Abstract Genetic diversity plays a critical role in crop improvement. Radish is one of the important vegetable crops of Rabi season, however, there is a lack of information about radish germplasm resources available in Pakistan. The present research was carried out to characterize radish gene pool on the basis of qualitative and quantitative traits. Twelve genotypes of radish comprised of local and exotic sources were evaluated for genetic variability through morphological, quality, and quantitative traits. Analysis of variance depicted maximum variation among genotypes for all studied straits. High genotypic co-efficient of variance (GCV) value (>20%) in all traits indicates that these traits can be improved through selection. The estimate of genotypic co-efficient of variance (GCV) in present research was closer to phenotypic co-efficient of variance (PCV), suggesting the key role of genotype as compared to the environment. However, high heritability along with genetic advance (as % of mean) among studied genotypes suggests that the selection of studied traits simply on phenotypic basis can also be effective for the breeding program. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits, grouped genotypes into three clusters and cluster I, contained the maximum number of genotypes. In correlation analysis, significant positive correlation among plant fresh weight, root length, root weight, number of leaves and yield can be directly used a selection criteria. Studying of variability in qualitative traits through frequency distribution exhibited maximum variation for root shape and root base. This study showed considerable variability exists in studied genotypes that can further be used for the improvement of radish breeding. season however Pakistan quality straits coefficient co efficient GCV (GCV >20% 20 (>20% PCV, PCV , (PCV) environment However mean program I weight length criteria base >20 2 (>20 (PCV >2 (>2 > (> (

Abstract Background Appropriate agronomic practices are required to ensure high and sustainable crop yields. Timely sowing of wheat at an optimum seeding rate plays an important role in weed management and obtaining higher crop yields. Objective This study assessed the impact of agronomic practices, i.e., herbicide application, sowing dates and seeding rates on weed management and productivity of wheat. Methods Experimental treatments comprised of three sowing dates (20 November, 5 December, and 30 December), three seeding rates (120, 160, and 200 kg ha -1 ) and application of herbicides (tribenuron methyl + clodinafop-propargyl). Results Sowing dates, seeding rates and herbicide application significantly affected dry weight of weeds, yield, and yield components of wheat. High seed rate and herbicide application in late-planted wheat (30 December) reduced the weed dry weight. Early-planted wheat (20 November) with 120 kg ha -1 seed rate resulted in a higher number of seeds/spike and 1,000-grain weight. Early-planted wheat (20 th November) with high seed rate resulted in a higher tiller population and total biomass, which ultimately increased the final grain yield and net profit. Conclusions Grass + broad leaf herbicide application on early-planted wheat with higher seed rates (160 and 200 kg ha -1 ) suppressed weed growth and helped to improve yield and yield-related attributes, and net returns of wheat in Iraqi Kurdistan region. yields ie i e i.e. 20 (2 November December 3 , 120, (120 160 1 - tribenuron clodinafoppropargyl. clodinafoppropargyl clodinafop propargyl . clodinafop-propargyl) weeds lateplanted late planted (3 Earlyplanted Early 12 seedsspike seeds spike 1,000grain 1000grain 1,000 000 biomass profit earlyplanted early (16 yieldrelated related attributes region i.e 2 ( (12 16 clodinafop-propargyl 000grain 1000 1,00 00 (1 100 1,0 0 10 1,

Abstract Bioactive peptides are digestion-resistant and absorbable peptides released from dietary parent proteins. Dietary epitopes exert their effects on the body without absorption and release from parent protein. In this study, the epitope content of milk proteins was discovered, and a new definition for BPs is provided alongside the classic definition. In this study, LBtope, ABCpred, and SVMTriP servers were used to find Linear B cell epitopes. Besides, to predict T cell epitopes, the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) and MHC-II alleles that were more abundant among Iranian people were first found from the Allele Frequency Net Database (AFND). Consequently, the IEDB, RANKPEP, SYFPEITHI, EpiJen, and EpiTOP3 servers were used for MHC binding epitopes. In the current study, MHC-II, MHC-I, and B-cell epitopes of milk proteins were discovered. The most important B-cell epitopes discovered by LBtope, ABCpred, and SVMtrip databases for αS1-casein included APSFSDIPNPIGSEN (176-190), AESISSSEEIVPNSVE (62-77), and VFGKEKVNELSKDIGS (31-46). The high rank of αS1-casein derived from MHC-II epitopes and discovered from the SYFPEITHI database included KEKVNELSKDIGSES (34-48), RFFVAPFPEVFGKEK (22-36), and PELFRQFYQLDAYPS (147-161). The epitopes of dietary proteins and endogenous proteins could be considered as BPs. Epitopes exert their biological effects without absorption and release from parent proteins.

ABSTRACT The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of supplementation of an exogenous emulsifier (lyso-phospholipid) in the diet of growing broilers on growth performance and digestibility. A total of 1224 Ross-308 ten day old broiler chicks were distributed into two experimental treatments in such a way that each treatment had twelve replicates with fifty-one birds per replicate. Two experimental diets were formulated with and without emulsifier supplementation according to the nutrition standards of Ross 308. Feed intake and body weight gain of the broilers were measured on a daily basis and feed conversion ratio was also calculated. Nutrient digestibility was determined on the 25th day of age. Analysis of variance under completely randomized design technique was used to analyze the data. Feed intake was increased (p<0.05) by supplementation of emulsifier in the broiler diet on theat 12th, 13th, 21th, 22th, 23th, 24th, and 25th days. Bodyweight gain was not affected (p>0.05) with or without emulsifier supplementation in the broiler diet during 11-25 days of life. However, feed conversion ratio was effected (p<0.05) by emulsifier supplementation and increased from days 21-25th. Nutrient digestibility (dry matter, fat, and crude protein) in the grower phase was decreased (p<0.05) by supplementation of emulsifier in the diet. It can be concluded that supplementation of an exogenous emulsifier in the diet did not show positive effect on the growth performance during the grower phase of broilers, while nutrient digestibility showed adverse effect. Emulsifier supplementation should be tested after 25 days of the life of broilers.

ABSTRACT The study was conducted to check the effect of emulsifier supplementation on growth performance of broiler birds on starter phase, from days 1 to 10. In the current study, a total of twelve hundred twenty-four Ross 308 broiler one day old chicks were used. Ross 308 broiler chicks were divided into two groups in such a way that each group had12 replicates, and each replicate had 51 birds. The duration of the current trial was of 10 days. Chicks were fed experimental diets with or without emulsifier supplementation. Daily feed intake, body weight, feed conversion ratio and nutrient digestibility were recorded. Mortality was recorded on a daily basis, and feed intake was also corrected for mortality. Data collected from the experiment was interpreted by using analysis of variance method using SPSSTM under Completely Randomized Design. Results showed that emulsifier supplementation improved (p<0.05) feed intake in broiler birds on the 2nd, 6th, 7th and 9th days of the starter phase. Furthermore, emulsifier supplementation (p<0.05) affected the body weight on the 3rd and 10th day of the trial. Emulsifier supplementation also affected (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio on the 10th day of the trial. However, nutrient digestibility was not affected by the supplementation of emulsifier in the diet of broiler chicks. Results showed that emulsifier supplementation should be started on day 10.

Abstract Agricultural crops suffer many diseases, including fungal and bacterial infections, causing significant yield losses. The identification and characterisation of pathogenesis-related protein genes, such as chitinases, can lead to reduction in pathogen growth, thereby increasing tolerance against fungal pathogens. In the present study, the chitinase I gene was isolated from the genomic DNA of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar, Haider-93. The isolated DNA was used as template for the amplification of the ∼935 bp full-length chitinase I gene. Based on the sequence of the amplified gene fragment, class I barley chitinase shares 93% amino acid sequence homology with class II wheat chitinase. Interestingly, barley class I chitinase and class II chitinase do not share sequence homology. Furthermore, the amplified fragment was expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta strain under the control of T7 promoter in pET 30a vector. Recombinant chitinase protein of 35 kDa exhibited highest expression at 0.5 mM concentration of IPTG. Expressed recombinant protein of 35 kDa was purified to homogeneity with affinity chromatography. Following purification, a Western blot assay for recombinant chitinase protein measuring 35 kDa was developed with His-tag specific antibodies. The purified recombinant chitinase protein was demonstrated to inhibit significantly the important phytopathogenic fungi Alternaria solani, Fusarium spp, Rhizoctonia solani and Verticillium dahliae compared to the control at concentrations of 80 µg and 200 µg.

OBJECTIVE: To explore use-inequity in maternal health-care services in home-based skilled-birth-attendant (SBA) programme areas in Bangladesh. METHODS: Data from a community survey, conducted from February to May 2006, were analysed to examine inequities in use of SBAs, caesarean sections for deliveries and postnatal care services according to key socioeconomic factors. FINDINGS: Of 2164 deliveries, 35% had an SBA, 22.8% were in health facilities and 10.8% were by caesarean section. Rates of uptake of antenatal and postnatal care were 93% and 28%, respectively. There were substantial use-inequities in maternal health by asset quintiles, distance, and area of residence, and education of both the woman and her husband. However, not all inequities were the same. After adjusting for other determinants, the differences in the use of maternal health-care services for poor and rich people remained substantial [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.51 (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.68-3.76) for skilled attendance; OR 2.58 (95% CI: 1.28-5.19) for use of caesarean sections and OR 1.53 (95% CI: 1.05-2.25) for use of postnatal care services]. Complications during pregnancy influenced use of SBAs, caesarean-section delivery and postnatal care services. The number of antenatal carevisits was a significant predictor for use of SBAs and postnatal care, but not for caesarean sections. CONCLUSION: Use of maternity care services was higher in the study areas than national averages, but a tremendous use-inequity persists. Interventions to overcome financial barriers are recommended to address inequity in maternal health. A greater focus is needed on the implementation and evaluation of maternal-health interventions for poor people.

OBJETIVO: Estudiar la inequidad en el uso de los servicios de atención materna en las zonas con programas de parteras calificadas (PC) de atención domiciliaria en Bangladesh. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron los datos de una encuesta comunitaria llevada a cabo entre febrero y mayo de 2006 para analizar las inequidades en el uso de las PC, la práctica de cesáreas y los servicios de atención posnatal en función de factores socioeconómicos clave. RESULTADOS: De un total de 2164 partos, el 35% tuvieron lugar con la asistencia de una PC, el 22,8% se produjeron en establecimientos de salud, y un 10,8% se hicieron mediante cesárea. Las tasas de uso de los servicios de atención prenatal y posnatal fueron del 93% y el 28%, respectivamente. Se observaron inequidades sustanciales en el uso de los servicios de salud materna en función de los quintiles de riqueza, la distancia y la zona de residencia y el nivel de instrucción tanto de la mujer como del cónyuge, pero el grado de inequidad difería. Después de ajustar para otros determinantes, las diferencias de uso de los servicios de atención materna entre las personas ricas y las pobres siguieron siendo sustanciales [razón de posibilidades (OR) ajustada de 2,51 (intervalo de confianza del 95%: 1,68-3,76) para la asistencia por personal cualificado; 2,58 (IC95%: 1,28-5,19) para la práctica de cesáreas, y 1,53 (IC95%: 1,05-2,25) para el uso de servicios de atención posnatal]. Las complicaciones durante el embarazo influyeron en el uso de las PC, el parto por cesárea y los servicios de atención posnatal. El número de visitas de atención prenatal fue un factor predictivo importante de la intervención de PC y del recurso a los servicios de atención posnatal, pero no de las cesáreas. CONCLUSIÓN: La utilización de los servicios de maternidad en las zonas estudiadas fue mayor que la media nacional, pero sigue habiendo grandes inequidades en lo tocante al uso de esos servicios. Se recomienda emprender intervenciones para superar los obstáculos económicos y corregir las inequidades en salud materna, y hay que hacer más hincapié en la aplicación y evaluación de las intervenciones de salud materna en la población pobre.

OBJECTIF: Etudier l'inéquité dans le recours aux services de soins maternels dans les zones desservies par des programmes d'assistance à domicile des naissances par du personnel qualifié (SBA) au Bangladesh. MÉTHODES: Les données fournies par une enquête en communauté, réalisée de février à mai 2006, ont été analysées pour étudier, en fonction de facteurs socioéconomiques clés, les inéquités dans le recours aux SBA, à une césarienne pour l'accouchement et aux services de soins postnatals. RÉSULTATS: Sur 2164 accouchements, 35 % ont bénéficié d'un SBA, 22,8 % se sont déroulés dans un établissement de soins et 10,8 % se sont effectués par césarienne. Les taux d'utilisation des soins anténatals et postnatals étaient respectivement de 93 et 28 %. Il existait des inéquités sanitaires substantielles entre les mères selon le quintile de richesse, l'éloignement et la zone de résidence et le niveau d'éducation maternel et paternel. Cependant, ces inéquités étaient d'une ampleur variable. Après ajustement pour d'autres déterminants, les écarts entres riches et pauvres pour le recours aux services de soins maternels restaient importants : odds ratio ajusté (OR) = 2,51 (intervalle de confiance à 95 %, IC = 1,68-3,76) pour l'assistance par du personnel qualifié à la naissance ; OR = 2,58 (IC à 95 % = 1,28-5,19)] pour l'accouchement par césarienne et 0R = 1,53 (IC à 95 % = 1,05-2,25 pour les services de soins postnatals. La survenue de complications pendant la grossesse influait sur le recours aux SBA, à l'accouchement par césarienne et aux services de soins postnatals. Le nombre de visites anténatales était un paramètre prédictif important pour le recours aux SBA et aux soins postnatals, mais pas pour le recours à une césarienne. CONCLUSION: Les services de soins maternels étaient plus utilisés dans les zones étudiées qu'en moyenne dans le pays. Une très forte inéquité persiste cependant dans le recours à ces soins. Des interventions visant à surmonter les obstacles financiers sont recommandées pour faire face à cette inéquité en matière de santé maternelle. Il faut se concentrer davantage sur la mise en œuvre et l'évaluation des interventions en faveur de la santé maternelle visant des personnes défavorisées.

RESUMO Este trabalho pretende situar a teoria da demanda efetiva num contexto de não-equilíbrio dinâmico. As teorias de demanda efetiva derivadas dos trabalhos de Keynes e Kalecki estão geralmente inseridas num equilíbrio estático de oferta e demanda agregada. Propomo-nos generalizar esta análise de três formas. Primeiramente estendendo a análise de maneira a englobar a trajetória dinâmica de curto prazo da produção. Em segundo lugar, mostrando que esta trajetória dinâmica de curto prazo não implica numa análise de equilíbrio, pois pode surgir tanto de ciclos sustentados estocasticamente como de ciclos limite-determinísticos. Em terceiro lugar, mostraremos que a generalização anterior da teoria de demanda efetiva nos permitirá resolver uma antiga questão da teoria do crescimento: as dificuldades em torno da aparente intratabilidade da instabilidade da taxa garantida de crescimento. Mostraremos que a trajetória de crescimento gravita em torno da taxa de crescimento garantido de forma cíclica. nãoequilíbrio dinâmico agregada Propomonos Propomo formas produção lugar limitedeterminísticos. limitedeterminísticos limite determinísticos. determinísticos limite-determinísticos cíclica

ABSTRACT This paper attempts to resituate the theory of effective demand within a dynamic nonequilibrium context. Existing theories of effective demand, which derive from the works of Keynes and Kalecki, are generally posed in state equilibrium terms. That is to say, they serve to define a given level of output which corresponds to the equilibrium point between aggregate demand and supply. We propose to generalize this analysis in three ways. First, we will extend the analysis to encompass a dynamic (i.e. moving) short-run path of output, rather than a merely static level. Second, we will show that his dynamic short-run path need not imply an equilibrium analysis, since it can arise from either stochastically sustained cycles or deterministic limit cycles. And third, we will prove that the preceding generalization of the theory of effective demand will allow us to solve a long-standing problem in growth theory: namely the puzzle surrounding the apparently intractable instability of warranted growth. We will show that the actual path of growth does indeed gravitate around the warranted path in a cyclical sense. context Kalecki terms say supply ways First i.e. ie i e (i.e moving shortrun short run Second third longstanding long standing sense i.e