Resumo Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar as mudanças morfodinâmicas em um sistema de praia-penhasco no nordeste do Brasil usando dados de alta resolução coletados por técnicas de VANT-SfM para entender as mudanças geomórficas da paisagem costeira. O estudo usou o método de Detecção de Mudança Geomórfica (GCD) aplicado ao monitoramento de curto prazo. Esse método usa modelos digitais de elevação (MDEs) para determinar as mudanças morfológicas em termos de erosão e deposição por meio de MDEs de diferença (DoDs). Os modelos de grade de diferença são adquiridos por sensoriamento remoto baseado em drones, que podem fornecer com precisão e eficiência imagens de altíssima resolução e dados de modelo de superfície digital para medir as alterações volumétricas. As alterações geomórficas são observadas em mapas de alta resolução. A análise multitemporal revelou volumes significativos de erosão e deposição em todo o sistema praia-penhasco durante o período de estudo. No primeiro intervalo (maio/2021 - novembro/2021), a falésia registrou -8.715 m3 de erosão e 2.816 m3 de deposição, com o setor da praia apresentando erosão em 86% de sua área. No segundo período (novembro/2021 - março/2022), foram observadas taxas de erosão mais severas na falésia, chegando a -10.853 m3, com 51% de sua área erodida, enquanto a praia apresentou comportamento oposto ao analisado anteriormente, com 73% da praia com acúmulo de areia e saldo positivo de 5.960 m3. Os resultados desse estudo podem ser úteis para identificar os diferentes riscos geomorfológicos, os impactos costeiros da urbanização das falésias e o uso de aeronaves remotamente pilotadas no monitoramento costeiro. Além disso, os resultados indicam que a gestão do sistema praia-arriba deve ser integrada e nunca dissociada, como geralmente é feito pelos gestores costeiros. praiapenhasco penhasco VANTSfM VANT SfM costeira GCD (GCD prazo (MDEs DoDs. DoDs . (DoDs) drones volumétricas maio/2021 maio2021 maio 2021 (maio/202 novembro/2021, novembro2021 novembro novembro/2021 , novembro/2021) 8.715 8715 8 715 -8.71 m 2816 2 816 2.81 86 (novembro/202 março/2022, março2022 março março/2022 2022 março/2022) 10.853 10853 10 853 -10.85 51 erodida anteriormente 73 5960 5 960 5.96 geomorfológicos costeiro disso praiaarriba arriba dissociada (DoDs maio/202 maio202 202 (maio/20 novembro202 novembro/202 8.71 871 71 -8.7 281 81 2.8 (novembro/20 março202 março/202 10.85 1085 1 85 -10.8 7 596 96 5.9 maio/20 maio20 20 (maio/2 novembro20 novembro/20 8.7 87 -8. 28 2. (novembro/2 março20 março/20 10.8 108 -10. 59 9 5. maio/2 maio2 (maio/ novembro2 novembro/2 8. -8 (novembro/ março2 março/2 10. -10 maio/ (maio novembro/ (novembro março/ -1

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the morphodynamic changes in a beach-cliff system in northeastern Brazil using high resolution data collected by UAV-SfM techniques to understand the geomorphic changes of the coastal landscape. The study used the Geomorphic Change Detection (GCD) method applied to short-term monitoring. This method uses Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to determine the morphological changes in terms of both erosion and deposition through DEMs of Difference (DoDs). The difference gridded models are acquired by drone-based remote sensing, which can accurately and efficiently provide ultra-high resolution imagery and digital surface model data to measure volumetric changes. The geomorphic changes are observed on high resolution maps. The multi-temporal analysis revealed significant volumes of erosion and deposition throughout the beach-cliff system over the study period. In the first interval (May/2021 - November/2021), the cliff recorded -8,715 m3 of erosion and 2,816 m3 of deposition, with the beach sector showing erosion in 86% of its area. In the second period (November/2021 - March/2022), more severe erosion rates were observed on the cliff, reaching -10,853 m3 with 51% of its area eroded, while the beach showed the opposite behavior to that previously analyzed, with 73% of the beach experiencing an accumulation of sand and a positive balance of 5,960 m3. The results of this study can be fruitful in identifying the different of geomorphology hazards, coastal impacts of cliff urbanization and in the use of remotely piloted aircraft in coastal monitoring. Furthermore, the results indicate that the management of the beach-cliff system must be integrated and never dissociated, as is generally done by coastal managers. beachcliff UAVSfM UAV SfM landscape GCD (GCD shortterm short term monitoring (DEMs DoDs. DoDs . (DoDs) dronebased drone based sensing ultrahigh ultra maps multitemporal multi temporal May/2021 May2021 May 2021 (May/202 November/2021, November2021 November November/2021 , November/2021) 8,715 8715 8 715 -8,71 m 2816 2 816 2,81 86 (November/202 March/2022, March2022 March March/2022 2022 March/2022) 10,853 10853 10 853 -10,85 51 eroded analyzed 73 5960 5 960 5,96 hazards Furthermore dissociated managers (DoDs May/202 May202 202 (May/20 November202 November/202 8,71 871 71 -8,7 281 81 2,8 (November/20 March202 March/202 10,85 1085 1 85 -10,8 7 596 96 5,9 May/20 May20 20 (May/2 November20 November/20 8,7 87 -8, 28 2, (November/2 March20 March/20 10,8 108 -10, 59 9 5, May/2 May2 (May/ November2 November/2 8, -8 (November/ March2 March/2 10, -10 May/ (May November/ (November March/ -1

Resumen Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los cambios morfodinámicos en un sistema playa-acantilado en el noreste de Brasil utilizando datos de alta resolución recogidos por técnicas UAV-SfM para comprender los cambios geomórficos en el paisaje costero. El estudio utilizó el método de Detección de Cambios Geomórficos (DGC) aplicado a la monitorización a corto plazo. Este método utiliza modelos digitales de elevación (MDE) para determinar los cambios morfológicos en términos de erosión y deposición mediante MDE de diferencias (MDE). Los modelos de cuadrícula de diferencias se adquieren mediante teledetección basada en drones, que puede proporcionar con precisión y eficacia imágenes de muy alta resolución y datos de modelos digitales de superficie para medir los cambios volumétricos. Los cambios geomórficos se observan en mapas de alta resolución. El análisis multitemporal reveló volúmenes significativos de erosión y deposición en todo el sistema playa-acantilado durante el periodo de estudio. En el primer intervalo (Mayo/2021 - Noviembre/2021), el acantilado registró -8.715 m3 de erosión y 2.816 m3 de deposición, con el sector de playa mostrando erosión en el 86% de su área. En el segundo periodo (Noviembre/2021 - Marzo/2022), se observaron tasas de erosión más severas en el acantilado, alcanzando los -10.853 m3, con un 51% de su superficie erosionada, mientras que la playa mostró un comportamiento opuesto al análisis anterior, con un 73% de la playa con acumulación de arena y un saldo positivo de 5.960 m3. Los resultados de este estudio podrían ser útiles para identificar los diferentes riesgos geomorfológicos, los impactos costeros de la urbanización de los acantilados y el uso de aeronaves pilotadas por control remoto en la vigilancia costera. Además, los resultados indican que la gestión del sistema playa-acantilado debe ser integrada y nunca disociada, como suelen hacer los gestores costeros. playaacantilado UAVSfM UAV SfM costero DGC (DGC plazo (MDE MDE. . drones volumétricos Mayo/2021 Mayo2021 Mayo 2021 (Mayo/202 Noviembre/2021, Noviembre2021 Noviembre Noviembre/2021 , Noviembre/2021) 8.715 8715 8 715 -8.71 m 2816 2 816 2.81 86 área (Noviembre/202 Marzo/2022, Marzo2022 Marzo Marzo/2022 2022 Marzo/2022) 10.853 10853 10 853 -10.85 51 erosionada anterior 73 5960 5 960 5.96 geomorfológicos costera Además disociada Mayo/202 Mayo202 202 (Mayo/20 Noviembre202 Noviembre/202 8.71 871 71 -8.7 281 81 2.8 (Noviembre/20 Marzo202 Marzo/202 10.85 1085 1 85 -10.8 7 596 96 5.9 Mayo/20 Mayo20 20 (Mayo/2 Noviembre20 Noviembre/20 8.7 87 -8. 28 2. (Noviembre/2 Marzo20 Marzo/20 10.8 108 -10. 59 9 5. Mayo/2 Mayo2 (Mayo/ Noviembre2 Noviembre/2 8. -8 (Noviembre/ Marzo2 Marzo/2 10. -10 Mayo/ (Mayo Noviembre/ (Noviembre Marzo/ -1

RESUMO Este trabalho apresenta uma análise de clusterização de Áreas Mínimas Comparáveis (AMC’s) para traçar um mapa de agrupamentos homogêneos a partir de uma combinação de variáveis climáticas, de características do solo e de produção agropecuária. A metodologia permite a visualização de interações entre as diversas variáveis utilizadas, identificando-se, por exemplo, padrões de coexistência, no nível municipal, de diferentes culturas agrícolas. A discussão apresenta os algoritmos tradicionais sem contiguidade (aglomerativo hierárquico e k-means) e o algoritmo aglomerativo hierárquico com imposição de contiguidade. Busca-se, dessa forma, explorar diferenças entre as tipologias construídas com diferentes abordagens, além de prover configurações alternativas de agrupamentos. Ainda, as metodologias discutidas permitem a incorporação de critérios tradicionais de escolha do número de clusters, tais como estatísticas CCC, pseudo-F e pseudo-t 2.

ABSTRACT This paper presents a clustering analysis of Minimum Comparable Areas(MCAs) to draw a map of homogeneous grouping from a combination of climatic variables, soil characteristics and agricultural production. The methodology allows the visualization of interactions among the many different variables used, indentifying, for example, coexistence patterns, at the municipal level, of different crops. The discussion presents the traditional algorithms with no contiguity (hierarchical algorithm and k-means) and the agglomerative hierarchical algorithm with contiguity. Therefore, this paper seeks to explore differences among the typologies built with different approaches, as well as, provide alternative configurations of grouping. Also, the methodologies discussed allow the incorporation of traditional criteria for choosing the number of clusters, such as the CCC, pseudo-F and pseudo- t 2 statistics.

Um dos principais fatores de risco para a morte súbita e inesperada na epilepsia (SUDEP) é a alta freqüência de crises epilépticas. Seguindo este raciocínio, tem sido estabelecido que as crises epilépticas associadas à hemodiálise seja uma complicação do procedimento dialítico. Baseado neste fato, este estudo investigou uma possível associação entre anormalidades cardiovasculares e SUDEP nos pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica em um programa regular de hemodiálise. Para isto, um histórico médico retrospectivo de 209 pacientes foi revisado para avaliar a ocorrência de crises epilépticas e possíveis anormalidades no ECG durante o programa de diálise. Três pacientes apresentaram crises tônico-clonica generalizadas, um apresentou crise parcial com generalização secundária e um apresentou crise não-classificada. Não detectamos anormalidades no ECG e ocorrência de SUDEP em todos os pacientes avaliados. Em conclusão, na presente amostra constatou-se como rara a ocorrência de crises epilépticas e SUDEP. Provavelmente, o número reduzido de casos avaliados tenha sido responsável pela não observação de uma relação direta entre SUDEP e as doenças cardiovasculares na hemodiálise.

Of the many risk factors suggested for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), higher frequency of seizures is a very consistent issue. Following this reasoning, it has been established that hemodialysis-associated seizure is a complication of dialysis procedure. Based on these facts, this study investigated a possible association between cardiovascular abnormalities and SUDEP among patients with chronic renal insufficiency in regular hemodialysis program. For that, a retrospective medical history of 209 patients was reviewed to investigate the occurrence of convulsive seizures and EKG abnormalities during dialytic program. Three patients presented generalized tonic-clonic seizures, one had partial seizure with secondary generalization, and one presented unclassified seizure. Any EKG abnormalities and SUDEP event were found in all patients evaluated. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrated uncommon the occurrence of seizures and also SUDEP. Probably, the main justification to not allow us to demonstrated a direct relation between SUDEP and cardiovascular diseases in hemodialysis are the reduced number of cases examined.

ßS-Globin haplotypes were studied in 80 (160 ßS chromosomes) sickle cell disease patients from Salvador, Brazil, a city with a large population of African origin resulting from the slave trade from Western Africa, mainly from the Bay of Benin. Hematological and hemoglobin analyses were carried out by standard methods. The ßS-haplotypes were determined by PCR and dot-blot techniques. A total of 77 (48.1%) chromosomes were characterized as Central African Republic (CAR) haplotype, 73 (45.6%) as Benin (BEN), 1 (0.63%) as Senegal (SEN), and 9 (5.63%) as atypical (Atp). Genotype was CAR/CAR in 17 (21.3%) patients, BEN/BEN in 17 (21.3%), CAR/BEN in 37 (46.3%), BEN/SEN in 1 (1.25%), BEN/Atp in 1 (1.25%), CAR/Atp in 6 (7.5%), and Atp/Atp in 1 (1.25%). Hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit values did not differ among genotype groups but were significantly higher in 25 patients presenting percent fetal hemoglobin (%HbF) > or = 10% (P = 0.002 and 0.003, respectively). The median HbF concentration was 7.54 ± 4.342% for the CAR/CAR genotype, 9.88 ± 3.558% for the BEN/BEN genotype, 8.146 ± 4.631% for the CAR/BEN genotype, and 4.180 ± 2.250% for the CAR/Atp genotype (P = 0.02), although 1 CAR/CAR individual presented an HbF concentration as high as 15%. In view of the ethnic and geographical origin of this population, we did not expect a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for CAR/CAR and BEN/BEN homozygous haplotypes and a high proportion of heterozygous CAR/BEN haplotypes since the State of Bahia historically received more slaves from Western Africa than from Central Africa.

Sickle cell disease has a worldwide distribution and is a public health problem in Brazil. Although vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) is one of the most important clinical features of the disease, there are still several steps of its pathogenesis which are unknown. The increase of the chemotactic factor interleukin 8 (IL-8) has been reported to be involved in sickle cell disease crisis, but this has not been demonstrated conclusively. In the present study we analyzed serum IL-8 levels by ELISA and hematological parameters and hemoglobin patterns by standard techniques in 23 (21 SS and 2 SC) Brazilian patients with sickle cell syndromes during VOC caused by different inducing factors, 22 (21 SS and 1 SC) sickle cell patients out of crisis, and 11 healthy controls. Increased IL-8 levels were observed in 19 of 23 VOC patients (79.2%), 3 of them with more than 1,000 pg/ml. Seventeen of 22 (77.3%) non-crisis patients showed low IL-8 levels (less than 15 pg/ml). Healthy controls had low IL-8 levels. A significant difference in serum IL-8 levels was observed between crisis and non-crisis sickle cell patients (P<0.0001). There was no correlation between IL-8 levels and hematological data or hemoglobin patterns. High serum IL-8 levels were observed in VOC patients independently of the crisis-inducing factor. We conclude that in the studied population, IL-8 concentration may be a useful VOC marker, although the mechanism of the pathogenic process of sickle cell VOC syndromes remains unclear.

The effect of the consumption of ethanol (5%) on retinol concentration in milk was studied in the rat on day 12 after delivery, together with the evolution of dam body weight and pup growth rate. Female Wistar rats receiving alcohol (5%) in drinking water during lactation (N = 7) were compared to normal controls fed ad libitum (N = 6). The mean maternal alcohol intake was 3.96 ± 0.23 g/kg body weight per day. To determine retinol levels in milk we used the Bessey and Lowry method, modified by Araújo and Flores ((1978) Clinical Chemistry, 24: 386-392). The pups were separated from dams for a 2-4-h period, after which the dams were injected intraperitoneally with anesthetic and oxytocin. The concentration of retinol in milk was 162.88 ± 10.60 µg/dl in the control group and 60.02 ± 8.22 µg/dl in the ethanol group (P<0.05). The ethanol group consumed less food than the controls and lost a significant amount of weight during lactation. On days 8, 10 and 12, the body weight of the pups from rats given ethanol (13.46 ± 0.43, 16.12 ± 0.48 and 18.60 ± 0.91 g, respectively) were significantly lower (P<0.05) than the weight of pups from controls (15.2 ± 0.44, 18.36 ± 0.54, 20.77 ± 0.81 g). These data show that ethanol intake during the suckling period, even at low concentrations, decreases the amount of retinol in milk and, therefore, the amount available to the pups.