las construcciones doctrinarias y las garantías de carácter constitucional para proteger esta libertad, permitiendo un diagnóstico de las principales decisiones de los tribunales superiores de justicia que han configurado el estatus jurídico de los inmigrantes, posturas que han estado en desacuerdo con las decisiones del Departamento de Extranjería y Migración.

ABSTRACT: From a critical perspective of elements that integrate immigrants’ legal status in Chile, we analyze its legal foundation from the configuration of the rights and freedoms generated by the freedom of transit contained in article 19 Nº 7 a), of the Constitution. A study of the doctrinal constructions and the guarantees of a constitutional nature to protect this freedom is carried, allowing a diagnosis of the main decisions of the superior courts of justice which have had a shaping view of the legal status of immigrants, in disagreement with the decisions of the Immigration and Foreign Affairs Department.

Migrantes internacionais foram reconhecidos como uma população de risco no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Em todo o mundo, várias estratégias têm sido implantadas para a proteção dessa população, como o estabelecimento de centros de acolhimento e quarentena ou isolamento. Este artigo relata os resultados de um estudo que explorou as experiências de migrantes internacionais em residências de saúde organizadas no Chile para quarentena segura no âmbito da pandemia de COVID-19, a partir de uma abordagem de condições éticas para o atendimento. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo entre os anos de 2020-2021. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas online nas cidades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta e Santiago com migrantes internacionais com experiência de uso de residências de saúde; equipes de saúde das residências de saúde; gestores dos referidos locais; autoridades locais; e especialistas nacionais. Foi realizada análise temática das informações. O estudo conclui que para os migrantes internacionais, embora a experiência em residências de saúde tenha significado significativo apoio à saúde, é imprescindível que os cuidados prestados, além da exigência de que sejam enquadrados em uma abordagem de direitos e respeito à dignidade de cada pessoa, incorporar a perspectiva da interculturalidade em seu trabalho, ou seja, garantir o direito a serviços de saúde culturalmente relevantes, que respeitem a cultura dos indivíduos, minorias, povos e comunidades.

International migrants have been recognized as a population at risk in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Worldwide, various strategies have been deployed for the protection of this population, such as the establishment of reception and quarantine or isolation centers. This article reports the results of a study that explored the experiences of international migrants in nursing homes in Chile created to ensure a safe quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic, from an approach of ethical conditions for care. A qualitative study was carried out in 2020-2021. Thirty individual semi-structured online interviews were conducted in the cities of Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta and Santiago with international migrants with experience of using nursing homes; health teams of nursing homes; managers of nursing homes; local authorities; and national experts. Thematic analysis of the information was carried out. The study concludes that for international migrants, although the experience in nursing homes has meant significant health support, it is essential that the care provided, in addition to the requirement that it be framed in an approach of rights and respect for the dignity of each person, incorporate the perspective of interculturality in its work, that is, ensuring the right to culturally relevant health services, respectful of the culture of individuals, minorities, peoples and communities.

Migrantes internacionales han sido reconocidos como población de riesgo en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. A nivel mundial se han desplegado diversas estrategias para la protección de esta población, como la habilitación de centros de recepción y cuarentena o aislamiento. El artículo da cuenta de los resultados de un estudio que exploró las experiencias de migrantes internacionales en residencias sanitarias dispuestas en Chile para la realización de cuarentenas seguras en el marco de la pandemia COVID-19, desde un enfoque de condiciones éticas para el cuidado. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo entre los años 2020-2021. Se efectuaron 30 entrevistas individuales semi-estructuradas en línea en las ciudades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta y Santiago a migrantes internacionales con experiencia de uso de residencias sanitarias; equipos de salud de residencias sanitarias; mánagers de dichos recintos; autoridades locales; y expertos nacionales. Se realizó análisis temático de la información. El estudio concluye que para migrantes internacionales, si bien la experiencia en residencias sanitarias ha significado un apoyo sanitario significativo, es imprescindible que el cuidado proporcionado, además de la exigencia que se enmarque en un enfoque de derechos y de respeto a la dignidad de cada persona, incorpore la perspectiva de la interculturalidad en su quehacer, es decir, asegurando el derecho a servicios de salud culturalmente pertinentes, respetuosos de la cultura de las personas, las minorías, los pueblos y las comunidades.

International migrants have been recognized as a population at risk in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Worldwide, various strategies have been deployed for the protection of this population, such as the establishment of reception and quarantine or isolation centers. This article reports the results of a study that explored the experiences of international migrants in nursing homes in Chile created to ensure a safe quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic, from an approach of ethical conditions for care. A qualitative study was carried out in 2020-2021. Thirty individual semi-structured online interviews were conducted in the cities of Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta and Santiago with international migrants with experience of using nursing homes; health teams of nursing homes; managers of nursing homes; local authorities; and national experts. Thematic analysis of the information was carried out. The study concludes that for international migrants, although the experience in nursing homes has meant significant health support, it is essential that the care provided, in addition to the requirement that it be framed in an approach of rights and respect for the dignity of each person, incorporate the perspective of interculturality in its work, that is, ensuring the right to culturally relevant health services, respectful of the culture of individuals, minorities, peoples and communities.

Migrantes internacionais foram reconhecidos como uma população de risco no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Em todo o mundo, várias estratégias têm sido implantadas para a proteção dessa população, como o estabelecimento de centros de acolhimento e quarentena ou isolamento. Este artigo relata os resultados de um estudo que explorou as experiências de migrantes internacionais em residências de saúde organizadas no Chile para quarentena segura no âmbito da pandemia de COVID-19, a partir de uma abordagem de condições éticas para o atendimento. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo entre os anos de 2020-2021. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas online nas cidades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta e Santiago com migrantes internacionais com experiência de uso de residências de saúde; equipes de saúde das residências de saúde; gestores dos referidos locais; autoridades locais; e especialistas nacionais. Foi realizada análise temática das informações. O estudo conclui que para os migrantes internacionais, embora a experiência em residências de saúde tenha significado significativo apoio à saúde, é imprescindível que os cuidados prestados, além da exigência de que sejam enquadrados em uma abordagem de direitos e respeito à dignidade de cada pessoa, incorporar a perspectiva da interculturalidade em seu trabalho, ou seja, garantir o direito a serviços de saúde culturalmente relevantes, que respeitem a cultura dos indivíduos, minorias, povos e comunidades.

Migrantes internacionales han sido reconocidos como población de riesgo en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. A nivel mundial se han desplegado diversas estrategias para la protección de esta población, como la habilitación de centros de recepción y cuarentena o aislamiento. El artículo da cuenta de los resultados de un estudio que exploró las experiencias de migrantes internacionales en residencias sanitarias dispuestas en Chile para la realización de cuarentenas seguras en el marco de la pandemia COVID-19, desde un enfoque de condiciones éticas para el cuidado. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo entre los años 2020-2021. Se efectuaron 30 entrevistas individuales semi-estructuradas en línea en las ciudades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta y Santiago a migrantes internacionales con experiencia de uso de residencias sanitarias; equipos de salud de residencias sanitarias; mánagers de dichos recintos; autoridades locales; y expertos nacionales. Se realizó análisis temático de la información. El estudio concluye que para migrantes internacionales, si bien la experiencia en residencias sanitarias ha significado un apoyo sanitario significativo, es imprescindible que el cuidado proporcionado, además de la exigencia que se enmarque en un enfoque de derechos y de respeto a la dignidad de cada persona, incorpore la perspectiva de la interculturalidad en su quehacer, es decir, asegurando el derecho a servicios de salud culturalmente pertinentes, respetuosos de la cultura de las personas, las minorías, los pueblos y las comunidades.

Abstract This is a study, through review, of some aspects of criminal procedure law and Chilean constitutional law, analyzing the right to appeal for criminal annulment, its origin; regulatory framework; configuration and problems associated to it. At the same time, it analyzes, through the revision, some judgments of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, part of the national and Latin-American doctrine, the role of Conventionality Control that states parties must apply, trying to help to determine how our country follows, or should follow, the guidelines proposed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on the matter collected in different international instruments, in order to verify whether or not the current configuration of our criminal nullity appeal complies with the international standard of guaranteeing the full and effective enjoyment of the right to appeal.

Resumen El presente realiza un estudio, por medio de revisión, de algunos aspectos del derecho procesal penal y derecho constitucional chileno, analizando el derecho al Recurso de Nulidad Penal, su origen; marco normativo; configuración y problemáticas asociadas a éste. A la vez, analiza, mediante revisión, algunos fallos de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, parte de la doctrina nacional y latinoamericana sobre la materia, el rol del Control de Convencionalidad que deben ejercer los estados parte, intentando contribuir a determinar de qué manera nuestro país sigue, o debiese seguir, los lineamientos propuestos por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos sobre la materia y las normas recogidas en diversos instrumentos internacionales, a fin de verificar si cumple o no la actual configuración de nuestro recurso de nulidad penal el estándar internacional de garantizar el goce pleno y efectivo del derecho al recurso.

Euthanasia is a subject of permanent discussion everywhere, mainly about its ethical appropriateness and about its legalization in different countries. This debate includes many ethical, legal, social, political, spiritual, religious, and public health issues. A relevant problem is the frequent misunderstanding that many have about the meaning of the terms and concepts used in different ethical and clinical end of life settings. Many views and even texts are affected by such mistakes, rendering a constructive discussion almost impossible. The goal of this article is to contribute to an improvement of the social and legislative discussion about euthanasia through an elucidation of the main terms and notions linked to this topic. We present definitions and explanations for euthanasia, assisted suicide, withdrawal or foregoing of therapy, treatment rejection, palliative sedation, dignified death and others.

Background: Clinical ethics consultation services and their methods vary and they are seldom evaluated. Only one formal system of individual clinical ethics consultation has been reported in Chile, with a ten-year registry. Aim: To evaluate the opinion of intensivist physicians about the contribution of clinical ethics consultation. Material and Methods: An anonymous and voluntary questionnaire consulting their opinion about clinical ethics consultations was sent to 38 intensivist physicians. Results: The questionnaire was answered by 28 professionals. Eighty four percent of respondents considered that ethics consultation contributed to improve patients' quality of care, 92% responded that this practice helps in decisions about limitation of treatments or life support, and 96% expressed that it also was a positive support for patients and their relatives. Seventy two percent of respondents considered that ethics consultations enhanced their ethical sensibility, 76% that they improved their understanding of clinical ethics topics, and 72% declared that it decreased their stress in complex decision-making. Conclusions: Clinical ethics consultation provides a positive support for improvements in clinical decision-making and in the quality of patients' care.

The Chilean Academy of Medicine designated a group of specialists to evaluate the practice and to propose reforms for organ donation and transplantation, due to the general insufficiencies at the national level with these procedures. In the last six years the mean number of organ transplants in Chile was 340 cases per year while effective cadaveric donors ranged between 6 and 10 per million inhabitants. These averages remained stable during this period and are among the lowest in the region. Our analysis attributed these deficient results mainly to low organ donation and inefficient procurement due to lack of compliance with protocols and little accountability. The committee proposes several measures for improvement. These are a systematic and obligatory report of potential organ donors by all emergency and critical care centers, frequent evaluation of results, empowering of health authorities to correct insufficiencies in organ procurement, education programs for primary, secondary, technical and university students to improve their knowledge about the social significance and solidarity required for transplantation policies and specialized updated training of all health professionals involved. Organ donation and transplantation must be based on clear and fair ethical considerations in order to be accepted by the general public.

Resumen El presente trabajo busca demostrar que la pobreza es un problema de derechos humanos que atenta contra la dignidad de la persona, con la consiguiente responsabilidad estatal de evitarla. Se comparan sus alcances con las consecuencias de la tortura; se advierten las limitaciones que la pobreza produce en términos de participación política, y se relaciona la pobreza con los derechos a la vida y a la salud; todo ello para demostrar que la pobreza no es solo un problema monetario o económico, y que requiere, por tanto, un abordaje integral. Se analizan luego tres casos de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Niños de la Calle, Sawhoyamaxa y Yakye Axa), a través de los cuales se puede advertir que esta Corte se ha acercado a darle un enfoque de derechos humanos al problema de la pobreza. En seguida, se revisan dos aspectos legislativos (las legislaciones laboral y forestal en Chile), para advertir que la ley puede profundizar la situación de pobreza en la que viven muchas personas. Se concluye que la pobreza debería ser un factor por considerar en los análisis de constitucionalidad de las normas, sin que ello implique una labor política de órganos jurídicos de control.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to show poverty is a human rights problem, specifically one that threatens the dignity of the person and is the responsibility of the state to avoid. The scope and bearing of poverty are compared to the consequences of torture; the limitations it produces in terms of political participation are warned, and poverty is related to the right to life and the right to health. All of this is to demonstrate that poverty is not just a monetary or economic problem and, therefore, requires a holistic approach. Three cases brought before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Street Children, Sawhoyamaxa and Yakye Axa) are analyzed to show the Court has come close to affording a human rights approach to the problem of poverty. Then, two legislative aspects are reviewed (labor and forestry legislation in Chile) to warn that the law can aggravate or add to the poverty in which many people live. The conclusion is that poverty should be a factor to consider when analyzing the constitutionality of norms, without this implying a political effort on the part of the courts and regulatory bodies.

Resumo O presente trabalho busca demonstrar que a pobreza é um problema de direitos humanos que atenta contra a dignidade da pessoa, com a consequente responsabilidade estatal de evitá-la. Seus desdobramentos são comparados com as consequências da tortura, as limitações que a pobreza produz em termos de participação política são discutidas e relaciona-se a pobreza com os direitos à vida e à saúde - tudo isso para demonstrar que a pobreza não é apenas um problema monetário ou econômico e que requer, portanto, uma abordagem integral. Três casos da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos são analisados (Meninos de Rua, Sawhoyamaxa e Yakye Axa), por meio dos quais pode-se advertir que essa Corte se aproximou da aplicação de um enfoque de direitos humanos no problema da pobreza. Em seguida, dois aspectos legislativos (as legislações laboral e florestal no Chile) são revisados para apontar que a lei pode aprofundar a situação de pobreza na qual muitas pessoas vivem. Conclui-se que a pobreza deveria ser um fator a ser considerado nas análises de constitucionalidade das normas, sem que isso implique em um trabalho político de órgãos jurídicos de controle.

When prescribing a treatment, the physician should give truthful information about the likely benefits and the potential adverse effects, allowing the patient to make an autonomous decision about whether to take the treatment. However, the mere expectation of adverse effects may precipitate the corresponding symptoms. This is called “nocebo effect”, which in contrast to the placebo effect, can lead to harm to the patient due to psychological factors. Nocebo effects are common and clinically significant, although often unnoticed. This situation generates conflicts in medical ethics guiding principles, namely the moral obligation to disclose all possible effects of the prescribed drug as opposed to the duty of avoiding the harm of side effects that are likely to occur in a case. In other words, the physician faces a dilemma between the due respect for autonomy and the duty of non-maleficence. This article reflects about this conflict, by exploring the limits of the principle of autonomy and how to balance it with the principle of non-maleficence. We suggest an interpretation of the principle of autonomy from a patient-centered perspective, suggesting that it is ethically sound to give a prudential, partial disclosure of information to the patient, for the sake of avoiding potential nocebo effects. The article concludes with some cautionary considerations to be considered about this decision.

Ten years after the approval of the Chilean bill that regulates scientific research in humans (Law Nº 20.120), and considering the current status of accreditation and training of many Research Ethics Committee (REC), it is necessary to analyze their performance. We analyzed the Chilean experience with REC aiming to propose a differential type of review, considering the risks to research participants. To improve the quality of the review and the efficiency of these committees, we propose to differentiate the revisions depending on the type of project, its methods and its risks. Initially, the types of review should be classified as exempt from review, expedited review and full review by the committee. In this proposal the type of review is confirmed or can be modified by a designated member of the committee after an initial review of the project. Thus, the deliberation and review times of the committee could be optimized avoiding delays in their revision.

In lieu of the evidence of causality between prenatal ZIKA virus infection and the development of microcephaly and other fetal cerebral anomalies, published in 2016, there has been a surge of uncertainty in Latin America over the access to abortion in pregnant women infected by the virus. Even though diverse regulation exists in the region, today there are many different instances that facilitate women's to pharmacological abortion, even in countries where it is prohibited. However, this reality doesn't center exclusively in the ZIKA virus outbreak, rather this event has emphasized how international NGOs enter and facilitate access to pharmacological abortion in different countries. This scenario suggests the question of how Chile confronts the development of this reality, in which the marked incidence of the NGO Women on Web is shown in Chile after de epidemiology alert emitted by the PAHO in November of 2015 because of the ZIKA virus. Chile presented 442 petitions for pharmacological abortion in the 107 days following the alert notification. This data reveals that Chile, although unaffected by the ZIKA virus, has use of web platforms that provide a "pharmacological abortion by correspondence". This evidence demonstrates how access to pharmacological abortion exists today in Chile, not only from international NGO like the one mentioned, but even through informal commerce, promoted by the reach of communication technology.

Ante las evidencias de causalidad entre la infección prenatal de virus ZIKA y el desarrollo de microcefalia y otras anomalías cerebrales fetales, publicadas en el año 2016, en Latinoamérica ha surgido mucha incertidumbre sobre el acceso al aborto en mujeres embarazadas infectadas por el virus. Pese a que existe diversidad regulatoria en la región, hoy existen diferentes instancias que facilitan el aborto farmacológico a las mujeres, incluso en países donde está prohibido. Sin embargo esta realidad no se centra exclusivamente en el brote de virus ZIKA, sino que este hecho ha dejado en evidencia la forma como ONG's internacionales ingresan y facilitan el acceso del aborto farmacológico en diferentes países. Este escenario surgiere la interrogante de cómo enfrenta Chile el desarrollo de esta realidad, ante lo cual se muestra la incidencia de la ONG Women on Web en Chile luego de la alerta epidemiológica emitida por la OPS en noviembre de 2015 por virus ZIKA. Desde Chile se presentaron 442 peticiones de aborto farmacológico en 107 días después de emitida la alerta. Estos datos revelan que en Chile, pese a no estar afectado por virus ZIKA, de hecho se usan las plataformas web que proveen de un "aborto farmacológico por correspondencia". Esta evidencia muestra como hoy en Chile existe acceso al aborto farmacológico, tanto desde ONG's internacionales como la presentada, pero también en el comercio informal, todo promovido desde los alcances de las tecnologías de comunicación.