RESUMEN La implementación del principio de paridad en los procesos electorales representa un avance importante para alcanzar una mayor representación y participación de las mujeres en la esfera política. Este artículo examina el establecimiento del principio de paridad en los procesos de participación y representación en las candidaturas políticas en Ecuador. Para abordar este tema, se realiza un análisis de las cuotas de género y la paridad en los países de América Latina, así como de la regulación de la paridad de género en el sistema legal ecuatoriano. Con el objetivo de superar las barreras que las mujeres enfrentan en el ámbito político, tanto a nivel cultural, actitudinal e ideológico, así como en la estructura misma del sistema político, se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo utilizando una metodología descriptiva de investigación. Como resultado de este estudio, se llegó a la conclusión de que el Estado y las organizaciones políticas deben promover el ejercicio de los derechos de participación de las mujeres a través de políticas públicas que fomenten la iniciativa femenina, especialmente mediante la educación, para que las mujeres puedan formar listas y liderar candidaturas.

ABSTRACT The implementation of the principle of parity in electoral processes represents an important step forward in achieving greater representation and participation of women in the political sphere. This article examines the establishment of the parity principle in the processes of participation and representation in political candidacies in Ecuador. To address this issue, an analysis is made of gender quotas and parity in Latin American countries, as well as the regulation of gender parity in the Ecuadorian legal system. In order to overcome the barriers that women face in the political arena, both at the cultural, attitudinal and ideological levels, as well as in the structure of the political system itself, a qualitative study was carried out using a descriptive research methodology. As a result of this study, it was concluded that the State and political organizations should promote the exercise of women's participation rights through public policies that encourage female initiative, especially through education, so that women can form lists and lead candidacies.

Abstract Coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) is the most important disease in coffee crops around the world. Currently, there is limited knowledge about mass production methodologies and ex-situ infection of H. vastatrix that lead to the development of different health characterization studies of Coffea or disease phenotyping. In this context, the aim of this research was to develop a simple protocol for the mass production of coffee rust uredospores under controlled conditions and to determine their infection in coffee seedlings. Uredospores of H. vastatrix were collected from infected plants in the “Chontal” coffee-growing area in San Martín, Peru. The viability of uredospore germination was evaluated, and a uredospores suspension (2 x 105 uredospores/mL) was prepared to inoculate coffee seedlings. Incidence and sporulation rates were evaluated after 43 days of inoculation. During the multiplication process of H. vastatrix uredospores, using controlled conditions (23±1 °C, ≈ 80% relative humidity and photoperiod of 16 hours of light) under an innovative system, the first symptoms of chlorosis were observed on coffee leaves 20 days after inoculation. Our findings show a 100% incidence of inoculated coffee plants with an average of 54 mg of H. vastatrix uredospores per plant and a 1.38 x 10-1 mg/cm2 sporulation rate. Finally, here we report a protocol that allows mass multiplication of H. vastatrix uredospores under controlled conditions, that would be useful in any time for coffee leaf rust bioassays.

Resumen Antecedentes: La irrupción de la tecnología digital en las áreas de medición y evaluación psicológica y educativa expande el concepto clásico de test de lápiz y papel. Los modelos de evaluación construidos sobre la ubicuidad de los smartphones, las redes sociales o el desarrollo del software abren nuevas posibilidades para la evaluación. Método: El estudio se organiza en cuatro partes en cada una de las cuales se discuten las ventajas y limitaciones de una aplicación de la tecnología a la evaluación: la evaluación ambulatoria, las redes sociales, la gamificación y las pruebas de elección forzosa. Resultados: Los nuevos desarrollos resultan claramente relevantes en el ámbito de la medición y la evaluación psicológica y educativa. Entre otras ventajas, aportan una mayor validez ecológica al proceso evaluativo y eliminan el sesgo relacionado con la evaluación retrospectiva. Conclusiones: Algunas de estas nuevas aproximaciones llevan a un escenario multidisciplinar con una tradición aún por construir. La psicometría está obligada a integrarse en este nuevo espacio aportando una sólida experiencia en la medición de variables psicológicas. Se muestran los temas de debate y retos que ha de abordar el buen quehacer de la psicología en la incorporación de estas nuevas aproximaciones.

Abstract Background: The emergence of digital technology in the field of psychological and educational measurement and assessment broadens the traditional concept of pencil and paper tests. New assessment models built on the proliferation of smartphones, social networks and software developments are opening up new horizons in the field. Method: This study is divided into four sections, each discussing the benefits and limitations of a specific type of technology-based assessment: ambulatory assessment, social networks, gamification and forced-choice testing. Results: The latest developments are clearly relevant in the field of psychological and educational measurement and assessment. Among other benefits, they bring greater ecological validity to the assessment process and eliminate the bias associated with retrospective assessment. Conclusions: Some of these new approaches point to a multidisciplinary scenario with a tradition which has yet to be created. Psychometrics must secure a place in this new world by contributing sound expertise in the measurement of psychological variables. The challenges and debates facing the field of psychology as it incorporates these new approaches are also discussed.

Using the Biot-Savart law, we compute the magnetic field produced by steady currents that circulate in the same direction through two parallel ellipse-shaped loops. The calculation was performed along the axis that passes across the center of the ellipses. Then, we show that this arrangement produces a nearly uniform magnetic field for particular values of the semi-axis of the ellipse and the separation distance between the loops. This outcome is obtained as a consequence of numerically solving the second derivative condition. In addition, we show that, for the values reached, the elliptical Helmholtz coil produces results that are compatible with those of the classical circular Helmholtz coil. Finally, we show how the uniformity of the magnetic field varies for regions off the axis of the ellipses. The target readers of the paper are students pursuing physics at the intermediate undergraduate level.

Abstract The maximum cadmium tolerance standards were established by the European Union in 2014, for the importation of cocoa-based products, causing concern in the countries. Global studies onTheobroma cacaoresearch related to cadmium activity in the atmosphere were analyzed. Bibliometric analyses in R and VOSviewer programs were used to examine 64 documents published in the Scopus database according to keywords. We identified 811 keywords in the co-occurrence of terms, 5 thematic groups in the bibliographic coupling, 20 institutions as most important affiliations, 20 countries of origin of corresponding authors, 112 institutions in co-authorship network of which 5 are in primary documents, and two groups in thematic similarity in co-citation of documents. The United States leads the scientific production with 11 papers, followed by Colombia (8) and Ecuador (7). In 1996, the first scientific article was registered for the network, with increases of up to 11 publications by 2020. In conclusion, the need to strengthen and create more research networks between countries, institutions, authors, and co-authors is evident. It is hoped that the results will allow a comprehensive unraveling of the cadmium-cocoa research trajectory, while at the same time yielding new prospective research.

Resumen En el año 2014, la Unión Europea impuso estándares máximos de tolerancia en cadmio, para la importación de productos a base de cacao, causando preocupación en los países. Se analizó estudios globales referidos a investigaciones en Theobroma cacao, relacionados con la actividad del cadmio en la atmósfera. Se utilizaron análisis bibliométricos en los programas R y VOSviewer, para examinar 64 documentos publicados en la base de datos Scopus según palabras clave. Se identificaron 811 palabras clave en coocurrencias de términos, 5 grupos temáticos en acoplamiento bibliográfico, 20 instituciones como afiliaciones más importantes, 20 países de procedencia de autores corresponsales, 112 instituciones en red de coautoría de los cuales 5 están en documentos primarios, y dos grupos en similaridad temática en co-citación de documentos. Estados Unidos lidera la producción científica con 11 documentos, seguido de Colombia (8) y Ecuador (7). En 1996 se registró el primer artículo científico para la red, con incrementos de hasta 11 publicaciones al 2020. En conclusión, se evidencia la necesidad de fortalecer y crear más redes de investigaciones entre países, instituciones, autores y coautores. Se espera que los resultados permitan desentrañar de manera integral la trayectoria de investigaciones cadmio-cacao, al tiempo que arrojen nuevas investigaciones prospectivas.

We calculate the magnetic field generated by a steady current that takes the shape of two types of special curves: hypocycloids and epicycloids with n numbers of sides. The computation was performed in the center of the referred curves. For this purpose, we use the Biot-Savart law which is studied in every introductory-level electricity and magnetism course. The result is quite general because it is obtained as a function of the number of sides of the curve and in terms of a parameter ϵ that identifies the type of curve considered (ϵ = −1 hypocycloids and ϵ = + 1 epicycloids).

Resumen Desde la declaración de pandemia del coronavirus el mundo entero ha encaminado sus esfuerzos a ayudar a mitigar sus efectos, especialmente el personal de la salud. En ese intento por ayudar, buscan evitar su propio contagio por medio del uso de materiales de protección como mascarillas, gafas y guantes. Aunque protectores, éstos materiales y sus componentes pueden ser altamente perjudiciales para la piel, causando dermatitis de contacto, ulceraciones y erosiones. En esta revisión se abordan dichas manifestaciones y se proponen medidas para prevenirlas o tratarlas.

Abstract Since the declaration of coronavirus as a pandemic the entire world has directed its efforts to help mitigate the effects of it to the best of its ability, especially health personnel. In that attempt to help, we seek to avoid their own contact through the use of protective materials such as masks, goggles, and gloves. Although protective, this equipmment and its components can be highly damaging to the skin, causing contact dermatitis. This review addresses manifestations and reviews measures to prevent and cure them.

Resumo Esse artigo apresenta os resultados da comparação entre a simulação CFD e as medições de temperatura, ambas no domínio do tempo, em um determinado ponto de interesse dentro de um espaço fechado específico (cubículo) da biblioteca institucional da Universidade Politécnica Salesiana (UPS), na sua sede na cidade de Cuenca, República do Equador. Neste caso, a radiação solar é considerada como o principal mecanismo de transferência de calor, razão pela qual este mecanismo é considerado no método de simulação aplicado. Um erro relativo aceitável foi obtido entre os valores de temperatura simulados e medidos. Durante o período de verão, as condições térmicas dentro do cubículo não são adequadas para o conforto dos usuários. O estudo desenvolvido pode constituir uma ferramenta básica para possíveis pesquisas futuras relacionadas à implementação do condicionamento climático para o cubículo, a biblioteca em geral e qualquer outro local com semelhantes características construtivas e operacionais.

Abstract This article presents the results of the comparison between the CFD simulation and temperature measurements, both in the time domain, at a certain point of interest within a specific closed space (cubicle) of the institutional library of the Salesian Polytechnic University (UPS), at its headquarters in the city of Cuenca, Republic of Ecuador. In this specific case, solar radiation is considered as the main heat transfer mechanism, which is why it was considered in the applied simulation method. An acceptable relative error was obtained between the simulated and measured temperature values. During the summer period, the thermal conditions inside the cubicle are not suitable for the comfort of the users. The study developed can constitute a basic tool for possible future research related to the implementation of climate conditioning for the cubicle, the library in general and any other site with similar constructive and operational characteristics.

RESUMEN El síndrome de encefalopatía posterior reversible (PRES) es un trastorno clínico-radiológico caracterizado por encefalopatía, convulsiones, cefalea y alteraciones visuales. Se asocia a entidades que ocasionan daño endotelial, causando edema cerebral vasogénico evidente en resonancia magnética. En pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) se presenta en < 1%. Con tratamiento oportuno usualmente resuelve; caso contrario puede producir secuelas neurológicas o muerte. Se reporta el caso de PRES en una paciente con LES con actividad severa, emergencia hipertensiva y glomerulonefritis lúpica que comienza con estatus epiléptico. Evolucionó satisfactoriamente con tratamiento anticonvulsivante, antiedema cerebral, antihipertensivo y control de los demás factores causales.

ABSTRACT Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical-radiological disorder that may include encephalopathy, seizures, headache, and visual disturbances. It is associated with conditions that induce endothelial damage, causing vasogenic cerebral edema that can be observed in magnetic resonance scans. It occurs in <1% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is usually resolved with timely treatment, but delays may lead to neurological sequelae or death. A case of PRES is presented in a patient with SLE with severe activity, a hypertensive emergency, and lupus glomerulonephritis debuting with epileptic status. The outcome was satisfactory with anticonvulsants, as well as treatment for her cerebral edema and hypertension, along with control of other causal factors.

Abstract The combination of labor market unfavorable to young people and the implementation of an academic and vocational guidance model, focused on the vocational dimension, portraits a context that raises important questions about how they connect with each other. Consequently, we consider it important to know how the relationship between both factors is perceived during the vocational guidance process in the Spanish educational system. To achieve this general goal, we have set the following sub-objectives: to analyze the image assigned to the labor market according to the socio-educational context; to understand how the function of academic and professional guidance is perceived according to the socio-educational context, and to build a typology of academic and professional guidance models according to the socio-educational context. The chosen technique is the interview oriented in a induced way. The analytical style focuses on the cases. Emphasis is on the exposition and interpretation of the stories on a per case basis, following a two-fold logic: the logic within each case and the cross-case analysis. In addition, an analytical strategy is applied, related to the Constant Comparative Method, which allows to discover concepts and relationships and organize them in explanatory theoretical schemes. The results leads to speculate that there are three perceptions of the labor market based on the perceived relationship between the labor market and the education system according to a given socio-educational context, and that these interpretations influence the process of academic and vocational guidance.

Resumen La combinación de un mercado de trabajo poco solidario con los jóvenes y la implantación de un modelo de orientación académica y profesional cada vez más propenso a resaltar la dimensión vocacional dibuja un contexto que arroja importantes interrogantes sobre cómo se conectan uno y otro. En consecuencia, se estima importante conocer cómo se percibe la relación entre ambos factores en el proceso de orientación vocacional de los estudiantes en el sistema educativo español. Para alcanzar este fin general se han fijado los siguientes sub-objetivos: analizar la imagen que se otorga al mercado laboral según contexto socioeducativo; comprender cómo se percibe la función de orientación académica y profesional según contexto socioeducativo; y elaborar una tipología de modelos de orientación Académica y Profesional según contexto socioeducativo. La técnica aplicada ha consistido en la entrevista orientada de manera inducida. El estilo analítico adoptado se centra en los casos. Se hace hincapié en la exposición e interpretación de los relatos caso a caso, siguiendo una doble lógica: una de análisis comparativo dentro de cada perfil o within case analysis y otra de análisis cruzado de casos pertenecientes a distintos perfiles o cross-case analysis . Se aplica un modelo interpretativo fundamentado en el Método Comparativo Constante, pues permite descubrir conceptos y relaciones y organizarlos en esquemas teóricos explicativos. Los resultados alcanzados permiten conjeturar que existen tres percepciones del mercado de trabajo extraídas de la relación de éste con el sistema educativo según contexto socioeducativo, y que están influyendo en el proceso de Orientación Académica y Profesional.

Objectives: The aim of this study was the comparison of antibacterial effectiveness of three endodontic sealers, used in endodontic therapy. The antibacterial effectiveness of sealers was determinate by measuring the inhibitory halo against Enterococcus faecalis. Material and methods: A comparative in vitro study was done; the method of agar diffusion of Müller- Hinton was used. A sample of 10 replications for each sealer was estimated with the help the program (G Power 3.1) the total of sample was the 30 units of study. The data of inhibitory halo was measured in millimeters after 24 hours, incubated a temperature of 37°C, the results was registered in a format developed by the author, later the results were processed by statistical analysis Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis and U de Mann Whitney. Results: The resin- based sealer (TOPSEAL) showed an inhibitory halo of 7.7 mm; the hydroxide of calcium - based sealer (SEALAPEX) was of 6.0 mm whereas the oxide of zinc and eugenol - based sealer showed an inhibitory halo of 8.4 mm, this inhibitory halo was the biggest in this study. Conclusions: This study concluded that the sealers used in this study are not equal in their antibacterial effectiveness against Enterococcus faecalis.

Objetivos: Este estudio tiene como objetivo la comparación de la eficacia antibacteriana sobre el Enterococcus faecalis, de tres cementos selladores de obturación utilizados en la terapia endodóntica, determinada mediante la medición del tamaño del halo inhibitorio. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio comparativo in vitro, en el cual se utilizó el método de difusión en el agar de Müller- Hinton. Se calculó una muestra de 10 replicaciones por cemento haciendo un total de 30 unidades de estudio (mediante el programa G Power 3.1). Los datos del halo inhibitorio fueron medidos en milímetros después de 24 horas de incubación, a una temperatura de 37°C, los resultados obtenidos se anotaron en una ficha elaborada por el autor, para posteriormente procesarlos mediante el análisis estadístico de Shapiro-Wilk, Kruskal-Wallis y U de Mann Whitney. Resultados: El sellador a base de resina epóxica (TOPSEAL) presentó un halo de inhibición de 7,7 mm, el sellador a base de hidróxido de calcio (SEALAPEX) provocó un halo inhibitorio de 6,0 mm y el sellador a base de óxido de zinc y eugenol (GROSSFAR) presentó un halo de inhibición de 8,4 mm, siendo el de mayor eficacia de los tres selladores utilizados en este estudio. Conclusiones: Con este estudio se llegó a la conclusión que los selladores estudiados no son iguales entre si con respecto a su eficacia antibacteriana contra el Enterococcus faecalis.

Abstract Chronic kidney disease is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. In recent years, protein-bound toxins have become more important due to their association with increased morbidity and mortality, characterised by inadequate clearance during dialysis. The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of high convective volumes on postdilution online haemodiafiltration (OL-HDF) on the removal of medium-sized molecules, small molecules and protein-bound molecules. Material and methods: In forty postdilutional OL-HDF sessions, the reduction rates of toxins of different molecular weights were measured in 13 patients, including protein-bound molecules such as p-cresyl sulphate, indoxyl sulphate and homocysteine. Results: Total convective volume was 28.3 (5.1) litres (range 16.3-38.0 litres). Mean reduction rate of protein-bound molecules was 44.4% (15.7%), 48.7% (14.1%) and 58.6% (8.8%) for p-cresyl sulphate, indoxyl sulphate and homocysteine, respectively. Moreover, a statistically significant direct association was found between the reduction rates of all three molecules, the replacement volume and the Kt/V. Conclusion: High convective volumes during postdilution OL-HDF are associated with increased removal of protein-bound uraemic toxins.

Resumen La enfermedad renal crónica tiene mayor riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares. En los últimos años, han ido adquiriendo mayor importancia las toxinas unidas a proteínas, que han sido asociadas a mayor morbimortalidad y que se caracterizan por la dificultad para su depuración en diálisis. El objetivo de este estudio es valorar la influencia de altos volúmenes convectivos en HDF-OL posdilucional sobre la eliminación de medianas moléculas, pequeñas moléculas y moléculas unidas a proteínas. Material y métodos: Se realizaron 40 sesiones de HDF-OL posdilucional en 13 pacientes y se midió el porcentaje de reducción de toxinas de distinto peso molecular y entre ellas, moléculas unidas a proteínas como el p-cresyl sulfato, indoxyl sulfato y homocisteína. Resultados: El volumen convectivo total fue de 28,3(5,1) litros con un rango entre 16,3 y 38,0 litros. La reducción media de moléculas unidas a proteínas fue de 44,4(15,7) % para el p-cresyl sulfato, de 48,7(14,1) % para el indoxyl sulfato y de 58,6(8,8) % para la homocisteína. Además, se encontró una relación directa y estadísticamente significativa entre el porcentaje de reducción de las tres moléculas con el volumen de sustitución y con el Kt/V. Conclusión: Altos volúmenes convectivos totales en HDF-OL en posdilución se asocian a una mayor eliminación de toxinas urémicas unidas a proteínas.

Spondylodiscitis is an infectious inflammatory process of the intervertebral disc that may occasionally spread to the adjacent vertebral bodies, producing osteomyelitis. This situation is potentially serious, but rare. Clinical and radiological findings are often nonspecific and latent, at least initially. After two weeks certain radiological findings that help diagnosis may be encountered, such as destruction of the articular surfaces of vertebral bodies, with erosions and irregularities, and pinching or loss of disc space. Sometimes it is possible to identify a prevertebral soft tissue mass in an x-ray. Computed tomography may help the diagnosis. The "gold standard" for radiological assessment shall be established by MRI, which evaluates the findings in earlier stages, detecting edema on discs and endplates, and the involvement of adjacent soft tissues.

La espondilodiscitis es un proceso inflamatorio-infeccioso del disco intervertebral que ocasionalmente puede extenderse a los cuerpos vertebrales adyacentes produciendo una osteomielitis. Esta situación es potencialmente grave, aunque poco frecuente. Los hallazgos clínicos y radiológicos en muchas ocasiones resultan larvados e inespecíficos, al menos inicialmente. Después de dos semanas es posible encontrar ciertos hallazgos radiológicos que ayudan al diagnóstico, como destrucción de las superficies articulares de cuerpos vertebrales, con erosiones e irregularidades, así como pinzamiento o pérdida del espacio discal. A veces es posible identificar en la radiografía una masa de partes blandas prevertebral. La tomografía computerizada puede ayudar al diagnóstico. El "patrón oro" para su valoración radiológica, se establecerá por resonancia magnética, que permite valorar los hallazgos en fases más precoces, detectando edema en los discos y en los platillos vertebrales, así como la afectación de partes blandas adyacentes.