Abstract This research evaluated the effects of long-term (30 years) winter cover crops under conventional farming system and no-tillage system on edaphic fauna in a Rhodic Hapludox soil, from Paraná State, Brazil. We used three winter cover crops (black oat, hairy vetch and fallow), and as a reference a fragment of natural forest. Soil monoliths were collected at two times, one during the flowering of maize (April 2013) and the other during the flowering of soybean (January 2014). The extraction of the monoliths was carried out in three layers in the soil profile (0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm). Seventeen taxonomic groups were sampled. The density of the edaphic fauna is inversely related to soil depth. The winter crops associated with the no-tillage system in long-term resulted in fauna densities similar to the natural environment, with a higher density (density increase of 2.2x) at a depth of 10-20 cm in areas with black oat. At 0-10 cm depth, black oat and vetch under no-tillage systems resulted in an increase of 62% and 69% (April 2013) and 46 and 44% (January 2014), respectively, in the density of soil fauna, when compared to the same winter crops in conventional farming system. longterm long term 30 (3 years notillage no tillage State Brazil fallow, fallow , fallow) forest times April 2013 January 2014. 2014 . 2014) 010, 010 0 10, 10 (0-10 1020 20 10-2 2030 20-3 cm. cm) sampled environment 2.2x 22x x 2 2x 0-1 62 69 4 44 2014, respectively 3 ( 201 01 1 (0-1 102 10- 203 20- 0- 6 (0- (0

Resumo: O trigo mourisco é uma espécie com grande potencial econômico e de produção, a qual tem ganhado cada vez mais importância. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a qualidade física, fisiológica e sanitária de amostras provenientes de lotes de sementes, e avaliar a patogenicidade de Fusarium spp. em plantas de trigo mourisco. A qualidade física e fisiológica foi avaliada pelo peso de mil sementes, grau de umidade, teste de germinação (5° e 7° dias), comprimento de plântula e massa seca de plântula, enquanto que a qualidade sanitária foi determinada pelo teste de sanidade em papel filtro, com as sementes submetidas à assepsia e sem assepsia. Os isolados de Fusarium spp. foram obtidos de plântulas sintomáticas no teste de germinação em rolo de papel. Para a identificação e caracterização dos isolados fúngicos foram utilizadas abordagens morfológicas e moleculares. A patogenicidade foi realizada em plantas sadias em ambiente controlado. Os lotes apresentaram alta qualidade fisiológica na avaliação de germinação (5° e 7° dias). Houve alta incidência de Fusarium spp. em todos os lotes, a qual pode ser diminuída com a assepsia das sementes. Os isolados foram identificados como complexo de espécies de Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti, e foram patogênicos às plantas de trigo mourisco.

Abstract: Buckwheat is a species with great economic and production potential, which has gained increasing importance. This study aimed to determine the physical, physiological, and sanitary quality of samples from seed lots, and to evaluate the pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. in buckwheat plants. Physical and physiological quality was evaluated by the thousand-seed weight, moisture content, germination test (5th and 7th days), seedling length, and seedling dry mass, while sanitary quality was determined by the health test on filter paper, with the seeds subjected to asepsis and without asepsis. Isolates of Fusarium spp. were obtained from symptomatic seedlings in the paper roll germination test. To identify and characterize fungal isolates, morphological and molecular approaches were used. Pathogenicity was determined on healthy plants in a controlled environment. The lots showed high physiological quality in the germination evaluation (5th and 7th days). There was a high incidence of Fusarium spp. in all lots, which can be reduced with seed asepsis. The isolates were identified as Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex, and were pathogenic to buckwheat plants.

A adoção de práticas conservacionistas alteram as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, influenciando a composição da comunidade microbiana. O trabalho objetivou obter informação sobre a qualidade, diversidade e atividade biológica do solo, quando submetido a dois tipos de manejo do solo (plantio direto escarificado (PDE) e não escarificado (PDNE) e três tipos de manejo de cobertura (Sucessão: soja-trigo, Rotação I: soja-nabo+trigo/soja-aveia+ervilhaca/ e Rotação II: soja-aveia+ervilhaca+nabo/milho-crotalária juncea-trigo/soja). Foram analisadas a biomassa microbiana, atividade enzimática, taxa de respiração basal e diversidade genética do solo, nos períodos do verão (fevereiro/2016) e inverno (setembro/2016). O carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana foram superiores nos tratamentos sob PDNE. Todas as enzimas apresentaram incremento na atividade no período do verão. Para a respiração basal dos microrganismos, a menor taxa de CO2 acumulada foi no período do verão em solo sob PDNE. Detectou-se variabilidade genética através da técnica de Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), reunindo os tratamentos em quatro grupos. Pode-se concluir que o sistema PDNE associado à rotação de culturas contribui para aumentar a biomassa microbiana e atividade enzimática no solo. Além disso, a técnica de RAPD associada a outros bioindicadores tornam-se importantes ferramentas para o monitoramento da qualidade do solo.

The adoption of conservation practices affect the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, altering the composition of the microbial community. The objective of this research was to obtain information about the soil quality, diversity and biological activity, of the soil when submitted to two types of soil management (scarified (PDE) and no-scarified tillage (PDNE)) and three types of cover management (Succession: soybean-wheat, Rotation I: Soybean-turnip+wheat/soybean-oats+vetch and Rotation II: soybean-oats+vetch+turnip/corn-crotalaria juncea-wheat/soybeans). The microbial biomass, enzymatic activity, basal respiration rate and soil genetic diversity were analyzed during the summer (february/2016) and winter (september/2016) periods. The carbon and nitrogen of the microbial biomass were higher in treatments under PDNE. All enzymes showed an increase in the activity during the summer period. For the basal respiration of the microorganisms, the smallest accumulated CO2 rate was in the summer period under PDNE. The RAPD technique proved to be efficient in the detection of genetic variability, combining treatments in four groups. We concluded that PDNE associated with crop rotation contributes to increase the levels of microbial biomass and soil enzymatic activity. In addition, the RAPD technique associated with other bioindicators become important tools for the monitoring and evaluation of soil quality.