Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in patient under age 11 years with acute diarrhea syndrome and determine microbial resistance to the drugs of choice for treatment in Paraguay, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic sample of 1110 consecutive cases and a confidence level of 95%. The population studied were pediatric patients under age 11 years whose fecal samples were forwarded by institutions belonging to the enteric pathogens network to the Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública (public health central laboratory) from 2010 to 2012. Results: Of the 1110 fecal samples Campylobacter spp. were isolated in 176 cases, for a prevalence of 16%. Resistance to quinolones was found in 49% of these, resistance to tetracycline in 28%, and resistance to macrolides (erythromycin) in 1%. Conclusion: A significant prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was found to be the etiological agent for acute diarrhea syndrome and including cultures for this pathogen in analysis of fecal samples should be routine. The resistance found to the drugs of choice for treatment implies a need for better attention to the issue of indiscriminate use of antibiotics.

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de Campylobacter spp. en pacientes menores de 11 años con síndrome diarreico agudo e indagar la resistencia antimicrobiana con respecto a las drogas de elección para el tratamiento clínico con Ciprofloxacina, Eritromicina y Tetraciclina. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de corte transverso, muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos, cuya muestra tiene un tamaño de 1110 con un nivel de confianza de 95%. La población estudiada fue de pacientes pediátricos menores de 11 años cuyas muestras de heces fueron remitidas por las instituciones integrantes de la Red de Enteropatógenos al Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública en el periodo 2010-2012. Resultados: De 1110 muestras de heces estudiadas se aislaron Campylobacter spp. en 176 de ellas y corresponde al 16% de prevalencia. Se observó resistencia a las quinolonas en un 49 % de las muestras estudiadas, así como una resistencia a Tetraciclina del 28% y 1% de resistencia a los macrólidos (Eritromicina). Conclusión: Se observó una prevalencia importante de Campylobacter spp. como agente etiológico de síndrome diarreico agudo y es relevante la incorporación del aislamiento de este patógeno como agente etiológico rutinario en los análisis de coprocultivos realizados. La resistencia observada a las drogas de elección utilizadas como tratamiento nos obliga a tener en cuenta el control del uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos

We performed spoligotyping on 114 strains of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) complex that had been isolated from patients in Minas Gerais Health Units during 2004. A total of 82/114 (72%) clinical isolates were clustered and 32/114 (28%) were unique. Seven shared types containing nine strains were newly created. A total of nine patterns corresponded to unreported orphan strains, as evaluated against all of the strains recorded in the SITVIT2 proprietary database in the Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe. The major clades were composed of isolates that belong to the following genotypes: Latin-America and Mediterranean (63/114, 55.3%) (the ill-defined T superfamily) (12/114, 10.5%), Haarlem (8/114, 7%), X clade (6/114, 5.3%), S clade (3/114, 2.6%) and the East-African Indian and Manu types, each with 1/114 (0.9%) isolates. A considerable number of strains (n = 20, 17.5%) showed patterns that did not fall within any of the previously described major clades. We conclude the bulk of tuberculosis (TB) (92/114, 80.7%) in our location is recent evolutionary strains that belong to the principal genetic groups 2/3. Further studies on epidemiology of TB are required to understand Mtb biodiversity and TB transmission in this region.