Resumo As atividades humanas intensificaram a erosão do solo globalmente, impactando negativamente a qualidade física, química e microbiológica da água e do solo. Este estudo tem como objetivo estimar a perda de solo na microbacia de Jucusbamba (Amazonas, noroeste do Peru) utilizando a Equação Universal Revisada de Perda de Solo (RUSLE) integrada com Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e dados de sensoriamento remoto (SR). Dados meteorológicos, mapas de solos, modelos digitais de elevação e mapas de cobertura e uso do solo foram integrados em um ambiente SIG para prever a distribuição espacial da erosão. Os resultados mostraram cinco classes de severidade da perda de solo: leve (93,34%), moderada (3,94%), alta (1,82%), muito alta (0,61%) e severa (0,29%). Áreas com níveis altos, muito altos e severos de erosão do solo estavam localizadas principalmente nas partes média e baixa da microbacia. A perda média anual de solo foi estimada em 23,24 t/ha/ano. As informações obtidas são cruciais para a formulação de planos e programas de manejo de solos para abordar os problemas de erosão na microbacia do rio Jucusbamba. Pesquisas futuras devem focar na validação desses modelos por meio de estudos de campo e na implementação de práticas de conservação do solo baseadas nesses achados. globalmente física Amazonas, Amazonas (Amazonas Peru RUSLE (RUSLE (SIG SR. SR . (SR) meteorológicos 93,34%, 9334 93,34% , 93 34 (93,34%) 3,94%, 394 3,94% 3 94 (3,94%) 1,82%, 182 1,82% 1 82 (1,82%) 0,61% 061 0 61 (0,61% 0,29%. 029 0,29% 29 (0,29%) 2324 23 24 23,2 thaano t ha ano t/ha/ano achados (SR 933 93,34 9 (93,34% 39 3,94 (3,94% 18 1,82 8 (1,82% 0,61 06 6 (0,61 02 0,29 2 (0,29% 232 23, 93,3 (93,34 3,9 (3,94 1,8 (1,82 0,6 (0,6 0,2 (0,29 93, (93,3 3, (3,9 1, (1,8 0, (0, (0,2 (93, (3, (1, (0 (93 (3 (1 ( (9

Abstract Human activities have intensified soil erosion globally, negatively impacting the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality of water and soil. This study estimated soil loss in the Jucusbamba Micro-Watershed (Amazonas, northwestern Peru) using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) data. Meteorological data, soil maps, digital elevation models, and land cover and use maps were integrated into a GIS environment to predict the spatial distribution of erosion. The results showed five classes of soil loss severity: slight (93.34%), moderate (3.94%), high (1.82%), very high (0.61%), and severe (0.29%). Areas with high, very high, and severe erosion levels were mainly located in the middle and lower parts of the micro-watershed. The average annual soil loss was estimated at 23.24 t/ha/year. The information obtained is crucial for the formulation of soil management plans and programs to address erosion problems in the Jucusbamba River Micro-Watershed. Future research should focus on validating these models through field studies and implementing soil conservation practices based on these findings. globally physical chemical MicroWatershed Micro Watershed Amazonas, Amazonas (Amazonas Peru RUSLE (RUSLE (GIS RS (RS data severity 93.34%, 9334 93.34% , 93 34 (93.34%) 3.94%, 394 3.94% 3 94 (3.94%) 1.82%, 182 1.82% 1 82 (1.82%) 0.61%, 061 0.61% 0 61 (0.61%) 0.29%. 029 0.29% . 29 (0.29%) microwatershed. microwatershed micro watershed. watershed micro-watershed 2324 23 24 23.2 thayear t ha year t/ha/year MicroWatershed. Watershed. findings 933 93.34 9 (93.34% 39 3.94 (3.94% 18 1.82 8 (1.82% 06 0.61 6 (0.61% 02 0.29 2 (0.29% 232 23. 93.3 (93.34 3.9 (3.94 1.8 (1.82 0.6 (0.61 0.2 (0.29 93. (93.3 3. (3.9 1. (1.8 0. (0.6 (0.2 (93. (3. (1. (0. (93 (3 (1 (0 (9 (

Abstract The increase in population in the Utcubamba River basin without the corresponding implementation of wastewater treatment systems by the authorities has led to a decrease in water quality, which constitutes a threat to public health and the ecosystem preservation. The objective of this work was to reduce the data collected in large hydrographic basins, both at the sampling stations level and at the level of variables. Sampling was carried out at 43 sites located in the main channel and major tributaries, and their physicochemical and microbiological quality were analyzed through the determination of 19 variables during three different seasons (early rains, rainfall and drought). Multivariate statistical methods (correlation analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis) were applied to find the cause of natural or anthropogenic sources of pollution and its distribution in the basin. The results show that the main parameters that spatially affect the basin are a result of high concentrations of bacteria and chemical compounds such as nitrites, phosphates and ammonium. Finally, the use of multivariate methodologies to analyze the obtained results allows to reduce the number of variables as well as sampling stations for future evaluations.

Resumen El aumento de la población a lo largo de la cuenca del río Utcubamba, sin la correspondiente implementación de sistemas de tratamiento de aguas residuales por parte de las autoridades, ha provocado la disminución en la calidad del agua, lo que constituye una amenaza para la salud pública y la preservación del ecosistema. El objetivo de este trabajo es disminuir el conjunto de datos recogidos en grandes cuencas hidrográficas tanto a nivel de estaciones de muestreo como a nivel de variables. Se realizaron muestreos en 43 estaciones situadas en el cauce principal y afluentes más importantes, y se analizó su calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica a través de la determinación de 19 variables en tres campañas distintas (lluvias tempranas, lluvias y seca). Se aplicaron métodos estadísticos multivariantes (análisis de correlación, análisis de componentes principales y análisis cluster), para encontrar el origen de las fuentes de contaminación, naturales o antrópicas, y la distribución de la misma. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los principales parámetros que afectan espacialmente la cuenca derivan de las altas concentraciones de bacterias y de compuestos químicos, como nitritos, fosfatos y amonio. Por último, el uso de metodologías multivariantes en el análisis de los resultados obtenidos permite disminuir el número tanto de variables como de estaciones de muestreo en futuras evaluaciones.

Riparian forests in tropical areas have great diversity and heterogeneity, because they are made up of trees with an irregular distribution which causes that the tree communities differ along the river. In the present investigation, we studied the riparian vegetation existing along the Utcubamba River basin, located in a tropical inter-Andean valley in the department of Amazonas, northeast of Peru. Floristic inventories were conducted at 43 sampling points along the main riverbed and main tributaries of the river from its source to its mouth. 230 species of vascular plants belonging to 76 families were registered. The most common arboreal formations collected were Alnus acuminata, Salix humboldtiana and Tessaria integrifolia, while the shrubs were Phragmites australis and Gynerium sagittatum. Likewise, the quality of the gallery forest at each sampling point was evaluated by using the QBR-And index, showing a decreasing quality in the basin from the high to the low section, and higher values in the tributaries, in both cases motivated by human activities of agricultural origin mainly.

Los bosques de ribera en áreas tropicales poseen una gran diversidad y heterogeneidad, al estar constituidos por árboles con una distribución irregular lo que provoca que las comunidades arbóreas difieran a lo largo del río. En la presente investigación, se estudió la vegetación de ribera existente a lo largo de la cuenca del río Utcubamba, situado en un valle interandino tropical en el departamento de Amazonas, nororiente del Perú. Se realizaron inventarios florísticos en 43 puntos de muestreo a lo largo del cauce principal y principales tributarios del río, desde su nacimiento hasta su desembocadura. Se registraron 230 especies de plantas vasculares pertenecientes a 76 familias. Las formaciones arbóreas más comunes colectadas fueron de Alnus acuminata, Salix humboldtiana y Tessaria integrifolia, mientras que las arbustivas resultaron ser Phragmites australis y Gynerium sagittatum. Asimismo, se evaluó la calidad del bosque de galería en cada punto de muestreo mediante el uso del índice QBR-And, mostrándose en la cuenca una calidad decreciente desde el tramo alto al bajo, y superior en los tributarios, en ambos casos motivado por actividades humanas de origen agropecuario principalmente.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to evaluate the current land use and hydrogeomorphological quality in the San Antonio River, located between the provinces of Chachapoyas and Rodríguez de Mendoza in the Department of Amazonas (Peru). The land uses were estimated using the supervised classification method for the Sentinel 2A images, while the assessment of the quality of the fluvial system was carried out through the application of the hydrogeomorphological index (IHG) in each functional sector. The results reported that the soil cover in the San Antonio microbasin is managed in the following way: 44.50% occupied by crops, 36.09% by forests, 11.24% by pasture, 7.56% by grassland and shrubs, and 0.61% is an urban area and water bodies. In turn, the hydrogeomorphological quality of the San Antonio River is in a range of quality from Very Good to Deficient, with a greater anthropic impact in the middle and lower sections of the river. It is concluded that the use of soil influences hydrogeomorphological quality due to agricultural activities, urban use and extraction of construction materials in the riverbed, which contributes to the degradation of the fluvial system

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el uso actual del suelo y la calidad hidrogeomorfológica en el río San Antonio, localizado entre las provincias de Chachapoyas y Rodríguez de Mendoza en el Departamento de Amazonas (Perú). Los usos del suelo fueron estimados utilizando el método de clasificación supervisada para las imágenes Sentinel 2A, mientras que la valoración de la calidad del sistema fluvial se realizó a través de la aplicación del índice hidrogeomorfológico (IHG) en cada sector funcional. Los resultados reportaron que la cobertura del suelo en la microcuenca San Antonio está manejada de la siguiente manera: el 44.50 % ocupada por cultivos, el 36.09% por bosques, el 11.24 % por pastos, el 7.56 % por herbazales y arbustales, y el 0.61 % es zona urbana y cuerpos de agua. A su vez, la calidad hidrogeomorfológica del río San Antonio se encuentra en un rango de calidad de Muy Buena a Deficiente, con mayor impacto antrópico en el curso medio y bajo del río. Se concluye que el uso del suelo influye en la calidad hidrogeomorfológica debido a las actividades agropecuarias, uso urbano y extracción de materiales de construcción en el cauce del río, lo que contribuye a la degradación del sistema fluvial

There is an increasing need to assess the quality of water to protect public health. The research was conducted on the Utcubamba River, a tributary of the Alto Marañón basin, located entirely in the region of Amazonas, Peru. A total of 43 sampling stations were established throughout the river basin, which were evaluated in two seasons: rainy and dry. Nineteen physicochemical and microbiological parameters were evaluated, whose results were used to determine the possible sources of contamination of the system. Agricultural and domestic waste, the presence of illegal landfills and quarries and the absence of riparian forests are the main activities and factors that affect water quality. Likewise, variables such as CE, DUR, T, TB, CF, CLO, CT, EC and EF showed significant differences between sections of basin, while CE, OD, TB, CT and EC showed differences between seasons of sampling. Finally, significant correlations were established between the microbiological parameters, which indicated the organic origin of the contamination; between physicochemical parameters such as TB, CE, NITRA and FOSFA that showed the agricultural origin of the effluents, and between DUR and ALCA, as a result of the contamination from a natural geological origin in the study area.

Existe creciente necesidad de evaluar la calidad del agua para proteger la salud pública. La investigación se realizó en el río Utcubamba, afluente de la cuenca del Alto Marañón, localizado por completo en la región Amazonas, Perú. Se establecieron 43 estaciones de muestreo a lo largo de toda la cuenca hidrográfica del río, que fueron evaluadas en dos temporadas: lluviosa y seca. Se evaluaron 19 parámetros fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos, cuyos resultados se emplearon para determinar las posibles fuentes de contaminación del sistema, siendo los residuos agropecuarios y domésticos, la presencia de vertederos ilegales y canteras y la ausencia de bosques de galería las principales actividades y factores que afectan a la calidad del agua. Por otra parte, variables como CE, DUR, T, TB, CF, CLO, CT, EC y EF mostraron diferencias significativas entre tramos de cuenca, mientras que CE, OD, TB, CT y EC lo hicieron entre temporadas de muestreo. Finalmente, se establecieron correlaciones significativas entre los parámetros microbiológicos, que indicaron el origen orgánico de la contaminación; entre parámetros fisicoquímicos como TB, CE, NITRA y FOSFA que mostraron el origen agrícola de los efluentes, y entre DUR y ALCA, resultado de la contaminación de origen geológico natural del área de estudio.

Hydrological and geomorphological studies have increased in recent years indicating their importance to understand the functioning of river systems. In this research, the hydrogeomorphological quality of the Utcubamba River, located in the Amazon basin, was evaluated. By applying the Hydrogeomorphological Index (IHG) along its main watercourse the basin was divided into eight river sections. The results showed that the Utcubamba River is affected by significant anthropogenic impacts which modify the hydrogeomorphological conditions, with an increasing damage of them from its river source to his mouth. The quality of the riverbanks is most affected along the entire basin, mainly in the lower course due to extensive agriculture and livestock farms that are dominant in this part. Moreover, the IHG showed a complete adaptability to the conditions of the study area, in a different geographical area and far from the Iberian Peninsula.

Los estudios hidrológicos y geomorfológicos se han incrementado en los últimos años indicando su importancia para entender el funcionamiento de los sistemas fluviales. En esta investigación se evaluó la calidad hidrogeomorfológica del río Utcubamba, ubicado en la cuenca del Amazonas, mediante la aplicación del Índice Hidrogeomorfológico (IHG) dividiéndolo en ocho sectores fluviales. Los resultados mostraron que el río Utcubamba está afectado por notables impactos antropogénicos que alteran las condiciones hidrogeomorfológicas, con un creciente deterioro de las mismas desde su nacimiento a su desembocadura. La calidad de las riberas es la más afectada en toda la cuenca, principalmente en el curso bajo debido a las explotaciones agropecuarias de carácter extensivo dominantes en este tramo. Por otra parte, el IHG presentó una adaptabilidad total a las condiciones del área de estudio, en un ámbito geográfico diferente y alejado de la Península Ibérica.