ABSTRACT Introduction: The sense of life gives meaning and helps to find an internal support to existence. However, the suffering of an oncological disease could lead to its loss or affectation. Several logotherapists have tried to assess the perception of the sense of life experienced by the human being through standardized assessment instruments. In Cuba, there is no instrument that evaluates this important psychological category. Objective: To determine the reliability and validity of the Purpose in Life Test (PIL) in adults with cancer treated in the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology of Havana, Cuba. Material and Methods: The research consisted of the development of a technology aimed at validating the Purpose in Life Test (PIL) through the analysis of Internal Consistency Reliability and the analysis of the Content and Construct Validity. The Purpose in Life Test (PIL), which was designed by Crumbaugh and Maholick and validated in the Spanish population by the Nobility was submitted to a linguistic and cultural adaptation process. In the design, a group of five experts in Psychology participated in the review of the linguistic component from a context perspective in which the instrument would be applied. Results: Overall Cronbach's α was 0,853; items 6,10,12 and 16 of the 20 items that make up the test were modified and, despite the one-dimensional conception of the instrument, 5 correlated components were identified. Conclusions: The results confirmed the validity and reliability of the Purpose in Life Test in the patients with cancer studied.

RESUMEN Introducción: El sentido de la vida es lo que da significado y ayuda a encontrar un soporte interno a la existencia. Sin embargo, el padecimiento de una enfermedad oncológica pudiera conllevar su pérdida o afectación. Diversos logoterapeutas han intentado evaluar la percepción del sentido de la vida que experimenta el hombre mediante instrumentos de evaluación estandarizados. En Cuba no existe un instrumento que evalúe esta importante categoría psicológica. Objetivo: Determinar la fiabilidad y validez del instrumento Sentido de Vida en adultos con cáncer atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología de La Habana, Cuba. Material y Métodos: La investigación consistió en el desarrollo de una tecnología para validar el Test Sentido de Vida mediante el análisis de Fiabilidad (a través de la Consistencia Interna) y el análisis de la Validez de contenido y de constructo. El Test Sentido de Vida, diseñado por Crumbaugh y Maholick y validado en la población española por Noblezas, fue sometido a un proceso de adaptación lingüística y cultural. En el diseño se contó con la participación de un grupo de cinco expertos psicólogos en la revisión del componente lingüístico, desde una perspectiva del contexto en que se aplicaría el instrumento. Resultados: Se obtuvo un α de Cronbach global de 0,853; se modificaron los ítems 6, 10,12 y 16 de los 20 reactivos que componen el test y a pesar de la concepción unidimensional del instrumento, se identificaron 5 componentes correlacionados entre sí. Conclusiones: Los resultados confirmaron la validez y confiabilidad del Test Sentido de Vida en los pacientes con cáncer estudiados.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION For two decades, various countries have experienced an epidemic of chronic kidney disease unexplainable by traditional causes. Typically a chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, it predominantly affects young male agricultural workers and has been reported in several countries in Central America, as well as in Sri Lanka, India and Egypt. Recent studies in El Salvador have also reported the disease in male nonagricultural workers and in women, both those working in agriculture and not. Epidemiological information on whether this condition affects pediatric populations is virtually nonexistent. Globally, estimates of chronic kidney disease prevalence in pediatric populations range from 21 to 108 per million population. OBJECTIVE Determine the prevalence of urinary markers of renal damage and of chronic kidney disease in persons aged <18 years in rural Salvadoran communities. METHODS Pediatric NefroSalva was a descriptive epidemiologic study in three agricultural regions with known high prevalence of chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology: Bajo Lempa, Guayapa Abajo and Las Brisas. Demographic and health data were collected and physical measurements were taken for 2115 persons aged <18 years, 1058 boys and 1057 girls. Urine samples were tested for markers of renal damage and blood samples analyzed to measure creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate (Schwartz formula). Median glomerular filtration rate was compared with reference values for age groups 2-12 and 13-17 years; mean glomerular filtration rate trends were assessed for age groups 2-5, 6-12 and 13-17 years. Positive test results were confirmed after three months. RESULTS Prevalence of urinary markers of renal damage was 4%, 4.3% in girls and 3.8% in boys. Microalbuminura (albumin:creatinine ratio 30-300 mg/g) was detected in both sexes and all age groups in all three regions, with prevalences of 2.6%-3.8% in boys and 3.3%-3.8% in girls. Macroalbuminuria (albumin:creatinine ratio >300 mg/g) was detected only in girls in Las Brisas, 2.3%. Glomerular hyperfiltration (compared to international norms) was found in all age-sex groups in all three regions. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease was 3.9%—4.1% in girls and 3.6% in boys. The prevalence of chronic renal failure was 0.1%. CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents calls attention to the need for primary prevention from very early ages. This finding in children in areas where chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology is common in adults is consistent with a contribution of environmental toxins to the epidemic observed in these areas.

INTRODUCTION: In El Salvador, chronic kidney disease is a serious and growing public health problem. Chronic renal failure was the first cause of hospital deaths in men and the fifth in women in 2011. OBJECTIVE: Determine prevalence of CKD, CKD risk factors (traditional and nontraditional) and renal damage markers in the adult population of specific rural areas in El Salvador; measure population distribution of renal function; and identify associated risk factors in CKD patients detected. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical epidemiological study was conducted based on active screening for chronic kidney disease and risk factors in persons aged ≥18 years during 2009 - 2011. Epidemiological and clinical data were gathered through personal history, as well as urinalysis for renal and vascular damage markers, determinations of serum creatinine and glucose, and estimation of glomerular filtration rates. Chronic kidney disease cases were confirmed at three months. Multiple logistical regression was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Prevalence of chronic kidney disease was 18% (23.9% for men and 13.9% for women) in 2388 persons: 976 men and 1412 women from 1306 families studied. Chronic kidney disease with neither diabetes nor hypertension nor proteinuria ≥1 g/L (51.9%) predominated. Prevalence of chronic renal failure was 11% (17.1% in men and 6.8% in women). Prevalence of renal damage markers was 12.5% (higher in men): microalbuminuria, 6.9%; proteinuria (0.3 g/L), 1.7%; proteinuria (1g/L), 0.6%; proteinuria (2 g/L), 0.4 %; and hematuria, 1.5%. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease risk factors was: diabetes mellitus, 9%; hypertension, 20.9%; family history of chronic kidney disease, 16.5%; family history of diabetes mellitus, 18.5%; family history of hypertension, 30.6%; obesity, 21%; central obesity, 24.9%; NSAID use, 84.2%; smoking, 9.9%; alcohol use, 15%; agricultural occupation, 31.2%; and contact with agrochemicals, 46.7%. Chronic kidney disease was significantly associated with male sex, older age, hypertension, agricultural occupation, family history of chronic kidney disease and contact with the agrochemical methyl parathion. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support suggestions from other research that we are facing a new form of kidney disease that could be called agricultural nephropathy.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease is a serious health problem in El Salvador. Since the 1990s, there has been an increase in cases unassociated with traditional risk factors. It is the second leading cause of death in men aged >18 years. In 2009, it was the first cause of in-hospital death for men and the fifth for women. The disease has not been thoroughly studied. OBJECTIVE: Characterize clinical manifestations (including extrarenal) and pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease of nontraditional causes in Salvadoran farming communities. METHODS: A descriptive clinical study was carried out in 46 participants (36 men, 10 women), identified through chronic kidney disease population screening of 5018 persons. Inclusion criteria were age 18 - 59 years; chronic kidney disease at stages 2, 3a and 3b, or at 3a and 3b with diabetes or hypertension and without proteinuria; normal fundoscopic exam; no structural abnormalities on renal ultrasound; and HIV-negative. Examinations included social determinants; psychological assessment; clinical exam of organs and systems; hematological and biochemical parameters in blood and urine; urine sediment analysis; markers of renal damage; glomerular and tubular function; and liver, pancreas and lung functions. Renal, prostate and gynecological ultrasound; and Doppler echocardiography and peripheral vascular and renal Doppler ultrasound were performed. RESULTS: Patient distribution by chronic kidney disease stages: 2 (32.6%), 3a (23.9%), 3b (43.5%). Poverty was the leading social determinant observed. Risk factor prevalence: agrochemical exposure (95.7%), agricultural work (78.3%), male sex (78.3%), profuse sweating during work (76.3%), malaria (43.5%), NSAID use (41.3%), hypertension (36.9%), diabetes (4.3%). General symptoms: arthralgia (54.3%), asthenia (52.2%), cramps (45.7%), fainting (30.4). Renal symptoms: nycturia (65.2%), dysuria (39.1%), foamy urine (63%). Markers of renal damage: macroalbuminuria (80.4%), β2 microglobulin (78.2%), NGAL (26.1%). Renal function: hypermagnesuria (100%), hyperphosphaturia (50%), hypernatriuria (45.7%), hyperkaluria (23.9%), hypercalciuria (17.4%), electrolyte polyuria (43.5%), metabolic alkalosis (45.7%), hyponatremia (47.8%), hypocalcemia (39.1%), hypokalemia (30.4%), hypomagnesemia (19.6%). Imaging: Ultrasound showed fatty liver (93.5%) and vascular Doppler showed tibial artery damage (66.7%). Neurological symptoms: abnormal tendon reflexes (45.6%), Babinski sign and myoclonus (6.5%), sensorineural hearing loss (56.5%). CONCLUSIONS: This chronic kidney disease studied behaves clinically like chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy, but with systemic manifestations not attributable to kidney disease. While male agricultural workers predominated, women and adolescents were also affected. Findings support a hypothesis of multifactorial etiology with a key role played by nephrotoxic environmental agents.

INTRODUCTION: For at least a decade, a chronic kidney disease unassociated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension or any of the more common traditional causes, has been reported in Salvadoran agricultural communities. OBJECTIVE: Characterize histopathology of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in patients from Salvadoran agricultural communities, describe renal damage associated with each disease stage, and assess associations between histopathological alterations and sociodemographic variables. METHODS: The study involved 46 patients of both sexes, aged ≥18 years. After clinical, laboratory and imaging examinations, kidney biopsies were performed and renal tissue assessed for interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, interstitial inflammatory infiltration, sclerosis, increase in glomerular size and extraglomerular vascular lesions (according to the Banff 97 classification used for kidney transplant rejection). Special staining was done: Schiff periodic acid, Masson trichrome and methenamine silver. Immunofluorescence techniques were used to evaluate IgA, IgG, IgM, complement C1q and C3, fibrin, and kappa and lambda light chain deposits. RESULTS: The main findings were interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy with or without inflammatory monocyte infiltration. In addition, generalized sclerosis, increased glomerular size, collapse of some glomerular tufts, and lesions of extraglomerular blood vessels (such as intimal proliferation and thickening and vacuolization of the tunica media) were observed. Interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis were associated with male sex. Sugarcane workers showed more interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy and less glomerulomegaly than other occupational groups. CONCLUSION: The morphological pattern in all biopsies was one of chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy with secondary glomerular and vascular damage, in different stages of evolution of chronic kidney disease, independent of age, sex or occupation.

The study of the quality of life in the elders becomes an essential issue for the continuous improvement of the health status of this population section. In approaching this issue, a number of conceptual, methodological and instrumental problems have been so far identified, which are also challenges for the professionals and researchers in the fields of geriatrics, gerontology and related disciplines both at national and international levels. These elements served as a basis for working out this paper which included the main problems affecting the study of the construct, the instrumental production for their evaluation, and particularly, the preparation of two Cuban-made scales for their use in research, specialized services, in education and at population level in the country. These scales could be also adapted for other similar settings.

El estudio de la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores deviene en temática esencial para la mejora continua del estado de salud de este segmento de la población. En su abordaje se han identificado problemas conceptuales, metodológicos e instrumentales que constituyen retos para los profesionales e investigadores de la geriatría y gerontología y disciplinas conexas, tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional. Estos elementos sirvieron de base para la elaboración de este trabajo que, en su desarrollo, incluyó los principales problemas que afectan el estudio del constructo, la producción instrumental para su evaluación y, en particular, la elaboración de dos escalas autóctonas cubanas para su utilización en la investigación, servicios especializados, docencia y a nivel poblacional en el país, y que pudiesen ser adaptada para otros contextos similares.

The study of the quality of life in the elders becomes an essential issue for the continuous improvement of the health status of this population section. In approaching this issue, a number of conceptual, methodological and instrumental problems have been so far identified, which are also challenges for the professionals and researchers in the fields of geriatrics, gerontology and related disciplines both at national and international levels. These elements served as a basis for working out this paper which included the main problems affecting the study of the construct, the instrumental production for their evaluation, and particularly, the preparation of two Cuban-made scales for their use in research, specialized services, in education and at population level in the country. These scales could be also adapted for other similar settings.

El estudio de la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores deviene en temática esencial para la mejora continua del estado de salud de este segmento de la población. En su abordaje se han identificado problemas conceptuales, metodológicos e instrumentales que constituyen retos para los profesionales e investigadores de la geriatría y gerontología y disciplinas conexas, tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional. Estos elementos sirvieron de base para la elaboración de este trabajo que, en su desarrollo, incluyó los principales problemas que afectan el estudio del constructo, la producción instrumental para su evaluación y, en particular, la elaboración de dos escalas autóctonas cubanas para su utilización en la investigación, servicios especializados, docencia y a nivel poblacional en el país, y que pudiesen ser adaptada para otros contextos similares.

INTRODUCTION: treatment of physical disabilities is a challenge for contemporary Gerontology, hence the significance of its approach. AIM: to establish mathematical forms for prediction of physical disabilities in community third age persons resident in Cuban selected provinces. METHODS: a development research in each province was performed, allowing obtaining and validation of above mentioned forms to predict physical disabilities. Previously, we made prevalence studies. Cases selected included all elderly with physical disability, and as controls, a sample of third age persons without this condition, for a ratio of 4:1. Information was obtained by: Minimal Examination of Mental State, Lawton Index, and Risk Factors Survey of Physical Disability. Data processing was performed by Multiple Logistic Regression, step by step method, and Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve, by means of automated programs. RESULTS: forms developed have an acceptable validity and the area under ROC curve is of 0,75 (0,68-0,80) for Havana City; of 0,96 (0,92-0,99) for Camaguey province, of 0.76 (0,72-0,81) for Las Tunas province, of 0,69 (0,63-0,76) for Gramma province, and of 0,91 (0,85-0,97) for Holguin province. CONCLUSIONS: forms obtained allow, from individual risk profile, to predict physical disability in elderly groups from study provinces, thus they may to become significant tools to predict and to control health deviation refer by staff of primary care level.

INTRODUCCIÓN: el tratamiento de las discapacidades físicas es un reto para la gerontología contemporánea, de ahí lo importante de su enfoque preventivo. OBJETIVO: establecer modelos matemáticos para el vaticinio de discapacidades físicas en adultos mayores del ámbito comunitario que residen en provincias seleccionadas de la República de Cuba. MÉTODOS: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en cada provincia seleccionada, que permitió la obtención y validación de modelos matemáticos para la predicción de discapacidades físicas. Previamente, se realizó estudio observacional analítico en cada contexto, anidados sobre estudios de prevalencia. Se seleccionaron como casos todos los ancianos con discapacidad física, y como controles, una muestra de adultos mayores sin esta condición, a razón de 4:1. La información se obtuvo por: Examen Mínimo del Estado Mental, Índice Lawton y Encuesta de Factores de Riesgo de Discapacidad Física. El procesamiento de los datos se efectuó por Regresión Logística Múltiple, método paso a paso y Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve, mediante programas automatizados. RESULTADOS: los modelos elaborados tienen una validez aceptable en tanto el área bajo Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve es de 0,75 (0,68-0,80) para Ciudad de La Habana; de 0,96 (0,92-0,99) para Camagüey; de 0,76 (0,72-0,81) para Las Tunas; de 0,69 (0,63-0,76) para Granma; y de 0,91 (0,86-0,97) para Holguín. CONCLUSIONES: los modelos obtenidos permiten, a partir de los perfiles de riesgo individuales, el vaticinio de la discapacidad física en las poblaciones de ancianos de las provincias estudiadas, por lo que pueden devenir instrumentos importantes para la prevención y control de la desviación de la salud referida por los equipos de atención del nivel primario de atención.

Introduction: Mental disability in the aged people is one of the most important problems that the Cuban scientific community currently faces. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of mental disability in the aged people from the City of Havana, Las Tunas, Gramma, Holguín and Camagüey provinces from 2000 and 2004. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of complex samples (multi-stage cluster sampling) of randomly selected aged people from each of the above provinces, whose size was estimated through a calculation formula for descriptive studies in finite populations, was conducted. The Minimal Mental: Status Examination was applied. Global and specific mental disability prevalence rates were estimated. Data processing was computerized. Results Mental disability ranged from 4.5 % (Holguín province) to 21.5 % (Gramma province). It increased with the age, from 0.3% in 60-69 y age group dwelling in Holguín to 56.3% in the 80 years and over group in Las Tunas and it was predominant in females from all these provinces, with 20 % rates, except for Las Tunas (13.5 %) and Holguin (5.8 %). The main problems in the mental status were related to calculating and remembering, both in the disabled group and in the non-disabled group regardless of the province. Conclusions: Mental disability prevalence changes in the studied provinces, ranging from low rates in Holguin provinces to high rates in Gramma province. The highest rates of mental disability found in all these territories were associated with old age, female, low education and inactivity. The most frequent mental disturbances were calculation and remembering; all this should be taken into account for any intervention strategy to be designed to this end.

Introducción: La discapacidad mental en la tercera edad es uno de los problemas más importantes que enfrenta la comunidad científica cubana en la actualidad. Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia de discapacidad mental en adultos mayores de Ciudad de La Habana, Las Tunas, Granma, Holguín y Camagüey, entre los años 2000 y 2004. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, sobre muestras complejas (muestreo por conglomerados polietápico) de adultos mayores seleccionados de forma independiente para cada provincia, cuyos tamaños se determinaron mediante la fórmula de cálculo para estudios descriptivos en poblaciones finitas. Se aplicó el Examen Mínimo del Estado Mental. Se estimaron tasas de prevalencia de discapacidad mental, globales y específicas. El procesamiento de los datos se efectuó mediante programas computarizados. Resultados: La discapacidad mental varió entre 4,5 % (Holguín) y 21,5 % (Granma) Se incrementó con la edad, desde 0,3 %, para los adultos mayores de 60-69 años que residen en Holguín, hasta 56,3 % en los de 80 y más de Granma; predominó en mujeres de todas las provincias, con tasas que alcanzaron el 20 %, excepto para Las Tunas (13,5 %) y Holguín (5,8 %). Las principales afectaciones en la esfera mental se relacionaron con el cálculo y el recuerdo tanto para el grupo con discapacidad como para los que no la tenían, independientemente de la provincia. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de discapacidad mental en las provincias investigadas varía desde un bajo nivel en Holguín hasta uno alto en Granma. Los mayores niveles de discapacidad mental encontrados en todos los territorios se corresponde con la edad avanzada, el sexo femenino, la baja escolaridad y la desocupación. Las afectaciones mentales más frecuentes de los adultos mayores investigados se presenta en el cálculo y el recuerdo; ello debe tomarse en cuenta en cualquier estrategia de intervención que se diseñe al efecto.

Introduction: Physical disability is one of the most important problems that the Cuban scientific community faces. Objective To estimate the prevalence of physical disability in elders from the City of Havana, Las Tunas, Gramma, Holguín and Camagüey provinces from 2000 to 2004. Methods: A descriptive study of complex samples of randomly selected elders from each of the above provinces was conducted. Lawton index and Minimal Mental Status Examination were applied. Global and specific physical disability prevalence rates were estimated. Results: Physical disability ranged from 13.9 % (Holguín province) to 36.6 % (Gramma province). It increased with the age, from 4.5 % in 60-69 age group dwelling in Holguín to 83 % in 80 years and over group in Las Tunas and it was predominant in females in the five provinces, with rates of 40 %, except for Holguín. Elders in this last province were less disabled than those of the other provinces in all the activities except for housekeeping in which older people from Las Tunas were more capable (10.9 %). Use of telephone was the most preserved ability in elders regardless of the province whereas the responsibility for taking their medicines showed similar values. Conclusions: Physical disability is common in the researched older population except for that of Holguín province; it increases with the age, is predominant in females and derives from loss of mobility activities. The most affected psychosocial variables are illiteracy and lack of active social role. Feelings of idleness and dissatisfaction with daily life activities predominated in the elderly from Holguín; the former was also present in Las Tunas province and the latter in Camagüey province. Additionally, the feeling of loneliness also prevailed in the City of Havana and Gramma provinces.

Introducción: La discapacidad física es uno de los problemas más importantes que enfrenta la comunidad científica cubana. Objetivos: Estimar la prevalencia de discapacidad física en adultos mayores de Ciudad de La Habana, Las Tunas, Granma, Holguín y Camagüey, entre los años 2000 y 2004. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo sobre muestras complejas de adultos mayores seleccionados de forma independiente para cada provincia. Se aplicó el Índice Lawton y el Examen Mínimo del Estado Mental. Se estimaron tasas de prevalencia de discapacidad física, globales y específicas. Resultados: La discapacidad física osciló entre 13,9 % (Holguín) y 36,6 % (Granma). Se incrementó con la edad, desde 4,5 %, para las personas de 60-69 años que residen en Holguín, hasta 83 % en los de 80 y más de Las Tunas; predominó en mujeres de todas las provincias, con tasas que alcanzaron el 40 %, excepto para Holguín. Los ancianos de esta provincia tuvieron menor afectación que los de las restantes provincias en todas las actividades, excepto en el manejo de la casa, de menor afectación en los de Las Tunas (10,9 %). El uso del teléfono fue lo más conservado independientemente de la provincia, mientras que la responsabilidad con los medicamentos mostró valores parecidos en cada una de éstas. Conclusiones: La discapacidad física es frecuente en la población investigada, con excepción de quienes residen en Holguín; se incrementa con la edad, predomina en el sexo femenino y se genera por pérdida de actividades que demandan mayor desplazamiento. Las variables psicosociales más afectadas son: el analfabetismo y la pérdida de rol social. En Holguín predomina la sensación de inactividad y la insatisfacción con las actividades cotidianas, la primera de ellas presente además, en Las Tunas y la segunda en Camagüey. En Ciudad de La Habana y Granma se adiciona el sentimiento de soledad.

In medical practice, a substantial part of treatment is the responsibility of the patient, so the non-fulfillment of prescriptions has turned into a contemporary serious health problem. The present research identifies the frequency of adherence to treatment by hypertensive patients, both in a general way and by variables such as sex, age, schooling and occupation. A cross-sectional study was performed on 103 patients from several family doctor´s offices within the health area cared for by "Carlos J. Finlay" teaching polyclinics located in Marianao municipality, City of Havana. A tailor-made questionnaire was used, whose more relevant results were that 52.4% of patients complied with the treatment and that females, persons having no work and people over 60 years were the ones that mostly followed the treatment.

En la práctica médica, una parte importante de los tratamientos queda bajo la responsabilidad del paciente, de ahí que el incumplimiento de las prescripciones indicadas se ha convertido en un serio problema para la salud pública contemporánea. En la presente investigación se identifica la frecuencia de la adherencia terapéutica en pacientes hipertensos, tanto de forma general, como por las variables sexo, edad, escolaridad y ocupación. Se realizó un estudio transversal con 103 pacientes de varios consultorios pertenecientes al área de salud que atiende el Policlínico Docente " Dr. Carlos J. Finlay", del municipio Marianao, de Ciudad de La Habana. Se utilizó un cuestionario elaborado para este fin, y los resultados más relevantes fueron la presencia de un 52,4 % de pacientes que siguen correctamente el tratamiento, destacándose como más cumplidoras las personas del sexo femenino, las que no tienen vínculo laboral, y las de 60 años y más.