Resumen: Objetivo: Describir a la plataforma Cursos en Línea Masivos del IMSS (CLIMSS) como herramienta de alfabetización en salud, a través de la evaluación de la eficiencia terminal, la ganancia de competencias y satisfacción de los usuarios de cursos en línea masivos en el tema de Covid-19. Material y métodos: Se analizaron datos de 20 cursos ofertados entre marzo y octubre de 2020. Se evaluaron las calificaciones pre y pos, el número total de registros, el total de cursos terminados y la satisfacción del usuario. Resultados: Se registraron un total de 4.9 millones de usuarios y 10 millones de inscripciones, en todos los estados de la República mexicana, con una eficiencia terminal de 85%, una ganancia de competencias de 30% y una satisfacción de 9.34 (10). Conclusiones: La plataforma CLIMSS ha mostrado ser una herramienta para la alfabetización en salud con un alcance de millones de mexicanos en temas relacionados con la crisis sanitaria Covid-19.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the Massive Online Open Courses (MOOC) or Cursos en Línea Masivos del IMSS (CLIMSS) platform as a health literacy tool by evaluating the terminal efficiency, the competence gains, and the users’ satisfaction of the massive online courses offered by the Mexican Institute of Social Security, on Covid- 19. Materials and methods: Data from 20 courses offered between March and October 2020 were analyzed. We evaluated scores from the pre and post-tests, the total number of registries, total courses completed, and users’ satisfaction. Results: We registered a total of 4.9 million users and 10 million registrations, in all Mexican states, with a terminal efficiency of 85%, a competence gain of 30%, and a users’ satisfaction of 9.34 (10). Conclusions: The CLIMSS platform has proven to be a tool for health literacy reaching millions of Mexicans on Covid-19 related topics.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the association between seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2 and chronic diseases in Mexican adults and older adults. Materials and methods: We used the 2020 National Health and Nutrition Survey on Covid-19 to evaluate the association of seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2 with high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, body mass index, elevated LDL-c, low HDL-c, high total cholesterol, and hypertriglyceridemia. Results: We observed a higher seropositivity at higher body mass index levels. In adjusted models, seroprevalence was 25% higher among adults with obesity compared to those of normal weight (PR: 1.25 95%CI: 1.08,1.46). We did not observe any association between seropositivity and other chronic diseases in adults or older adults. Conclusions: Adults with obesity could be at increased susceptibility of SARS-CoV2 infection. This observation needs to be confirmed through longitudinal studies. We did not find evidence of an association with other chronic diseases.

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre seropositividad a SARS-CoV-2 y enfermedades crónicas en adultos y adultos mayores mexicanos. Material y métodos: Se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre Covid-19 (Ensanut 2020 Covid-19) para evaluar la asociación de seropositividad a SARS-CoV-2 con hipertensión arterial sistémica, diabetes tipo 2, índice de masa corporal, LDL-c elevado, HDL-c bajo, colesterol total elevado e hipertrigliceridemia. Resultados: Se observó una mayor seropositividad en personas con mayor índice de masa corporal. La seroprevalencia fue 25% mayor entre los adultos que presentaban obesidad en comparación con aquellos de peso normal en modelos ajustados (RP: 1.25 IC95%: 1.08,1.46). No se observó asociación entre seropositividad y otras enfermedades crónicas en adultos o adultos mayores. Conclusiones: Las personas con obesidad podrían tener una mayor susceptibilidad a la infección por SARS-CoV-2. Este hallazgo debe ser confirmado con estudios longitudinales. No se encontró evidencia de asociación para otras enfermedades.

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed), glycemic control in Mexico, and its associated factors. Materials and methods: We used data from Ensanut 2018 (n=12 648) and 2020 (n=2 309). We defined diabetes as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl or HbA1c≥6.5% or previously diagnosed; glycemic control was defined as HbA1c<7%. We fitted Poisson regression models to assess the association between diabetes, glycemic control, and potential associated factors. Results: The total prevalence of diabetes was 16.8% in 2018 and 15.7% in 2020. In 2018, 38% of adults with diabetes were unaware of their disease, while in 2020 this figure was 29%. Glycemic control was observed in 42% of participants in 2018 and 39% in 2020. Longer disease duration was associated with lower glycemic control, while older age, having a diet, and being affiliated to IMSS, Pemex, Sedena, or private healthcare were associated with better control. Conclusion: Mexico is among the countries with the highest diabetes prevalence. A high proportion of adults with diabetes did not have a previous diagnosis, and the proportion with glycemic control is low. Strengthening screening to achieve a timely diagnosis, and improving glycemic control, should be key actions in the management of diabetes.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de diabetes total (diagnosticada y no diagnosticada), control glucémico en México y sus factores asociados. Material y métodos: Se analizó información de la Ensanut 2018 (n=12 648) y 2020 (n=2 309). Se definió diabetes como glucosa en ayunas ≥126 mg/dl o HbA1c≥6.5% o diagnóstico previo; se consideró control glucémico si HbA1c<7%. Usando modelos de regresión de Poisson, se estimaron los factores asociados con diabetes y control glucémico. Resultados: La prevalencia de diabetes fue de 16.8% en 2018 y 15.7% en 2020. En 2018, 38% de los adultos con diabetes desconocían su enfermedad, en 2020 fue 29%. El control glucémico se observó en 42% de los participantes en 2018 y en 39% en 2020. Mayor tiempo de diagnóstico se asoció con descontrol glucémico mientras que mayor edad, seguir una dieta y estar afiliado al IMSS, Pemex/Sedena o privados se asoció con control glucémico. Conclusión: México se encuentra entre los países con mayor prevalencia de diabetes. Una alta proporción de adultos con diabetes no tenía un diagnóstico previo y la proporción con control glucémico es baja. Fortalecer la detección, el diagnóstico oportuno y el control glucémico es clave para el manejo de la diabetes.

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the willingness to vaccinate against Covid-19 (acceptance) in the Mexican population and to identify socioeconomic factors associated with vaccine hesitancy and refusal. Materials and methods: We estimated the acceptance, refusal and hesitancy proportions using data from the Covid-19 National Health and Nutrition Survey conducted from August to November 2020. Factors associated with refusal and hesitancy were explored using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Covid-19 vaccination acceptance was 62.3%, refusal 28.2% and hesitancy 9.5%. Refusal and hesitancy were associated with being female, having older age, lower educational level, lower socioeconomic status and working in the informal sector. Conclusion: National campaigns to incentivize vaccine acceptance need to consider specific subgroups were the likelihood of hesitancy and refusal is high. In Mexico, refusal and hesitancy were higher in vulnerable groups, and people at a higher risk of Covid-19 complications and death.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la aceptabilidad de la vacunación contra Covid-19 en la población mexicana e identificar factores socioeconómicos asociados con el rechazo o la duda. Material y métodos: Se estimó la proporción de aceptabilidad, rechazo y duda utilizando los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre Covid-19 levantada durante agosto y noviembre de 2020. Se exploraron los factores asociados con rechazo y duda mediante un modelo de regresión multinomial. Resultados: La aceptabilidad de la vacunación contra Covid-19 fue de 62.3%, el rechazo de 28.2% y la duda de 9.5%. El rechazo y la duda se asociaron con ser mujer, tener mayor edad, menor nivel de educación, menor nivel socioeconómico y trabajar en el sector informal. Conclusión: Las campañas para incentivar la aceptabilidad de la vacuna necesitan considerar los subgrupos específicos con una alta proporción de rechazo y duda. En México observamos un mayor rechazo y duda en grupos con mayor riesgo de complicaciones y muerte por Covid-19.

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of total, diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, and the prevalence of poor glycemic control in Mexico, and its associated factors. Materials and methods: Data from 3 700 adult participants were analysed in the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Diabetes prevalences were estimated with population weights, and the factors associated with total diabetes and poor glycemic control with Poisson regression models. Results: The total prevalence of diabetes was 13.7% (9.5% diagnosed, 4.1% undiagnosed); 68.2% of people with diagnosed diabetes presented poor glycemic control. Longer disease duration, living in the centre or south of the country and being treated in pharmacies were associated with poor glycemic control. Being treated in a social security system was associated with better glycemic control. Conclusion: Multisectoral efforts are needed to strengthen screening, timely diagnosis and disease control, considering differences by region and type of health service.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de diabetes (total, diagnosticada y no diagnosticada), de descontrol glucémico en México y sus factores asociados. Material y métodos: Se analizaron 3 700 adultos participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de 2016. Se estimaron las prevalencias con ponderadores poblacionales y los factores asociados con diabetes total y descontrol glucémico con modelos de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: La prevalencia total de diabetes fue de 13.7% (9.5% diagnosticada, 4.1% no diagnosticada); 68.2% de los diagnosticados presentó descontrol glucémico. Mayor tiempo de diagnóstico, vivir en el centro/sur del país y ser atendido en farmacias se asoció con descontrol glucémico, mientras que ser atendido en los servicios de seguridad social se asoció con mejor control glucémico. Conclusión: Se requieren esfuerzos multisectoriales para fortalecer el tamizaje, diagnóstico oportuno y control de la enfermedad, considerando las diferencias por región y tipo de servicio de salud.

Abstract: Objective: To estimate the prevalence of total, diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, and the prevalence of poor glycemic control in Mexico, and its associated factors. Materials and methods: Data from 3 700 adult participants were analysed in the 2016 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Diabetes prevalences were estimated with population weights, and the factors associated with total diabetes and poor glycemic control with Poisson regression models. Results: The total prevalence of diabetes was 13.7% (9.5% diagnosed, 4.1% undiagnosed); 68.2% of people with diagnosed diabetes presented poor glycemic control. Longer disease duration, living in the centre or south of the country and being treated in pharmacies were associated with poor glycemic control. Being treated in a social security system was associated with better glycemic control. Conclusion: Multisectoral efforts are needed to strengthen screening, timely diagnosis and disease control, considering differences by region and type of health service.

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de diabetes (total, diagnosticada y no diagnosticada), de descontrol glucémico en México y sus factores asociados. Material y métodos: Se analizaron 3 700 adultos participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de 2016. Se estimaron las prevalencias con ponderadores poblacionales y los factores asociados con diabetes total y descontrol glucémico con modelos de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: La prevalencia total de diabetes fue de 13.7% (9.5% diagnosticada, 4.1% no diagnosticada); 68.2% de los diagnosticados presentó descontrol glucémico. Mayor tiempo de diagnóstico, vivir en el centro/sur del país y ser atendido en farmacias se asoció con descontrol glucémico, mientras que ser atendido en los servicios de seguridad social se asoció con mejor control glucémico. Conclusión: Se requieren esfuerzos multisectoriales para fortalecer el tamizaje, diagnóstico oportuno y control de la enfermedad, considerando las diferencias por región y tipo de servicio de salud.

Abstract Background: The foundations for the growth and optimal development of every human being are laid in the first 2 years of life. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) up to 6 months of age and the introduction of complementary feeding (CF) from this age are considered the preventive interventions with the most significant impact on a child’s life. The objective of this study was to determine if pediatricians base their recommendations by following the Guidelines for CF in Healthy Infants (GCFHI) and if mothers have any awareness and knowledge of these recommendations. Methods: Surveys based on the GCFHI were conducted in a group of mothers (n = 377) and pediatricians (n = 104) living in Mexico. Results: Not all pediatricians recommended the EBF, and 76% recommended infant formula before 6 months of age. Regarding mothers, 76.9% practiced the EBF for the first 6 months. Vegetables were the leading starting food of CF suggested by pediatricians and mothers (87% and 91%, respectively), contrasting with food sources of iron (44%), which are the foods of choice according to the GCFHI. The practices performed by the mothers were statistically different from the recommendations of the pediatricians. Conclusions: The results reflect a lack of updating regarding CF. It is imperative to reinforce efforts to maintain the EBF for 6 months and to continue it together with the CF, as well as to promote the beginning of CF based on macro- and micro-nutrients.

Resumen Introducción: En los primeros dos años de vida se crean las bases para el crecimiento y desarrollo óptimo de todo ser humano. La lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) hasta los 6 meses de edad y la introducción de alimentación complementaria (AC) a partir de esta edad están consideradas como las intervenciones preventivas de mayor impacto en la vida de un niño. El presente trabajo evalúa en qué medida los pediatras basan sus recomendaciones en el Consenso para las prácticas de alimentación complementaria en lactantes sanos (CALCS) y si las madres están familiarizadas con estas recomendaciones. Métodos: Se realizaron encuestas para madres (n = 377) y pediatras (n = 104) residentes en México basadas en el CALCS. Resultados: Se detectó que no todos los pediatras recomendaron la LME, y el 76% la complementa con sucedáneos de la leche materna antes de los 6 meses. El 76.9% de las madres practicaron la LME por 6 meses. Las verduras fueron el principal alimento de inicio de AC sugerido por pediatras y madres (87% y 91%, respectivamente), lo que contrasta con alimentos fuente de hierro (44%) que según el CALCS son los alimentos de elección. Las prácticas de las madres tuvieron diferencias significativas con las recomendaciones de los pediatras. Conclusiones: Hay una falta de formación y actualización en esta materia. Es imperativo reforzar los esfuerzos para mantener la LME por 6 meses y continuarla junto con la AC, así como promover el inicio de la AC con base en los macro y micronutrientes.

Resumo: A gravidez na adolescência está associada a desfechos socioeconômicos e de saúde ruins. A taxa de gravidez na adolescência do México é a mais alta entre os países da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE). Nosso objetivo foi explorar os fatores associados a gravidezes e partos em adolescentes e mulheres jovens. Usando o Inquérito Nacional de Meninos, Meninas e Mulheres (ENIM) de 2015, examinamos dois desfechos dicotômicos: “ter engravidado” e “ser mãe” em mulheres de 15 a 19 anos e de 20 a 24 anos sem gravidezes durante a adolescência. Realizamos uma análise bivariada para cada faixa etária e usamos modelos lineares generalizados (GLM) para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis de desfecho e variáveis socioeconômicas selecionadas. Entre adolescentes, a frequência escolar e a educação superior reduziram significativamente a probabilidade de ter engravidado ou ser mãe, enquanto ser casada ou morar com o parceiro aumentou essa probabilidade. Ter a primeira relação a uma idade mais avançada associou-se a uma menor prevalência de gravidez. Para mulheres adultas, além da frequência escolar, educação superior e ser casada/morar com o parceiro, a região da residência também teve uma associação significativa com ter estado alguma vez grávida engravidado. Fatores socioeconômicos similares estiveram associados à gravidez e maternidade entre adolescentes e jovens. Contudo, observou-se que adiar a iniciação sexual poderia reduzir a taxa de gravidez na adolescência. Nossos resultados assinalam a importância da frequência escolar e da obtenção da educação superior para a redução das taxas de fecundidade em adolescentes.

Abstract: Adolescent pregnancy is associated with poor health and socioeconomic factors. The adolescent pregnancy rate in Mexico is the highest among the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. We aimed to explore the factors associated with pregnancies and births in adolescent and young adult women. Using the 2015 Mexican National Survey of Boys, Girls, and Women (ENIM), we examined two dichotomous outcomes: “ever pregnant” and “being a mother” in women from 15 to 19 years and from 20 to 24 years without pregnancies during adolescence. We conducted bivariate analysis for each age group and used general linear models (GLM) to assess the association between the outcome variables and selected socioeconomic variables. Among adolescents, school attendance and tertiary education significantly decreased the likelihood of ever having been pregnant or being mothers, while being married/cohabiting increased the likelihood. Older age at first intercourse was negatively associated with ever having been pregnant. For adult women, in addition to school attendance, tertiary education, and being married/cohabiting, the region of residence also showed a significant association with ever having been pregnant. Similar socioeconomic factors were associated with pregnancy and motherhood between adolescents and young adults. However, it was found that delaying sexual debut could reduce the adolescent pregnancy rate. Our results highlight the importance of attending school and attaining tertiary education in reducing adolescent fertility rates.

Resumen: El embarazo durante la adolescencia se asocia con una salud precaria y consecuencias socioeconómicas negativas. La tasa de embarazo adolescente en México es la más alta entre los países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). Nuestro objetivo fue explorar factores asociados a embarazos y nacimientos en mujeres adolescentes y adultas jóvenes. Utilizando la Encuesta Nacional de Niños, Niñas y Mujeres (ENIM), 2015, examinamos dos resultados dicotómicos: “embarazadas alguna vez” y “ser madre” en mujeres de 15 a 19 años y de 20 a 24 sin embarazos durante la adolescencia. Realizamos un análisis bivariado por grupo de edad y usamos modelos lineales generales (MLG) para evaluar la asociación entre el resultado de las variables y las variables socioeconómicas seleccionadas. Entre adolescentes, la asistencia escolar y contar con educación terciaria disminuía significativamente la posibilidad de haber estado embarazada o ser madres, mientras que estar casada/unida con alguien incrementó la posibilidad. Una edad más avanzada durante las relaciones sexuales estuvo negativamente asociada con haber estado alguna vez embarazada. Para las mujeres adultas, además de la asistencia escolar, educación terciaria, y estar casada/unida con alguien, la región de residencia también mostró una asociación significativa con haber estado alguna vez embarazada. Factores socioeconómicos similares estuvieron asociados con el embarazo y la maternidad entre adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. No obstante, se descubrió que retrasar el inicio de las relaciones sexuales podría reducir la tasa de embarazos adolescentes. Nuestros resultados subrayan la importancia de ir a la escuela y realizar estudios de nivel superior para reducir las tasas de fertilidad adolescentes.

Resumo: A gravidez na adolescência está associada a desfechos socioeconômicos e de saúde ruins. A taxa de gravidez na adolescência do México é a mais alta entre os países da Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE). Nosso objetivo foi explorar os fatores associados a gravidezes e partos em adolescentes e mulheres jovens. Usando o Inquérito Nacional de Meninos, Meninas e Mulheres (ENIM) de 2015, examinamos dois desfechos dicotômicos: “ter engravidado” e “ser mãe” em mulheres de 15 a 19 anos e de 20 a 24 anos sem gravidezes durante a adolescência. Realizamos uma análise bivariada para cada faixa etária e usamos modelos lineares generalizados (GLM) para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis de desfecho e variáveis socioeconômicas selecionadas. Entre adolescentes, a frequência escolar e a educação superior reduziram significativamente a probabilidade de ter engravidado ou ser mãe, enquanto ser casada ou morar com o parceiro aumentou essa probabilidade. Ter a primeira relação a uma idade mais avançada associou-se a uma menor prevalência de gravidez. Para mulheres adultas, além da frequência escolar, educação superior e ser casada/morar com o parceiro, a região da residência também teve uma associação significativa com ter estado alguma vez grávida engravidado. Fatores socioeconômicos similares estiveram associados à gravidez e maternidade entre adolescentes e jovens. Contudo, observou-se que adiar a iniciação sexual poderia reduzir a taxa de gravidez na adolescência. Nossos resultados assinalam a importância da frequência escolar e da obtenção da educação superior para a redução das taxas de fecundidade em adolescentes.

Abstract: Adolescent pregnancy is associated with poor health and socioeconomic factors. The adolescent pregnancy rate in Mexico is the highest among the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. We aimed to explore the factors associated with pregnancies and births in adolescent and young adult women. Using the 2015 Mexican National Survey of Boys, Girls, and Women (ENIM), we examined two dichotomous outcomes: “ever pregnant” and “being a mother” in women from 15 to 19 years and from 20 to 24 years without pregnancies during adolescence. We conducted bivariate analysis for each age group and used general linear models (GLM) to assess the association between the outcome variables and selected socioeconomic variables. Among adolescents, school attendance and tertiary education significantly decreased the likelihood of ever having been pregnant or being mothers, while being married/cohabiting increased the likelihood. Older age at first intercourse was negatively associated with ever having been pregnant. For adult women, in addition to school attendance, tertiary education, and being married/cohabiting, the region of residence also showed a significant association with ever having been pregnant. Similar socioeconomic factors were associated with pregnancy and motherhood between adolescents and young adults. However, it was found that delaying sexual debut could reduce the adolescent pregnancy rate. Our results highlight the importance of attending school and attaining tertiary education in reducing adolescent fertility rates.

Resumen: El embarazo durante la adolescencia se asocia con una salud precaria y consecuencias socioeconómicas negativas. La tasa de embarazo adolescente en México es la más alta entre los países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE). Nuestro objetivo fue explorar factores asociados a embarazos y nacimientos en mujeres adolescentes y adultas jóvenes. Utilizando la Encuesta Nacional de Niños, Niñas y Mujeres (ENIM), 2015, examinamos dos resultados dicotómicos: “embarazadas alguna vez” y “ser madre” en mujeres de 15 a 19 años y de 20 a 24 sin embarazos durante la adolescencia. Realizamos un análisis bivariado por grupo de edad y usamos modelos lineales generales (MLG) para evaluar la asociación entre el resultado de las variables y las variables socioeconómicas seleccionadas. Entre adolescentes, la asistencia escolar y contar con educación terciaria disminuía significativamente la posibilidad de haber estado embarazada o ser madres, mientras que estar casada/unida con alguien incrementó la posibilidad. Una edad más avanzada durante las relaciones sexuales estuvo negativamente asociada con haber estado alguna vez embarazada. Para las mujeres adultas, además de la asistencia escolar, educación terciaria, y estar casada/unida con alguien, la región de residencia también mostró una asociación significativa con haber estado alguna vez embarazada. Factores socioeconómicos similares estuvieron asociados con el embarazo y la maternidad entre adolescentes y adultos jóvenes. No obstante, se descubrió que retrasar el inicio de las relaciones sexuales podría reducir la tasa de embarazos adolescentes. Nuestros resultados subrayan la importancia de ir a la escuela y realizar estudios de nivel superior para reducir las tasas de fertilidad adolescentes.

Abstract: Objective: To compare the prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes in 2016 with previous national surveys and to describe treatment and its complications. Materials and methods: Mexico’s national surveys Ensa 2000, Ensanut 2006, 2012 and 2016 were used. For 2016, logistic regression models and measures of central tendency and dispersion were obtained. Results: The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes in 2016 was 9.4%. The increase of 2.2% relative to 2012 was not significant and only observed in patients older than 60 years. While preventive measures have increased, the access to medical treatment and lifestyle has not changed. The treatment has been modified, with an increase in insulin and decrease in hypoglycaemic agents. Conclusions: Population aging, lack of screening actions and the increase in diabetes complications will lead to an increase on the burden of disease. Policy measures targeting primary and secondary prevention of diabetes are crucial.

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar la prevalencia de diabetes por diagnóstico médico previo en 2016 con encuestas nacionales anteriores y describir su tratamiento y complicaciones. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000, las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud y Nutrición 2006 y 20012, y la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016. Para 2016 se obtuvieron modelos de regresión logística, así como medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: La prevalencia de diabetes por diagnóstico médico en 2016 fue de 9.4%. El incremento de 2.2% respecto a 2012 no fue significativo y se observó únicamente en los mayores de 60 años. Aunque las acciones preventivas han aumentado, el acceso al tratamiento médico y los estilos de vida no han mejorado. Se observó un aumento en insulina y una diminución en hipoglucemiantes. Conclusión: El envejecimiento de la población, la insuficiencia de acciones de tamizaje y el aumento en las complicaciones de diabetes provocarán un aumento en la carga de enfermedad. Invertir en la prevención primaria y secundaria en diabetes es crucial.

Abstract: Objective: To compare the prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes in 2016 with previous national surveys and to describe treatment and its complications. Materials and methods: Mexico’s national surveys Ensa 2000, Ensanut 2006, 2012 and 2016 were used. For 2016, logistic regression models and measures of central tendency and dispersion were obtained. Results: The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes in 2016 was 9.4%. The increase of 2.2% relative to 2012 was not significant and only observed in patients older than 60 years. While preventive measures have increased, the access to medical treatment and lifestyle has not changed. The treatment has been modified, with an increase in insulin and decrease in hypoglycaemic agents. Conclusions: Population aging, lack of screening actions and the increase in diabetes complications will lead to an increase on the burden of disease. Policy measures targeting primary and secondary prevention of diabetes are crucial.

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar la prevalencia de diabetes por diagnóstico médico previo en 2016 con encuestas nacionales anteriores y describir su tratamiento y complicaciones. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000, las Encuestas Nacionales de Salud y Nutrición 2006 y 20012, y la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición de Medio Camino 2016. Para 2016 se obtuvieron modelos de regresión logística, así como medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Resultados: La prevalencia de diabetes por diagnóstico médico en 2016 fue de 9.4%. El incremento de 2.2% respecto a 2012 no fue significativo y se observó únicamente en los mayores de 60 años. Aunque las acciones preventivas han aumentado, el acceso al tratamiento médico y los estilos de vida no han mejorado. Se observó un aumento en insulina y una diminución en hipoglucemiantes. Conclusión: El envejecimiento de la población, la insuficiencia de acciones de tamizaje y el aumento en las complicaciones de diabetes provocarán un aumento en la carga de enfermedad. Invertir en la prevención primaria y secundaria en diabetes es crucial.

Este estudo teve como objectivo analisar o ciclo vigília-sono em enfermeiros que trabalham por turnos, bem como a qualidade do sono e cronótipo. O ciclo vigília-sono foi avaliado através do diário de sono, num total de 60 enfermeiros, com idade média de 31.76 anos. Para o cronótipo utilizou-se o Questionário de Horne e Östberg, de 1976, e para medir a qualidade de sono calculou-se o Índice Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburg (PSQI). Os resultados do cronótipo mostraram uma predominância para tipo indiferente (65.0%), seguido do tipo Moderamente Vespertinos (18.3%), Definitivamente Vespertino (8.3%), Moderadamente Matutinos (6.6%) e Definitivamente Matutinos (1.8%). A percepção da qualidade do sono autorreportada pela Escala Analógica Visual (VAS) foi de 5.85 pontos, em média, para o sono nocturno e 4.70 para o sono diurno, diferença estatisticamente significativa. Os participantes demonstraram que o tempo de acordar e adormecer durante a semana e o fim-de-semana foram estatisticamente diferentes. No PSQI obteve-se uma média de 7.0 pontos, caracterizando o sono como de má qualidade. Os dados permitiram classificar o sono dos enfermeiros como de má qualidade. A falta de hábitos desportivos e o esquema de trabalho em turnos poderão ter influenciado na qualidade de sono.

The scope of this study was to evaluate the sleep/wake cycle in shift work nurses, as well as their sleep quality and chronotype. The sleep/wake cycle was evaluated by keeping a sleep diary for a total of 60 nurses with a mean age of 31.76 years. The Horne & Östberg Questionnaire (1976) for the chronotype and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality were applied. The results revealed a predominance of indifferent chronotypes (65.0%), followed by moderately evening persons (18.3%), decidedly evening persons (8.3%), moderately morning persons (6.6%) and decidedly morning persons (1.8%). The sleep quality perception was analyzed by the visual analogical scale, showing a mean score of 5.85 points for nighttime sleep and 4.70 points for daytime sleep, which represented a statistically significant difference. The sleep/wake schedule was also statistically different when considering weekdays and weekends. The PSQI showed a mean of 7.0 points, characterizing poor sleep quality. The results showed poor sleep quality in shift work nurses, possibly due to the lack of sport and shift work habits.

Este estudo teve como objectivo analisar o ciclo vigília-sono em enfermeiros que trabalham por turnos, bem como a qualidade do sono e cronótipo. O ciclo vigília-sono foi avaliado através do diário de sono, num total de 60 enfermeiros, com idade média de 31.76 anos. Para o cronótipo utilizou-se o Questionário de Horne e Östberg, de 1976, e para medir a qualidade de sono calculou-se o Índice Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburg (PSQI). Os resultados do cronótipo mostraram uma predominância para tipo indiferente (65.0%), seguido do tipo Moderamente Vespertinos (18.3%), Definitivamente Vespertino (8.3%), Moderadamente Matutinos (6.6%) e Definitivamente Matutinos (1.8%). A percepção da qualidade do sono autorreportada pela Escala Analógica Visual (VAS) foi de 5.85 pontos, em média, para o sono nocturno e 4.70 para o sono diurno, diferença estatisticamente significativa. Os participantes demonstraram que o tempo de acordar e adormecer durante a semana e o fim-de-semana foram estatisticamente diferentes. No PSQI obteve-se uma média de 7.0 pontos, caracterizando o sono como de má qualidade. Os dados permitiram classificar o sono dos enfermeiros como de má qualidade. A falta de hábitos desportivos e o esquema de trabalho em turnos poderão ter influenciado na qualidade de sono.

The scope of this study was to evaluate the sleep/wake cycle in shift work nurses, as well as their sleep quality and chronotype. The sleep/wake cycle was evaluated by keeping a sleep diary for a total of 60 nurses with a mean age of 31.76 years. The Horne & Östberg Questionnaire (1976) for the chronotype and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality were applied. The results revealed a predominance of indifferent chronotypes (65.0%), followed by moderately evening persons (18.3%), decidedly evening persons (8.3%), moderately morning persons (6.6%) and decidedly morning persons (1.8%). The sleep quality perception was analyzed by the visual analogical scale, showing a mean score of 5.85 points for nighttime sleep and 4.70 points for daytime sleep, which represented a statistically significant difference. The sleep/wake schedule was also statistically different when considering weekdays and weekends. The PSQI showed a mean of 7.0 points, characterizing poor sleep quality. The results showed poor sleep quality in shift work nurses, possibly due to the lack of sport and shift work habits.