ABSTRACT Background: Proximal humeral fractures can progress to osteonecrosis of the humeral head. Hertel developed a binary classification system (12 subtypes) and demonstrated that some patterns have more risk to develop osteonecrosis. Hertel described the prevalence and the risk factors for Humeral head osteonecrosis after osteosynthesis using a Deltopectoral approach. Few studies have evaluated the prevalence and the capacity of Hertel’s classification to predict Humeral Head osteonecrosis following osteosynthesis of proximal Humeral fractures through the anterolateral approach. The objectives of this study were to correlate osteonecrosis predictors established by the Hertel classification with the risk of developing osteonecrosis and its prevalence after osteosynthesis using the anterolateral approach. Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients who underwent osteosynthesis of proximal humerus fractures using an anterolateral approach. Patients were divided into two groups: high risk for necrosis (group 1) and low risk for necrosis (group 2) according to Hertel’s criteria. The overall prevalence of osteonecrosis and the prevalence in each group were calculated. A radiological examination was performed in the true anteroposterior (Grashey), scapular, and axillary views, before and after the operation (minimum 1 year after surgery). A KaplanMeier curve was used to assess the pattern of the temporal evolution of osteonecrosis. The groups were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. The unpaired t-test (parametric variables - age) and the MannWhitney test (non-parametric time between trauma and surgery) were used. Results: In total, 39 patients were evaluated. The postoperative follow-up time was 14.5 ± 3.3 months. The time to onset of necrosis was 14.1 ± 3.9 months. Sex, age, and time between trauma and surgery did not influence the risk of necrosis. Type 2, 9, 10, 11, and 12, or fractures with posteromedial head extension less than or equal to 8 mm, or diaphysis deviation greater than 2 mm, as well as grouping did not influence the risk for osteonecrosis. Conclusions: Hertel’s criteria were not able to predict the development of osteonecrosis after osteosynthesis of proximal humerus fractures performed through the anterolateral approach. The total prevalence of osteonecrosis was 17.9% with a tendency toward an increased incidence after 1 year of surgical treatment.

ABSTRACT Monteggia fracture-dislocations are rare injuries, affecting about 2-5% of the population. Jesse Jupiter subdivided Bado’s Type II fractures into four types, all of which presented an associated radial head fracture. Associated chondral and ligament injuries can evolve with postoperative complications. Objective: To evaluate the incidence of complications and risk factors that may influence the postoperative outcomes of Jupiter lesions. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted with surgically treated patients. The characteristics related to fractures and surgical approaches were evaluated and these variables were correlated with radiographic and functional postoperative complications. Results: A total of 15 patients were evaluated, mostly men and with a higher prevalence of Types IIA and IID. The most frequent complications were heterotopic ossification and osteolysis around the radial head prosthesis. Postoperative instability occurred only in the lateral collateral ligament. According to MEPS functional score, 53% of the patients evolved with unfavorable outcomes. Conclusion: The studied cases evolved with high rates of postoperative complications, mainly in Jupiter’s Type IID fractures and associated coronoid fractures. Level of Evidence III, Therapeutic Study.

RESUMO A fratura-luxação de Monteggia é uma lesão rara que acomete cerca de 2-5% da população. Jesse Jupiter subdividiu as fraturas tipo II de Bado em quatro tipos, todos eles associados à fratura da cabeça do rádio. As lesões condral e ligamentares associadas podem evoluir com complicações pós-operatórias. Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência das complicações e os fatores de risco que podem influenciar os resultados pós-operatórios nas fraturas de Monteggia tipo II de Jupiter. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo com pacientes tratados cirurgicamente. Avaliaram-se as características relacionadas às fraturas e as técnicas cirúrgicas utilizadas e, em seguida, tais variáveis foram correlacionadas com complicações pós-operatórias radiográficas e funcionais. Resultados: Foram avaliados 15 pacientes, havendo predomínio do sexo masculino e maior prevalência das fraturas tipo IIA e IID. As complicações mais frequentes foram a ossificação heterotópica e a osteólise ao redor da prótese da cabeça do rádio. A instabilidade pós-operatória ocorreu somente no complexo ligamentar lateral. Funcionalmente, segundo o Mayo Elbow Performance Score, 53% dos pacientes evoluíram com resultados desfavoráveis. Conclusão: Observou-se alta taxa de complicação pós-operatória, principalmente nas fraturas tipo II-D de Jupiter e naquelas com fratura do coronoide associada. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo Terapêutico.

RESUMO A mortalidade de pacientes após osteossíntese de fratura de úmero proximal (FUP) é pouco estudada em comparação com as fraturas do fêmur proximal. Objetivo: Avaliar a mortalidade de pacientes idosos com FUP submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico FUP entre 2009 e 2019. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, classificação de Neer e a mortalidade dessa coorte de pacientes. As variáveis não categóricas foram testadas pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Utilizou-se o teste t não pareado para variáveis paramétricas. As variáveis categóricas foram testadas pelo teste exato de Fisher. Construiu-se a curva de mortalidade pelo método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: Foram avaliados 59 pacientes, havendo predomínio do sexo feminino na faixa dos 60 anos. As fraturas mais prevalentes foram as do tipo III de Neer. A maior mortalidade ocorreu nos quatro primeiros anos pós-operatórios (4,1 + 3,2 anos). A única comorbidade capaz de mudar a curva de sobrevida foi o diabetes mellitus (p = 0,03). Conclusão: A mortalidade geral foi de 11,3%. A maior mortalidade ocorreu nos primeiros quatro anos de seguimento. Pacientes diabéticos evoluem com mortalidade mais precoce e possuem sete vezes mais chance de óbito. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo Retrospectivo.

ABSTRACT Mortality of patients after osteosynthesis of proximal humeral fractures (PHF) has been poorly studied in contrast to fractures of the proximal femur. Objective: To evaluate the mortality of older patients with PHF undergoing surgical treatment. Methods: Retrospective study of patients undergoing surgical treatment PHF between 2009-2019. Demographic data, Neer classification, and mortality of this cohort of patients were evaluated. Non-categorical variables were tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The unpaired t-test (parametric variables) was used. Categorical variables were tested by Fisher’s exact test. A Kaplan-Meier mortality curve was constructed. Results: 59 patients were evaluated. There was a predominance of females in the sixth decade of life. The most prevalent fractures were Neer’s type III. The highest mortality occurred in the first 4 years after surgery (4.1 + 3.2 years). The only comorbidity capable of changing the survival curve was DM (p = 0.03) Conclusion: Overall mortality was 11.3%. The highest mortality occurred in the first 4 years of follow-up. Diabetic patients evolve with earlier mortality and have 7 times more chance of death. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Study.

RESUMO A maior parcela dos estudos epidemiológicos não aborda exclusivamente as fraturas tratadas cirurgicamente, mas engloba as de tratamento conservador. No Brasil existem poucos estudos epidemiológicos que versam sobre a prevalência das fraturas submetidas ao tratamento cirúrgico. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência, os dados demográficos e as lesões associadas das fraturas da diáfise do úmero tratadas cirurgicamente. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo conduzido entre 2009 e 2019, com pacientes submetidos a osteossíntese de fratura diafisária do úmero. As variáveis categóricas foram testadas pelo teste qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, enquanto as não categóricas foram medidas pelo teste t não pareado. Adotou-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Foram avaliados 115 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 37,9 ± 15,6 anos, com uma predominância de pacientes do sexo masculino (66,9%) devido a acidentes automobilísticos. A fratura tipo 12 A3 foi a mais prevalente. A prevalência de fratura exposta foi de 11,3%. A lesão nervo radial ocorreu em 33%, principalmente em traumas de baixa energia. Conclusão: As fraturas diafisárias do úmero tratadas cirurgicamente foram mais prevalentes em homens jovens e relacionadas a traumas de alta energia, com padrão de traço transverso. Fraturas secundárias e traumas de baixa energia tiveram maior associação com lesão do nervo radial. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo Epidemiológico, Retrospectivo.

ABSTRACT Most epidemiological studies do not exclusively address fractures treated surgically but include those with conservative treatment. In Brazil, few epidemiological studies address fractures prevalence undergoing surgical treatment. Objective: To assess the prevalence, demographics, and associated injuries of surgically treated humeral shaft fractures. Methods: A retrospective study between 2009 and 2019 with patients undergoing osteosynthesis of humeral shaft fracture. Categorical variables were assessed using Fisher’s chi-square or exact test, and non-categorical variables were assessed using the unpaired t-test. A significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: A total of 115 patients were evaluated. Mean age was 37.9 ± 15.6 years, with a male predominance (66.9%) due to car accidents. The most prevalent fracture type was 12 A3. Open fracture prevalence was 11.3%. Radial nerve damage prevalence was 33% and low-energy trauma was twice as likely. Conclusion: Surgically treated humeral shaft fractures were more prevalent in men, young, and related to high-energy trauma, with a transverse line pattern. Fractures secondary to low-energy trauma had a greater association with radial nerve injury. Level of Evidence III, Epidemiological, Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the outcomes in patients treated for humerus distal third fractures with MIPO technique and visualization of the radial nerve by an accessory approach, in those without radial palsy before surgery. METHODS: The patients were treated with MIPO technique. The visualization and isolation of the radial nerve was done by an approach between the brachialis and the brachiorradialis, with an oblique incision, in the lateral side of the arm. MEPS was used to evaluate the elbow function. RESULTS: Seven patients were evaluated with a mean age of 29.8 years old. The average follow up was 29.85 months. The radial neuropraxis after surgery occurred in three patients. The sensorial recovery occurred after 3.16 months on average and also of the motor function, after 5.33 months on average, in all patients. We achieved fracture consolidation in all patients (M=4.22 months). The averages for flexion-extension and prono-supination were 112.85° and 145°, respectively. The MEPS average score was 86.42. There was no case of infection. CONCLUSION: This approach allowed excluding a radial nerve interposition on site of the fracture and/or under the plate, showing a high level of consolidation of the fracture and a good evolution of the range of movement of the elbow. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series