Abstract Healthcare workers present an increased risk of contagion for the SARS-CoV-2 virus due to their labor exposure. Here, we describe the clinical, laboratory, and immunological characteristics of healthcare workers, before vaccine application, exposed to SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. We collected sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory information from 50 professionals who worked during the COVID-19 pandemic at the Clinical Hospital of the Northwest in Brazil. The results showed that most workers are women, over 50 years old, and worked as nursing technicians. Approximately 56% of workers were positive for a previous infection by RT-PCR and/or anti-SARS-CoV-2-immunoglobulin tests. Increased levels of hematocrit, neutrophils, NK lymphocytes, and fibrinogen, were found in positive healthcare workers, suggesting a light inflammatory status. The immunological findings showed an increase in IL-17 production and a Th2/Th17/Th22 profile followed by high serology for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG. Those data reveal the importance of studies with healthcare workers to investigate if the continuous exposition to the virus may result in chronic activation of the immune system and/or pulmonary inflammation in this target group. SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- exposure Here clinical application SARSCoV2infected SARSCoVinfected infected patients sociodemographic 5 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 Brazil women old technicians 56 RTPCR RT PCR andor or antiSARSCoV2immunoglobulin antiSARSCoVimmunoglobulin anti immunoglobulin tests hematocrit neutrophils lymphocytes fibrinogen status IL17 IL 17 IL-1 Th2Th17Th22 ThThTh Th2 Th17 Th22 Th Th2/Th17/Th2 antiSARSCoV2 antiSARSCoV anti-SARS-CoV- IgG group SARS-CoV COVID1 1 COVID- IL1 IL- Th2Th17Th2 Th1 Th2/Th17/Th anti-SARS-CoV Th2Th17Th

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 has high human-human transmission rate. The aerosols and saliva droplets are the main contamination source. Thus, it is crucial to point out that dental practitioners become a high-risk group of contagion by SARS-CoV-2. Based on this, protocols have been recommended to avoid cross-contamination during dental care; however, appropriate evidence has not yet been established. Objective Our study sought to make a screening, by in silico analysis, of the potential of mouth rinses used in dental practices to prevent the dental workers' contamination by SARS-CoV-2. Methodology Multiple sequence comparisons and construction of the phylogenetic tree were conducted using the FASTA code. Therefore, molecular docking investigation between SARS-CoV-2 proteins (Main Protease, Spike Glycoprotein, Non-structure Protein, and Papain-like Protease) and molecules used in dental practices (chlorhexidine digluconate, hydrogen peroxide, cetylpyridinium chloride, povidone-iodine, gallic acid, β-cyclodextrin, catechin, and quercetin) was performed using AutoDock Vina. Moreover, 2D interactions of the complex protein-ligand structure were analyzed by Ligplot+. Results The obtained results showed a remarkable affinity between SARS-CoV-2 proteins and all tested compounds. The chlorhexidine digluconate, catechin, and quercetin presented a higher affinity with SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions The overall results allowed us to suggest that chlorhexidine is the most suitable active compound in reducing the SARS-CoV-2 salivary load due to its better binding energy. However, in vivo studies should be conducted to confirm their clinical use.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar as causas de cegueira e deficiência visual nas crianças matriculadas na Escola do Instituto Benjamin Constant (IBC) em 2013, para contribuir na elaboração de estratégias de controle e prevenção de causas evitáveis de cegueira. Métodos: Desenho de estudo: observacional do tipo transversal. Os dados foram coletados através dos prontuários dos alunos matriculados na Escola em 2013. As causas de cegueira foram classificadas de acordo com os registros de exames elaborados pela OMS/IAPB. Os dados foram analisados, em crianças com idade abaixo de 16 anos, usando o Programa Stata9. Resultados: Entre 355 alunos matriculados no IBC em 2013, 253 (73%) foram incluídos nesse estudo. Dessas crianças, 190 (75%) eram cegas e 63 (25%), deficientes visuais. O principal sítio anatômico, responsável pela perda visual, encontrado foi a retina (42%), seguido de lesões do globo ocular (22%), lesões no nervo óptico (13,8%), cegueira de origem no sistema nervoso central (8,8%) e catarata/pseudofácico/afácico (8.8%). A etiologia foi desconhecida em 41,9% e fatores neonatais corresponderam a 30,9% dos casos. Quarenta e oito porcento dos casos foram potencialmente evitáveis. Retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP) foi a principal causa de cegueira e microftalmia, atrofia do nervo óptico, catarata e glaucoma contaram com mais de 50% dos casos. Conclusão: A oferta e melhoria de programas de triagem e tratamento do ROP, catarata e glaucoma podem prevenir os casos de deficiência visual e cegueira evitáveis.

Abstract Objective: To determine the main causes of visual impairment and blindness in children enrolled at Instituto Benjamin Constant blind school (IBC) in 2013, to aid in planning for the prevention and management of avoidable causes of blindness. Methods: Study design: cross-sectional observational study. Data was collected from medical records of students attending IBC in 2013. Causes of blindness were classified according to WHO/PBL examination record. Data were analyzed for those children aged less than 16 years using Stata 9 program. Results: Among 355 students attending IBC in 2013, 253 (73%) were included in this study. Of these children, 190 (75%) were blind and 63 (25%) visually impaired. The major anatomical site of visual loss was retina (42%), followed by lesions of the globe (22%), optic nerve lesions (13.8%), central nervous system (8.8%) and cataract/pseudophakia/aphakia (8.8%). The etiology was unknown in 41.9% and neonatal factors accounted for 30,9% of cases. Forty-eight percent of cases were potentially avoidable. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was the main cause of blindness and with microphthalmia, optic nerve atrophy, cataract and glaucoma accounted for more than 50% of cases. Conclusion: Provision and improvement of ROP, cataract and glaucoma screening and treatment and programs could prevent avoidable visual impairment and blindness.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo compreender os significados e implicações do estigma relacionado ao transtorno bipolar em relação aos processos sociais e sistemas de valores culturais locais. Foram realizadas sete entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com psiquiatras em Belo Horizonte, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, analisadas com o referencial da Antropologia Médica. Algumas visões potencialmente produtoras de estigma em relação a pacientes com transtorno bipolar foram endossadas pelos entrevistados, relacionadas ao modelo biomédico do transtorno bipolar. Os entrevistados alegavam uma extrema banalização do diagnóstico, observando que, apesar da mitigação do estigma relacionado ao transtorno bipolar com o passar do tempo, ainda é uma questão importante, principalmente no campo do trabalho e como causa de recusa de tratamento.

Abstract: This research sought to understand meanings and implications of the stigma related to bipolar disorder in relation to social processes and local cultural value systems. Seven semidirected individual interviews were performed with psychiatrists (from Belo Horizonte city, Minas Gerais State, Brazil) and analyzed with referential from the Medical Anthropology. Some potential stigmatizing views about bipolar disorder patients were endorsed by respondents related to biomedical model of bipolar disorder. They claimed about the extreme trivialization of this diagnosis nowadays and observed that, in spite of the mitigation of stigma related to bipolar disorder over time, it remains an important issue, especially at labor fields and as a cause of refusal of treatment.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender los significados e implicaciones del estigma relacionado con el trastorno bipolar, en relación con los procesos sociales y sistemas de valores culturales locales. Se realizaron siete entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas con psiquiatras en Belo Horizonte, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, analizadas con el referencial de la Antropología Médica. Algunas visiones potencialmente productoras de estigma, en relación a pacientes con trastorno bipolar fueron transmitidas por los entrevistados, relacionadas con el modelo biomédico del trastorno bipolar. Los entrevistados alegaban una extrema banalización del diagnóstico, observando que, a pesar de la mitigación del estigma relacionado al trastorno bipolar con el paso del tiempo, todavía es una cuestión importante, principalmente en el campo de trabajo y como causa de rechazo del tratamiento.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo compreender os significados e implicações do estigma relacionado ao transtorno bipolar em relação aos processos sociais e sistemas de valores culturais locais. Foram realizadas sete entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com psiquiatras em Belo Horizonte, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, analisadas com o referencial da Antropologia Médica. Algumas visões potencialmente produtoras de estigma em relação a pacientes com transtorno bipolar foram endossadas pelos entrevistados, relacionadas ao modelo biomédico do transtorno bipolar. Os entrevistados alegavam uma extrema banalização do diagnóstico, observando que, apesar da mitigação do estigma relacionado ao transtorno bipolar com o passar do tempo, ainda é uma questão importante, principalmente no campo do trabalho e como causa de recusa de tratamento.

Abstract: This research sought to understand meanings and implications of the stigma related to bipolar disorder in relation to social processes and local cultural value systems. Seven semidirected individual interviews were performed with psychiatrists (from Belo Horizonte city, Minas Gerais State, Brazil) and analyzed with referential from the Medical Anthropology. Some potential stigmatizing views about bipolar disorder patients were endorsed by respondents related to biomedical model of bipolar disorder. They claimed about the extreme trivialization of this diagnosis nowadays and observed that, in spite of the mitigation of stigma related to bipolar disorder over time, it remains an important issue, especially at labor fields and as a cause of refusal of treatment.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender los significados e implicaciones del estigma relacionado con el trastorno bipolar, en relación con los procesos sociales y sistemas de valores culturales locales. Se realizaron siete entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas con psiquiatras en Belo Horizonte, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, analizadas con el referencial de la Antropología Médica. Algunas visiones potencialmente productoras de estigma, en relación a pacientes con trastorno bipolar fueron transmitidas por los entrevistados, relacionadas con el modelo biomédico del trastorno bipolar. Los entrevistados alegaban una extrema banalización del diagnóstico, observando que, a pesar de la mitigación del estigma relacionado al trastorno bipolar con el paso del tiempo, todavía es una cuestión importante, principalmente en el campo de trabajo y como causa de rechazo del tratamiento.

Trichuris trichiura is a soil-transmitted helminth which is prevalent in warm, moist, tropical and subtropical regions of the world with poor sanitation. Heavy whipworm can result either in Trichuris dysenteric syndrome - especially in children - or in a chronic colitis. In heavy infections, worms can spread proximally and may cause ileitis. Here we provide first microscopic evidence for a T. trichiura adult worm embedded in the rectum of a post-Colonial Brazilian adult mummy. During Colonial and post-Colonial times, many European chroniclers described a parasitic disease named Maculo whose symptomatology coincides with heavy helminthiasis. Based on our findings and on comparison of ancient textual evidence with modern description of heavy whipworm, we feel confident in considering that the two syndromes are expressions of the same pathological condition.

Paleoparasitological research has made important contributions to the understanding of parasite evolution and ecology. Although parasitic protozoa exhibit a worldwide distribution, recovering these organisms from an archaeological context is still exceptional and relies on the availability and distribution of evidence, the ecology of infectious diseases and adequate detection techniques. Here, we present a review of the findings related to protozoa in ancient remains, with an emphasis on their geographical distribution in the past and the methodologies used for their retrieval. The development of more sensitive detection methods has increased the number of identified parasitic species, promising interesting insights from research in the future.

O artigo analisa a inserção do solo urbano como alvo da atuação dos promotores imobiliários, bem como a apropriação da natureza sob o aspecto mercadológico, tendo como recorte espacial de investigação o Litoral Sul de João Pessoa, capital do Estado da Paraíba, Brasil. A organização espacial de uma base fundiária urbana envolve intervenções tais como desmatamento, arruamento, desmembramentos de loteamentos já existentes, terraplanagem, delimitação das áreas destinadas à construção de equipamentos comunitários, dentre outras. Na cidade, o solo constitui condição geral de reprodução do capital e da sociedade e não um meio de produção como acontece na agricultura. Portanto, é uma mercadoria sui generis uma vez que é irreproduzível e passível de monopolização pelos seus proprietários. Tomando por base o recorte territorial da pesquisa, o artigo discute a extração dos três tipos de renda fundiária urbana: a renda absoluta, a diferencial e a de monopólio. Em, seguida, a natureza é abordada como mercadoria no espaço urbano em decorrência de ser uma nova raridade. Porém, a apropriação desse produto raro passa a ser privilégio de uns poucos, ou seja, daqueles que podem pagar o alto preço dos lotes "servidos" pelas amenidades naturais. Essa "mercadoria verde" se torna um fator de valorização do espaço urbano e passa a se constituir num dos apelos mercadológicos para a venda de lotes nos condomínios fechados horizontais, muito embora, nesses espaços, não haja propriamente um convívio com a natureza, pois ela representa um mero simulacro.

The article analyzes the insertion of the urban land as a target for the action of real estate companies, as well as the appropriation of nature under the marketing aspect, focusing on the south littoral of João Pessoa, capital city of the State of Paraíba, Brazil. The spatial organization of all lands in the urban space involves interventions such as deforestation, opening of streets, dismemberment of existing plots of land, earthwork, delimitation of areas destined to the construction of community facilities, among others. In the city, the land is general condition for reproduction of capital and society not a means of production as happens in agriculture. Thus, it is a sui generis merchandise once it is unique and liable for monopolization by its owners. Taking into account the subject of the research, the article discusses the extraction of the three types of urban land rent: absolute, differential and monopolist. Later, nature is mentioned as merchandise in the urban space because it is a new rarity. However, the appropriation of this rare merchandise becomes a privilege of a few, this is, of those who can pay high prices for the lands "served" by the natural amenities. This "green merchandise" becomes a factor for the valorization of the urban space and constitutes one of the marketing appeals for the negotiation of lands in gated communities, although in these spaces there is no coexistence with nature, for it represents a mere simulacrum.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a correlação entre a concentração do nível plasmático de lactato, nas primeiras 6 horas de vida, e a mortalidade neonatal precoce. MÉTODOS: Os pacientes foram separados em dois grupos, a partir do melhor ponto de corte do nível plasmático de lactato para predição da mortalidade neonatal nos 3 primeiros dias de vida, obtido por meio da construção de curva ROC. Os grupos foram separados e analisados quanto às diferenças e correlações entre as variáveis estudadas e nível plasmático de lactato dosado nas primeiras 6 horas de vida, por meio dos testes qui-quadrado, t de Student ou Mann-Whitney, e regressão logística. RESULTADOS: O melhor ponto de corte do nível plasmático de lactato determinado pela curva ROC para óbito nos 3 primeiros dias de vida foi 4,2mmol/L. Os grupos estudados foram diferentes em relação à média de peso de nascimento (menor no grupo com nível plasmático de lactato >4,2mmol/L), adequação entre peso de nascimento/idade gestacional, com maior número de recém-nascidos pequenos para idade gestacional nesse grupo. A ocorrência de convulsões, hemorragia intracraniana e óbito nos primeiros 3 dias de vida foi mais freqüente no grupo com nível plasmático de lactato >4,2mmol/L. CONCLUSÃO: Para a amostragem estudada, a presença de nível plasmático de lactato > 4,2mmol/L, nas primeiras 6 horas de vida, foi correlacionada ao óbito neonatal nos 3 primeiros dias de vida, à maior frequência de morbidade neurológica e de recém-nascidos pequenos para idade gestacional.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation between plasma lactate concentrations in the first 6 hours of life and early neonatal mortality. METHODS: The patients were divided in 2 groups based on the cutoff point, obtained from a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, of the plasma lactate concentration that best predicted neonatal mortality during the first 3 days of life. The differences between groups and the correlations between the investigated variables and the plasma lactate concentrations measured in the first 6 hours of life were analyzed using the Chi-square, Student's t, or Mann-Whitney tests and logistic regression. RESULTS: The best cutoff point of the plasma lactate concentration as determined by the ROC curve for death during the first 3 days of life was 4.2 mmol/L. The investigated groups differed with regards to the average birth weight, which was lower in the group with serum lactate levels > 4.2 mmol/L, and the match between birth weight and gestational age, where the group with serum lactate levels > 4.2 mmol/L exhibited a higher number of newborns small for their gestational age. Seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, and death during the first 3 days of life occurred more frequently in the group with serum lactate levels > 4.2 mmol/L. CONCLUSION: In the investigated samples, the presence of plasma lactate concentrations > 4.2 mmol/L in the first 6 hours of life correlated with neonatal death during the first 3 days of life, a higher frequency of neurologic morbidity, and newborns that were small for their gestational age.

We present the results of paleoparasitological analyses in coprolites of Kerodon rupestris, rodent endemic to rocky areas of Brazil's semiarid region. The coprolites were collected from excavations at the archaeological site of Toca dos Coqueiros, in the National Park of Serra da Capivara, southeastern of state of Piauí. Syphacia sp. (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) eggs were identified in coprolites dated at 5,300 ± 50 years before present. This is the first record of the genus Syphacia in rodent coprolites in the Americas.

We present results of the paleoparasitological analysis of Cervidae coprolites that were recovered from the archaeological site Furna do Estrago, Pernambuco, Brazil. Trichuris sp. eggs were recovered from the coprolite samples dated 1,040 ± 50 years before present. This is the first record of Trichuris sp. in semiarid Cervidae, unexpectedly recorded in archaeological material.

Some human parasites originated in prehominid ancestors in Africa. Nematode species, such as Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), hookworms and Trichuris trichiura are shared by humans and other close phylogenetic primates (Pan and Gorilla), showing that they infected a common ancestor to this group. When humans migrated from Africa to other continents they carried these parasites wherever climate conditions allowed parasite transmission from host to host. Other parasites, however, were acquired throughout human biological and social evolutive history when new territories were occupied. Paleoparasitology data is a valuable source to recover emergence and disappearance of parasite infections through analysis of archaeological remains. Parasites can be used as biological markers of prehistoric human migrations. They are also indicators of diet, as parasite life cycles are related to specific kinds of food consumed by human groups in the different habitats they occupied. We review paleoparasitological findings in South America, comparing human-host and intestinal parasites with life conditions and environmental relationships through time.

Algunos parásitos humanos se originaron en ancestrales prehomínidos de Africa. Especies de nemátodos tales como Enterobius vermicularis y Trichuris trichiura son compartidos por los humanos y otros primates filogenéticamente emparentados (Pan and Gorilla), lo cual indica que tales parásitos antiguamente infectaron a un ancestro común de estos grupos. Cuando los humanos migraron desde Africa a otros continentes, llevaron consigo parásitos a lugares donde las condiciones climáticas permitieran su transmisión de huésped a huésped. Sin embargo, otros parásitos fueron adquiridos a través de la historia evolutiva humana biológica y social, durante la ocupación de nuevos territorios. Las evidencias paleoparasitológicas, encontradas a través del análisis de material arqueológico, son una fuente valiosa para recuperar información de infecciones parasitarias emergentes y desaparecidas. Los parásitos pueden ser usados como marcadores biológicos de migraciones humanas prehistóricas. Además de esto, son indicadores de dieta, debido a que los ciclos de vida parasitarios están relacionados con ciertos alimentos que fueron consumidos por grupos humanos en los diferentes hábitats ocupados. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es reunir los hallazgos paleoparasitológicos en Sudamérica y comparar la relación huésped humano y parásitos intestinales con condiciones de vida y relaciones ambientales a través del tiempo.