Resumo Fundamento Estudos anteriores caracterizaram adequadamente a microbiota intestinal (MI) na fibrilação atrial (FA). No entanto, a causalidade precisa entre a MI e a FA permanece obscura. Objetivos O presente estudo utilizou dados públicos de estudos de associação genômica ampla para explorar a causalidade entre MI e FA. Métodos Na primeira de duas rodadas de análise de randomização mendeliana (RM), as variáveis instrumentais (VIs) incluíram polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) que ficaram abaixo do limite de significância estatística de todo o genoma (5 × 10-8). Para chegar a uma conclusão mais abrangente e inclusiva, selecionamos ainda SNPs abaixo do nível de significância de todo o lócus (1 × 10-5) como VIs para o segundo grupo. A análise de RM considerou o efeito causal estatisticamente significativo entre MI específica e FA quando p < 0,05. Além disso, na análise de sensibilidade, p > 0,05 não indicou heterogeneidade nem pleiotropia. Resultados No limiar de significância de todo o lócus, os resultados demonstraram um impacto causal da MI no risco de FA. O método de ponderação de variância inversa indicou que Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Alloprevotella, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Eggerthella, Howardella, Ruminococcaceae UCG004 e Ruminococcus1 foram negativamente correlacionados com FA, ao passo que Pasteurellales, Pasteurellaceae, Oxalobacter, Ruminiclostridium5 e Turicibacter foram positivamente correlacionados. Além disso, no limiar de significância de todo o genoma, Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteriaceae e Bifidobacterium foram fatores de proteção para o risco de desenvolver FA, ao passo que Oxalobacteraceae e Erysipelatoclostridium foram fatores de risco para FA. Entretanto, análises de sensibilidade mostraram heterogeneidade ou pleiotropia horizontal nos resultados para Actinobacteria, Howardella, Oxalobacter e Firmicutes. Conclusões Este estudo fornece evidências da existência de causalidade favorável e desfavorável da MI no risco de FA. (MI . (FA) entanto obscura RM, , (RM) (VIs (SNPs 5 ( 108. 108 10 8 10-8) inclusiva 1 105 10-5 grupo 005 0 05 disso 0,0 Actinobacteria Firmicutes Alloprevotella Blautia Eggerthella Howardella UCG UCG00 Ruminococcus Pasteurellales Pasteurellaceae Ruminiclostridium Entretanto (FA (RM 10-8 10- 00 0, UCG0

Abstract Background Previous studies have adequately characterized the gut microbiota (GM) in atrial fibrillation (AF). Nevertheless, the precise causality between GM and AF remains elusive. Objectives This study utilized public data from genome-wide association studies to explore the causality between GM and AF. Methods In the first of two rounds of Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, the instrumental variables (IVs) comprised single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that fell below the genome-wide statistical significance threshold (5 × 10-8). To attain a more comprehensive and inclusive conclusion, we further selected SNPs falling below the locus-wide significance level (1 × 10-5) as IVs for the second group. The MR analysis considered the statistically significant causal effect between the specific GM and AF when p < 0.05. Furthermore, in sensitivity analysis, p > 0.05 indicated no heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Results At the locus-wide significance threshold, the findings demonstrated a causal impact of GM on AF risk. The inverse variance weighting method indicated that Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Alloprevotella, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Eggerthella, Howardella, Ruminococcaceae UCG004, and Ruminococcus1 were negatively correlated with AF, while Pasteurellales, Pasteurellaceae, Oxalobacter, Ruminiclostridium5, and Turicibacter were positively correlated. Furthermore, at the genome-wide significance threshold, Actinobacteria, Bifidobacteriaceae, and Bifidobacterium were protective factors for the risk of developing AF, whereas Oxalobacteraceae and Erysipelatoclostridium were risk factors for AF. However, sensitivity analyses showed heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy within the outcomes for Actinobacteria, Howardella, Oxalobacter, and Firmicutes. Conclusions This study provides evidence for the existence of both favorable and unfavorable causality of GM on AF risk. (GM . (AF) Nevertheless elusive genomewide genome wide (MR (IVs (SNPs 5 ( 108. 108 10 8 10-8) conclusion locuswide locus 1 105 10-5 group 005 0 05 Furthermore 0.0 Actinobacteria Firmicutes Alloprevotella Blautia Eggerthella Howardella UCG004 UCG Ruminococcus Pasteurellales Pasteurellaceae Oxalobacter Ruminiclostridium5 Ruminiclostridium Bifidobacteriaceae However (AF 10-8 10- 00 0. UCG00 UCG0

Abstract Pedicularis L., a generally bothersome genus of hemiparasitic plants, is primarily native to southwestern China. The phylogenetic relationship and evolutionary history of this genus have not yet been fully resolved. In this study, we sequenced and assembled chloroplast genomes of three Pedicularis species, P. chinensis, P. melampyriflora, and P. striata using high-throughput Illumina sequencing. The assembled plastomes were 142,059 bp (P. chinensis) to 152,146 bp (P. striata) in size, containing 110 (P. chinensis) to 117 (P. striata) genes. Moreover, we identified 13-15 pseudogenes within the three plastomes, nine of which were pseudogenized in all three species. The three plastomes exhibited a similar codon usage pattern. Moreover, the plastomes contained abundant simple sequence repeats and long repeats, which showed slight variations between the three species. A maximum likelihood analysis was performed to elucidate the phylogenetic positions of the three species within the Pedicularis genus. The plastomes presented in our study can be used as valuable genomic resources for further genetic and genomic studies of the Pedicularis genus. L L. plants China resolved P chinensis melampyriflora highthroughput high throughput sequencing 142059 142 059 142,05 (P 152146 152 146 152,14 size 11 genes Moreover 1315 13 15 13-1 pattern 14205 14 05 142,0 15214 152,1 1 131 13- 1420 0 142, 1521 152,

RESUMO Introdução: A preparação física do atleta é a base para melhorar suas habilidades no vôlei e o treinamento físico pode ter um papel essencial em todo o processo no treino dos jogadores de voleibol resultando na melhora do nível de função física dos jogadores de vôlei e alterar a estrutura da conformação corporal. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento físico na qualidade geral dos jogadores de voleibol. Métodos: Vários jogadores de voleibol foram selecionados aleatoriamente e submetidos a dois meses de treinamento físico embasado na literatura da teoria científica. Foram utilizadas estatísticas matemáticas para analisar os indicadores de aptidão física e desempenho dos jogadores de voleibol antes e depois do treinamento físico. Resultados: A aptidão física dos jogadores de vôlei foi significativamente aprimorada após dois meses de treinamento físico (P<0,05). O desempenho dos jogadores de voleibol melhorou após o treinamento físico (P<0,05). Conclusão: A agilidade física dos jogadores de voleibol é aprimorada quando submetida ao treinamento físico sistemático. Após o treinamento físico, a qualidade da velocidade dos jogadores de voleibol pode ser significativamente melhorada. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Athletes’ physical fitness is the basis for improving their volleyball skills, and physical training can play an essential role in the whole process of training volleyball players resulting in improving the level of physical function of volleyball players and changing the structure of body conformation. Objective: Analyze the effects of physical training on the overall quality of volleyball players. Methods: Several volleyball players were randomly selected and submitted to two months of physical training based on scientific theory literature. We used mathematical statistics to analyze the fitness and performance indicators of volleyball players before and after physical training. Results: The physical fitness of volleyball players was significantly improved after two months of physical training (P<0.05). The performance of volleyball players improved after physical training (P<0.05). Conclusion: Physical agility of volleyball players is improved when submitted to systematic physical training. After physical training, the velocity quality of volleyball players can be significantly improved. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción: La condición física del deportista es la base para mejorar sus habilidades en el voleibol y el entrenamiento físico puede desempeñar un papel esencial en todo el proceso de formación de los jugadores de voleibol, lo que resulta en la mejora del nivel de la función física de los jugadores de voleibol y el cambio de la estructura de la conformación del cuerpo. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento físico en la calidad general de los jugadores de voleibol. Métodos: Se seleccionaron aleatoriamente varios jugadores de voleibol y se los sometió a dos meses de entrenamiento físico basado en la literatura teórica científica. Se utilizó la estadística matemática para analizar la aptitud física y los indicadores de rendimiento de los jugadores de voleibol antes y después del entrenamiento físico. Resultados: La aptitud física de los jugadores de voleibol mejoró significativamente tras dos meses de entrenamiento físico (P<0,05). El rendimiento de los jugadores de voleibol mejoró tras el entrenamiento físico (P<0,05). Conclusión: La agilidad física de los jugadores de voleibol mejora cuando se los somete a un entrenamiento físico sistemático. Tras el entrenamiento físico, la calidad de la velocidad de los jugadores de voleibol puede mejorar considerablemente. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução Na atuação de badminton, os atletas precisam gerir precisamente os movimentos das técnicas dominadas para completar rapidamente o balanço e reagrupar a força dos membros superiores e inferiores para bater a bola rapidamente. Objetivo Estudar o efeito do exercício de força no desempenho físico de jogadores de badminton de acordo com o treinamento. Métodos 24 jogadores de badminton foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo de membros inferiores, grupo de membros superiores e grupo controle. O grupo membro inferior e o grupo membro superior foram treinados por 8 semanas. O teste final foi realizado e os dados foram devidamente comparados e analisados. Resultados Após 8 semanas de treinamento intenso de força, a habilidade de arremesso de badminton do grupo membro superior foi significativamente aprimorada. No grupo de membros inferiores, o efeito de melhorar a capacidade de contração CVM dos extensores bilaterais do joelho não ficou evidenciada e a capacidade de contração centrífuga dos extensores bilaterais do joelho foi significativamente melhorada. Conclusão O experimento mostra que o treinamento de força pode ajudar o desempenho físico dos atletas, tendo um impacto positivo no desempenho de suas atuações. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction In badminton performance, athletes need to precisely manage the movements of mastered techniques to quickly complete the swing and regroup the strength of the upper and lower limbs to hit the ball quickly. Objective Study the effect of strength exercise on the physical performance of badminton players according to training. Methods 24 badminton players were randomly divided into lower limb, upper limb, and control groups. The lower limb group and upper limb group were trained for eight weeks. The final test was conducted, and the data were properly compared and analyzed. Results After eight weeks of intense strength training, the badminton throwing ability of the upper limb group was significantly improved; In the lower limb group, the effect of improving the CVM contraction ability of bilateral knee extensors was not evidenced, and the centrifugal contraction ability of the bilateral knee extensors was significantly improved. Conclusion The experiment shows that strength training can help athletes’ physical performance, positively impacting their performance. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción En el rendimiento del bádminton, los atletas necesitan gestionar con precisión los movimientos de las técnicas dominadas para completar rápidamente el balanceo y reagrupar la fuerza de los miembros superiores e inferiores para golpear la pelota con rapidez. Objetivo Estudiar el efecto del ejercicio de fuerza en el rendimiento físico de los jugadores de bádminton según el entrenamiento. Métodos 24 jugadores de bádminton fueron divididos aleatoriamente en el grupo de las extremidades inferiores, el grupo de las extremidades superiores y el grupo de control. El grupo de la extremidad inferior y el grupo de la extremidad superior se entrenaron durante 8 semanas. Se llevó a cabo la prueba final y los datos se compararon y analizaron adecuadamente. Resultados Después de 8 semanas de entrenamiento de fuerza intenso, la capacidad de lanzamiento de bádminton del grupo de extremidades superiores mejoró significativamente; en el grupo de extremidades inferiores, el efecto de la mejora de la capacidad de contracción CVM de los extensores bilaterales de la rodilla no se evidenció y la capacidad de contracción centrífuga de los extensores bilaterales de la rodilla mejoró significativamente. Conclusión El experimento muestra que el entrenamiento de fuerza puede ayudar al rendimiento físico de los atletas, teniendo un impacto positivo en su desempeño. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Eccrine sweat glands (ESGs) perform critical functions in temperature regulation in humans. Foxa1 plays an important role in ESG maturation and sweat secretion. Its molecular mechanism, however, remains unknown. This study investigated the expression of Foxa1 and Na-K-ATPase (NKA) in rat footpads at different development stages using immunofluorescence staining, qRT-PCR, and immunoblotting. Also, bioinformatics analysis and Foxa1 overexpression and silencing were employed to evaluate Foxa1 regulation of NKA. The results demonstrated that Foxa1 was consistently expressed during the late stages of ESGs and had a significant role in secretory coil maturation during sweat secretion. Furthermore, the mRNA abundance and protein expression of NKA had similar accumulation trends to those of Foxa1, confirming their underlying connections. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that Foxa1 may interact with these two proteins via binding to conserved motifs in their promoter regions. Foxa1 gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments in Foxa1-modified cells demonstrated that the activities of NKA were dependent on the presence of Foxa1. Collectively, these data provided evidence that Foxa1 may influence ESG development through transcriptional regulation of NKA expression.

Abstract In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of miR-217 in osteosarcoma and adjacent tissues, and its relationship with clinical features, and thus provide a scientific basis for the diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma. Sixty patients with osteosarcoma who underwent radical osteosarcoma resection in our hospital in China from January to December 2015 were selected. Real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of miR-217 in osteosarcoma and parasarcoma tissues. Its correlation with clinical data and prognosis of patients was analyzed. Our results showed that the average expression level of miR-217 in osteosarcoma tissues (2.94 ± 0.79) was higher than that of parasarcoma tissues (2.14 ± 0.66) (P <0.05). The difference between the expression level of miR-217 in osteosarcoma tissue and pathological grade (P = 0.034) and clinical stage (P = 0.007) was statistically significant. Cox multivariate analysis showed that clinical stage (HR = 4.135, 95% CI = 1.682-6.236) and miR-217 (HR = 3.764, 95% CI = 1.572-5.921) are independent risk factors that affect the prognosis of osteosarcoma (P < 0.05). In conclusion, miR-217 plays a key regulatory role in the occurrence and progression of osteosarcoma. Serum miR-217 levels can predict the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients.

Abstract In the process of heating the mutton, the length of the soaking time will affect the meat tenderness, and the proper change of the soaking time can improve the meat tenderness. The sample was treated by water bath and microwave heating method, and the cooking loss rate, collagen solubility, shear force and the like were used as indicators for measuring tenderness. The effect of different soaking time on the tenderness of mutton was studied under water bath and microwave heating. The prolonged incubation time, the total soluble protein, collagen solubility and cooking loss of the meat treated by water bath were significantly increased (P < 0.01); while the myofibrillar protein and shear force values showed a downward trend. The difference in soaking time has an effect on the meat tenderness. Extending the soaking time, the color of the 20 µ strip gradually deepened, and the 32 µ and 75 µ strips showed different degrees of weakening. This indicates that the protein is degraded and the myofiber structure of the meat is destroyed. This provides a theoretical basis for the production and processing of enterprises and the table culture of the people.

Abstract The influences of 3-N-butyphthalide (NBP) on early brain injury (EBI) induced via mild subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and its mechanism were explored. Establishment of SAH model was via autologous blood injection. The protection of NBP on EBI in SAH model mice was evaluated. Determination of neuronal apoptosis was conducted. Detection of blood brain barrier (BBB), ZO-1, claudin-5, occludin and MMP-9 was manifested. The effects of NBP on oxidative stress, inflammation, and the SIRT1/NF-κB and the LKB-1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways were investigated. NBP could alleviate neurological deficits and BBB dysfunction, repress cerebral edema and mitigate brain histomorphology. NBP repressed apoptosis in brain tissues, oxidative stress, inflammation, NF-κB activity but facilitated SIRT1. Finally, NBP activated the LKB-1/AMPK pathway. NBP may lighten BBB dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis after SAH via activating the LKB-1/AMPK pathway, thereby mitigating EBI.

RESUMEN Para mejorar la flexibilidad de la medición GPS se propuso un método de medición GPS de alta precisión que no está restringido por la ubicación geográfica y que se ejecuta bajo tecnología de detección de multitudes. El rendimiento de la red de detección de multitudes se mejoró a través de un mecanismo regular de implementación de redes de detección de macrodatos basado en hexágonos. Se utilizaron los métodos de medición combinados GPS/SINS/DR rápidos para lograr mediciones de alta precisión sin restricciones geográficas. Se ha comprobado que el método propuesto en este trabajo tiene una estabilidad mucho mejor en la estrategia de despliegue del hexágono regular que la del cuadrado. El método propuesto puede lograr una rápida adquisición de señales de satélite y un posicionamiento de alta precisión, y su precisión de medición en ciudades de baja latitud y ciudades de alta latitud es mayor que el método de medición en línea basado en Google Earth, lo que indica que tiene un valor de aplicación significativo.

ABSTRACT In order to improve the flexibility of GPS measurement, a high-precision GPS measurement method that is not restricted by the geographical location under crowd-sensing technology was proposed. The performance of the crowdsensing network was improved through a regular hexagon-based crowd-smart big data sensing network deployment mechanism. The GPS /SINS/DR fast and high-precision combined measurement methods were used to achieve high-precision measurement without geographical restrictions. It has been verified that the proposed method in this paper has much better stability in the deployment strategy of a regular hexagon than that of the square. The proposed method can achieve fast acquisition of satellite signals and high-precision positioning, and its measurement accuracy in the low-latitude city and high-latitude city is higher than the online measurement method based on Google Earth, indicating that it has significant application value.

RESUMEN Con el fin de construir un modelo de evaluación del potencial de desarrollo de recursos de energía geotérmica poco profunda basado en características geotérmicas es necesario investigar la energía geotérmica superficial regional. Este estudio define la ciudad de Weinan como ejemplo para analizar las características de profundidad y temperatura constante del subsuelo de la zona, la característica de variación vertical de la geotemperatura y la característica de distribución horizontal de la geotemperatura. Con base en el análisis de la característica de geotemperatura se utilizó el proceso de jerarquía analítica para construir el sistema de evaluación de zonificación de la idoneidad de la fuente subterránea, la fuente de agua subterránea y la fuente de agua superficial. Luego, la idoneidad de la ciudad de Weinan fue zonificada por el sistema de evaluación. La capacidad de calor y la potencia de intercambio de calor del sistema de bombeo subterráneo se calcularon con base en los resultados de zonificación y se obtuvo la potencia de intercambio de calor de la bomba acoplada a tierra. Según el índice de evaluación, se evaluó el potencial de desarrollo de los recursos de energía geotérmica poco profunda. A través del análisis experimental, aplicando el modelo en este documento, se puede ver que el sistema de bomba de calor de fuente subterránea tiene un gran potencial para calentar en invierno y enfriar en verano. El área es de 50.79 km2. El área de la región media potencial de la bomba de calor de tubería enterrada es de 135.74 km2 y el potencial del sistema de bomba de calor de fuente subterránea es bajo. El área potencial de la bomba de calor de fuente terrestre es 82.14 km2. Al comparar los resultados de la evaluación de este modelo con los resultados reales se encuentra que la consistencia entre los dos es alta.

ABSTRACT The potential analysis of geothermal energy based on geothermal characteristics requires research of the regional shallow geothermal energy. Then, an evaluation model can be constructed. Taking Weinan City as an example, paper studied the depth and temperature characteristics of the constant zone of subsurface temperature, the vertical variation characteristic of geotemperature, and the horizontal distribution characteristic of geotemperature in Weinan City. Based on the analysis of geotemperature characteristics, the analytic hierarchy process was used to construct the zoning evaluation system of the suitability of ground source, groundwater source, and surface water source. Then, the suitability of Weinan city was comprehensively zoned by the zoning evaluation system. The heat capacity and heat-exchange power of the heat pump system at the groundwater source were calculated based on the zoning results, and the heat-exchange power of the ground-coupled heat pump was obtained. According to the evaluation index, the development potential of shallow geothermal energy resources was evaluated. It can be seen that the heat pump system has great potential for heating in winter and cooling in summer through the experimental analysis model applied in this paper. The area is 50.79 km2. The area of the potential middle region of the buried pipe heat pump is 135.74 km2, and the potential of the pump system is low. The possible area of the ground source heat pump is 82.14 km2. Upon comparing the model results with the current results, it was found that the consistency between the two is high.

This paper presents a comparative study about the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyzed by nanoparticles of Fe2O3 and Co3O4 applied on the surface of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). The nanoparticles were synthesized using the modified polymeric precursor method (Pechini). These two nanomaterials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The estimated average particle sizes were 21 and 31 nm for Fe2O3 and Co3O4, respectively. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that Fe2O3/GCE has lower charge transfer resistance than Co3O4/GCE. The surface electrochemistry of both Fe2O3/GCE and Co3O4/GCE was studied in the solution free of O2, and their corresponding reaction mechanisms were analyzed. The electrocatalytic ORR activities of these two catalysts were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and rotating disk electrode (RDE) in acidic solution. The results obtained by RDE indicated that both Fe2O3/GCE and Co3O4/GCE can catalyze the ORR with a dominating 2-electron transfer process to produce H2O2, using a potential of -0.8 V. These kinetic results indicate that Fe2O3/GCE is more efficient than Co3O4/GCE in terms of ORR. Considering the low cost of these two non-noble metal catalysts, they may be used as viable alternatives for ORR electrocatalysts.

ABSTRACT: An imaginary part model of soil dielectric constant for predicting the soil salinity status was developed based on a series of relations between dielectric imaginary part and soil bulk conductivity, soil bulk conductivity and soil solution electrical conductivity, and soil solution electrical conductivity and ion contents in soil using pot trials with different soil salinity levels in the 2008 growing season. This model was calibrated and tested with data from the 2009 growing season. The results showed that the inverted values of the total concentration of salt (Sc), Cl−, and Ca2+ at low frequencies (P-band of microwave observations) from the imaginary part model fitted well with the observed values, since root mean square errors (RMSEs) were 0.34 g kg−1, 0.09 g kg−1 and 0.13 g kg−1, respectively, but the inversion effect of Na+ was relatively poor. Moreover, the Sc, Cl−, and Na+ could be well inverted at high frequencies (C-band of microwave observations), since RMSEs were minor, with values of 0.25 g kg−1, 0.02 g kg−1, and 0.15 g kg−1, respectively. The close fit between the observed and inverted values indicated that the present models could be used to estimate soil ion content quickly and reliably under different saline conditions, which, when suitable measures are taken, can be used to reduce the effects of soil salinity on crop growth.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Dexmedetomidina demonstrou efeitos protetores contra a lesão pulmonar in vitro. Neste estudo, investigamos se o pré-condicionamento com dexmedetomidina protege contra a lesão pulmonar em ratos com choque hemorrágico. Métodos: Ratos machos, Sprague-Dawley, foram aleatoriamente divididos em quatro grupos (n = 8): grupo controle, grupo com choque hemorrágico, grupo com 5 µg.kg-1 de dexmedetomidina (DEX1) e grupo com 10 µg.kg-1 de dexmedetomidina (DEX2). Solução salina ou dexmedetomidina foi administrada durante 20 minutos. Trinta minutos após a injeção, a hemorragia foi iniciada nos grupos choque hemorrágico, DEX1 e DEX2. Quatro horas após a ressuscitação, a proteína e o conteúdo celular no lavado broncoalveolar e a histopatologia pulmonar foram medidos. Malondialdeído, superóxido dismutase, Bcl-2, Bax e caspase-3 também foram testados no tecido pulmonar. Resultados: Na comparação com o grupo choque hemorrágico, o pré-tratamento com 5 ug.kg-1 de dexmedetomidina reduziu a apoptose (2,25 ± 0,24 vs. 4,12 ± 0,42%, p < 0,05), escore histológico (1,06 ± 0,12 vs. 1,68 ± 0,15, p < 0,05) e proteína (1,92 ± 0,38 vs. 3,95 ± 0,42 mg.mL-1, p < 0,05) e leucócitos (0,42 ± 0,11 vs. 0,92 ± 0,13 × 109/L, p < 0,05) no lavado broncoalveolar; o que está correlacionado com o aumento da atividade da superóxido dismutase (8,35 ± 0,68 vs. 4,73 ± 0,44 U.mg-1 de proteína, p < 0,05) e diminuição do malondialdeído (2,18 ± 0,19 vs. 3,28 ± 0,27 nmoL.mg-1 de proteína, p < 0,05). O pré-condicionamento com dexmedetomidina também aumentou o nível de Bcl-2 (0,55 ± 0,04 vs. 0,34 ± 0,05, p < 0,05) e diminuiu o nível de Bax (0,46 ± 0,03 vs. 0,68 ± 0,04, p < 0,05), caspase-3 (0,49 ± 0,03 vs. 0,69 ± 0,04, p < 0,05). No entanto, não houve diferença entre os grupos DEX1 e DEX2 para essas proteínas (p > 0,05). Conclusão: O pré-condicionamento com dexmedetomidina tem um efeito protetor contra a lesão pulmonar causada por choque hemorrágico em ratos. Os potenciais mecanismos envolvidos são a inibição da morte celular e a melhora da antioxidação. Porém, não mostrou um efeito dose-dependente.

Abstract Background and objectives: Dexmedetomidine has demonstrated protective effects against lung injury in vitro. Here, we investigated whether dexmedetomidine preconditioning protected against lung injury in hemorrhagic shock rats. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8): control group, hemorrhagic shock group, 5 ug.kg-1 dexmedetomidine (DEX1) group, and 10 ug.kg-1 dexmedetomidine (DEX2) group. Saline or dexmedetomidine were administered over 20 min. 30 min after injection, hemorrhage was initiated in the hemorrhagic shock, DEX1 and DEX2 group. Four hours after resuscitation, protein and cellular content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the lung histopathology were measured. The malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 were also tested in the lung tissue. Results: Compare with hemorrhagic shock group, 5 ug.kg-1 dexmedetomidine pretreatment reduced the apoptosis (2.25 ± 0.24 vs. 4.12 ± 0.42%, p < 0.05), histological score (1.06 ± 0.12 vs. 1.68 ± 0.15, p < 0.05) and protein (1.92 ± 0.38 vs. 3.95 ± 0.42 mg.mL-1, p < 0.05) and WBC (0.42 ± 0.11 vs. 0.92 ± 0.13 × 109/L, p < 0.05) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Which is correlated with increased superoxide dismutase activity (8.35 ± 0.68 vs. 4.73 ± 0.44 U.mg-1 protein, p < 0.05) and decreased malondialdehyde (2.18 ± 0.19 vs. 3.28 ± 0.27 nmoL.mg-1 protein, p < 0.05). Dexmedetomidine preconditioning also increased the Bcl-2 level (0.55 ± 0.04 vs. 0.34 ± 0.05, p < 0.05) and decreased the level of Bax (0.46 ± 0.03 vs. 0.68 ± 0.04, p < 0.05), caspase-3 (0.49 ± 0.03 vs. 0.69 ± 0.04, p < 0.05). However, we did not observe any difference between the DEX1 and DEX2 groups for these (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine preconditioning has a protective effect against lung injury caused by hemorrhagic shock in rats. The potential mechanisms involved are the inhibition of cell death and improvement of antioxidation. But did not show a dose-dependent effect.

Both Shuang-Huang-Lian and Xue-Bi-Jing injections are clinically proven efficient and low cost medicines. However, the studies of their chromatographic separation are limited. In this study, a column based on ionic liquid stationary phase was applied for the first time for the analysis of these two injections. For Shuang-Huang-Lian injection, U-shaped plots of retention factors vs. mobile phase constitutions were obtained. This unique kind of separation behavior allowed a flexible adjustment of retention by tuning the mobile phase constituents. Then acids group was analyzed with hydrophilic chromatography mode, while glycosides group was analyzed with reversed phase chromatography mode. Similarly, constituents in Xue-Bi-Jing injection were analyzed with mixed mode high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Higher, medium and lower polarity groups were analyzed with hydrophilic interaction, reversed phase and normal phase liquid chromatography modes, respectively. Results from this work provided valuable information for the separation of complicated systems such as traditional Chinese medicine injections.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos Dexmedetomidina (DEX) demonstrou ter efeito pré-condicionante e também efeitos protetores contra lesão organizada. Neste estudo, com células A549 (células epiteliais alveolares humanas), investigamos se o pré-condicionamento com DEX proporcionaria proteção contra lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) in vitro. Métodos Células A549 foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em quatro grupos (n = 5): controle, DEX, lipopolissacarídeos (LPS) e D-LPS (DEX + LPS). Administramos solução de PBS (tampão fosfato-alcalino) ou DEX. Após 2 h de pré-condicionamento, o meio foi renovado e as células desafiadas com LPS por 24 h nos grupos LPS e D-LPS. Em seguida, malondialdeído (MDA), superóxido dismutase (SOD), Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 e em A549 foram testados. Apoptose também foi avaliada nas células. Resultados Em comparação com o grupo LPS, o pré-condicionamento com DEX reduziu a apoptose (26,43% ± 1,05% vs. 33,58% ± 1,16%, p < 0,05) em células A549, o que está correlacionado com a diminuição de MDA (12,84 ± 1,05 vs. 19,16 ± 1,89 nmol.mg-1 de proteína, p < 0,05) e aumento da atividade de SOD (30,28 ± 2,38 vs. 20,86 ± 2,19 U.mg-1 de proteína, p < 0,05). O pré-condicionamento com DEX também aumentou o nível de Bcl-2 (0,53 ± 0,03 vs. 0,32 ± 0,04, p < 0,05) e diminuiu o nível de Bax (0,49 ± 0,04 vs. 0,65 ± 0,04, p < 0,05), caspase-3 (0,54 ± 0,04 vs. 0,76 ± 0,04, p < 0,05) e citocromo c. Conclusão O pré-condicionamento com DEX tem efeito protetor contra LPA in vitro. Os potenciais mecanismos envolvidos são inibição da morte celular e melhoria da antioxidação.

Abstract Background and objectives Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has demonstrated the preconditioning effect and shown protective effects against organize injury. In this study, using A549 (human alveolar epithelial cell) cell lines, we investigated whether DEX preconditioning protected against acute lung injury (ALI) in vitro. Methods A549 were randomly divided into four groups (n = 5): control group, DEX group, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) group, and D-LPS (DEX + LPS) group. Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) or DEX were administered. After 2 h preconditioning, the medium was refreshed and the cells were challenged with LPS for 24 h on the LPS and D-LPS group. Then the malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3 and the cytochrome c in the A549 were tested. The apoptosis was also evaluated in the cells. Results Compare with LPS group, DEX preconditioning reduced the apoptosis (26.43% ± 1.05% vs. 33.58% ± 1.16%, p < 0.05) in the A549, which is correlated with decreased MDA (12.84 ± 1.05 vs. 19.16 ± 1.89 nmoL.mg-1 protein, p < 0.05) and increased SOD activity (30.28 ± 2.38 vs. 20.86 ± 2.19 U.mg-1 protein, p < 0.05). DEX preconditioning also increased the Bcl-2 level (0.53 ± 0.03 vs. 0.32 ± 0.04, p < 0.05) and decreased the level of Bax (0.49 ± 0.04 vs. 0.65 ± 0.04, p < 0.05), caspase-3 (0.54 ± 0.04 vs. 0.76 ± 0.04, p < 0.05) and cytochrome c. Conclusion DEX preconditioning has a protective effect against ALI in vitro. The potential mechanisms involved are the inhibition of cell death and improvement of antioxidation.