ABSTRACT: Inclusion of rural youth is of great importance to facilitate nutritional security and make the food chain more sustainable. A positive attitude is necessary for active participation in agricultural activities. This case study was an attempt to check the attitude of rural youth regarding sustainable farming and its contributing factors. The study was carried out in the Punjab province of Pakistan and a transverse research design was used for this quantitative study. An interview schedule was used for getting the face-to-face response of rural youth. To make the unknown population of rural youth in Punjab, the Fisher formula was used and a sample of 413 was selected from purposely selected three districts of Punjab. After recording data, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. Descriptive Statistics was used to explain the response of rural youth for the decision on the base of data. Only 53 young farmers said that they have never been part of the formal education system and maximum number of farmers was close to 24 years of age or more than that. Rural youth of Punjab is lacking in non-formal education for acquiring or maintaining their skills & interests. Unemployment and having limited farm income are the biggest challenges that rural youth is facing. Rural youth show a strong inclination towards opting for sustainable farming alongside the availability of a supportive network. Regarding to learning capacities rural youth is lacking related to knowledge, communication means, novel approaches and in promoting sustainable farming initiatives. To achieve the goal of sustainability in changing environment, rural youth must have access to continuous training, communication sources, membership, or association with organizations with novel ideas covering all the changes happening in the farming business. ABSTRACT activities factors facetoface face 41 data SPSS (SPSS 5 2 nonformal non interests facing network knowledge means initiatives environment training sources membership business 4

RESUMO: Para facilitar a segurança nutricional e tornar a cadeia alimentar mais sustentável, a inclusão da juventude rural é de grande importância. Uma atitude positiva é necessária para a participação ativa nas atividades agrícolas. Este estudo de caso foi uma tentativa de verificar a atitude da juventude rural em relação à agricultura sustentável e seus fatores contribuintes. O trabalho foi realizado na província de Punjab, no Paquistão, e um projeto de pesquisa transversal foi usado para este estudo quantitativo. Um roteiro de entrevista foi usado para obter a resposta face a face da juventude rural. Para determinar a população desconhecida de jovens rurais em Punjab, a fórmula de Fisher foi usada e uma amostra de 413 foi selecionada de três distritos selecionados de Punjab. Após o registro dos dados, foi utilizado o Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) para análise dos dados. A Estatística Descritiva foi utilizada para explicar a resposta dos jovens rurais para a decisão sobre a base de dados. Apenas 53 jovens agricultores disseram que nunca fizeram parte do sistema de educação formal e o número máximo de agricultores foi próximo aos 24 anos de idade ou mais. A juventude rural de Punjab carece de educação não formal para adquirir ou manter suas habilidades e interesses. Atualmente, o desemprego e a renda agrícola limitada são os maiores desafios que a juventude rural enfrenta. A juventude rural mostra uma forte inclinação para optar pela agricultura sustentável, juntamente com a disponibilidade de uma rede de apoio. No que diz respeito às capacidades de aprendizagem, a juventude rural carece de conhecimentos relacionados, meios de comunicação, novas abordagens e, até certo ponto, participação em organizações que promovem iniciativas de agricultura sustentável. Para alcançar a meta de sustentabilidade no ambiente em mudança, a juventude rural deve ter acesso a treinamento contínuo, fontes de comunicação, associação ou associação com organizações com ideias inovadoras que cubram todas as mudanças que ocorrem no negócio agrícola. RESUMO importância agrícolas contribuintes Paquistão quantitativo 41 dados SPSS (SPSS 5 2 interesses Atualmente enfrenta apoio aprendizagem relacionados comunicação ponto mudança contínuo 4

ABSTRACT: This study assessed the adoption level of essential oil extraction practices among lemon growers in the Pothwar region of Punjab, Pakistan. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 138 smallholders using the interview method by trained remunerators. Descriptive statistics and econometrics; logit and Poisson regression were employed for data analysis. Results of farmers’ perceptions of adopting new practices indicated that 10.1% of the farmers are not adopting any one, 22.5% are adopting any three, and 26.8% are adopting all four practices. Moreover, farmers’ age, farming experience, land holding, skill, training participation, and receptivity proved to be statistically significant determinants in improving the likelihood of adopting all four practices under the logit and Poisson models, respectively. Hence, it is recommended that the provision of an effective package in the form of literature concerning essential oil extraction practices to the doorsteps of smallholders during demonstration sessions, along with adequate professional training, could help in improving farmers’ perceptions toward adoption and strengthening the essential oil sector. ABSTRACT Punjab Pakistan wellstructured well structured 13 remunerators econometrics analysis 101 10 1 10.1 one 225 22 5 22.5 three 268 26 8 26.8 Moreover age experience holding skill participation models respectively Hence sessions sector 10. 2 22. 26.

RESUMO: Este estudo contemporâneo foi conduzido para avaliar o nível de adoção de práticas de extração de óleo essencial entre os produtores de limão na região de Pothwar, em Punjab, Paquistão. Um questionário bem estruturado foi utilizado para coletar dados de 138 pequenos agricultores utilizando o método de entrevista por remuneradores treinados. Estatística descritiva e econometria; logit e regressão de Poisson foram empregados para análise dos dados. Os resultados das percepções dos agricultores sobre a adoção de novas práticas indicaram que 10,1% dos agricultores não adotam nenhuma, 22,5% adotam quaisquer três e 26,8% adoptam as quatro práticas. Além disso, a idade dos agricultores, a experiência agrícola, a propriedade da terra, as competências, a participação na formação e a receptividade provaram ser determinantes estatisticamente significativos na melhoria da probabilidade de adoção de todas as quatro práticas no âmbito dos modelos logit e Poisson, respectivamente. Assim, recomenda-se que o fornecimento de um pacote eficaz sob a forma de literatura relativa às práticas de extracção de óleos essenciais às portas dos pequenos agricultores durante as sessões de demonstração, juntamente com formação profissional adequada, poderia ajudar a melhorar as percepções dos agricultores relativamente à adoção e ao reforço dos princípios essenciais. RESUMO Pothwar Punjab Paquistão 13 treinados econometria 101 10 1 10,1 nenhuma 225 22 5 22,5 268 26 8 26,8 disso agrícola terra competências respectivamente Assim recomendase recomenda se demonstração adequada 10, 2 22, 26,

RESUMO: Os citros são as principais frutas exportadas do Paquistão, especialmente, a cultivar Kinnow é famosa em todo o mundo por causa de seu aroma e sabor. A produção geral de citros é relatada como a metade do potencial devido a não adoção de práticas baseadas em pesquisas e a falta de serviços de extensão agrícola e treinamento dos citricultores. Nos últimos anos o departamento de extensão agrícola iniciou programas de treinamento chamados Farmer Field Schools (FFS) para citricultores na maior zona de cultivo de citros da província de Punjab, no distrito de Sargodha. Esta pesquisa é conduzida no distrito de Sargodha para avaliar o conhecimento e as habilidades adquiridas pelos agricultores da FFS. O cronograma de entrevistas foi elaborado para fins de coleta de dados. Os dados foram coletados de 120 agricultores aleatoriamente de 15 FFS na área de estudo. Todos os entrevistados eram participantes da FFS. Os dados foram analisados por meio do programa estatístico “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS”). Os resultados do estudo mostraram que 40% dos agricultores aprenderam informações importantes sobre citros, um terço dos entrevistados aprenderam sobre o manejo de novas plantas / pomares, 28% dos entrevistados aprenderam sobre o cultivo de frutas e um quarto dos entrevistados adquiriu os conhecimentos e habilidades sobre layout e manejo de pomares de citros. Essas descobertas concluem que o curso de treinamento tem uma influência positiva nas habilidades de gestão das propriedades; portanto, suporta a necessidade de sua persistência e melhorias adicionais pelas autoridades para alavancar ainda a produtividade essa atividade no futuro.

ABSTRACT: Citrus is one of the major exported fruits of Pakistan. Especially Kinnow cultivar is famous across the globe because of its aroma and taste. The overall production of citrus is reported as half of the potential because of the non-adoption of research-based practices and lack of agricultural extension services and training of the citrus growers. In the last few years, the department of agricultural extension has started training programs called Farmer Field Schools (FFS) for citrus growers in the major citrus growing zone of the Punjab province, i.e., Sargodha region. This research was conducted in the Sargodha district to evaluate the knowledge and skills gained by the farmers from the FFS. The interview schedule was designed for the purpose of data collection. The data was collected from 120 farmers randomly selected from 15 FFS in the study area. All the respondents were participants of the FFS. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The Results of the study showed that 40% of the farmers learned about citrus verities, one-third of respondents learned about the management of new plants/orchards, 28% of the respondents got knowledge about the cultivation of fruits, and one-fourth of respondents acquired knowledge and skills about layout and management of citrus orchards. These findings conclude that training course has a positive influence on farmers’ farm management skills; hence emphasize on its persistence and further improvement by the concerned authorities.

ABSTRACT Lanthanide-doped gadolinium nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention due to their promising applications in biological imaging. Sodium gadolinium fluoride (β-NaGdF4) nanomaterials act as perfect host for doping of luminescent lanthanide ions. Due to heavy nature of gadolinium, it can strongly absorb X-ray radiations. Therefore, Gd-based nanomaterials are applied as contrast agents for X-ray tomography (CT). Presence of seven unpaired electrons in Gd+3 ion, its large magnetic moment and long electronic relaxation time makes it an ideal candidate to enhance water proton relaxation rates. These characteristics make Gd-based nanomaterial useful for their potential application as MRI contrast agents. In this work, sodium gadolinium fluoride is doped with ytterbium and erbium to produce β-NaGdF4:Yb/Er as core nanocrystals. They are subsequently coated with sodium gadolinium fluoride doped with neodymium (β-NaGdF4:Nd) to produce β-NaGdF4:Yb/Er@β-NaGdF4:Nd core-shell nanocrystals. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results indicated that β-NaGdF4 (host), β-NaGdF4:Yb/Er (core) and β-NaGdF4:Yb/Er@β-NaGdF4:Nd (core-shell) nanocrystals all exist in hexagonal crystalline phase. While Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) results indicated that the particle size of the synthesized nanocrystals was in range of 12 to 27 nm. FTIR results confirmed that the synthesized nanocrystals were stabilized by oleic acid. Nanocrystals reported in this work are expected to be useful trimodal contrast agents for photoluminescence, X-ray tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

ABSTRACT Salinity is a serious problem that limits crop growth and yield. The present study used plotting to evaluate 25 tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) accessions for various morpho-physiological parameters at the seedling stage and identify significantly salt-tolerant tomato lines at three different salinity levels. The pot experiment had a completely randomized design with three replicates in a factorial arrangement under greenhouse conditions. Tomato plants were exposed to 0 (control), 8, and 12 dS m-1 as NaCl stress at the seedling stage. The morpho-physiological traits, such as root and shoot length, root/shoot ratio, number of leaves, fresh and dry shoot weight, fresh and dry root weight, leaf area, Na+ and K+ concentrations, K+/Na+ ratio, and tolerance index, were recorded to examine salt tolerance. According to principal component analysis (PCA), there were six principal components (PCs) with Eigen values > 1 and 77.2% of total cumulative variability. The PC1 (24.3%) revealed the highest variability followed by PC2 (16.2%). Meanwhile, the PCA biplot and cluster heat map analyses indicated that Subarctic, Raad-Red, Naqeeb, Pakit, Tommy-Toe, and BL-1076 were salt-tolerant, whereas PBLA-1401, PB-017902, CLN-2413, BL-1078, BL-1174, and BL-1079 were the most susceptible accessions based on their performance under stress.

Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.), a popular and economically profitable bulbous cut flower, has high demand in both Pakistan domestic and international markets on account of its attractive spikes, florets of huge forms, dazzling colors, varying sizes, and long vase life. However, its quality production is badly affected by non-uniform sprouting, poor crop stand, and old cultivars. To overcome these problems, an experiment was conducted to elucidate the effect of humic acid (HA) applied along with NPK (17:17:17) and five exotic cultivars of gladiolus, ’Eminence’, ’Cantate’, ’Essential’, ’Corveira’ and ’Fado’, on uniform crop stand, growth, flowering, and quality of cut gladiolus. Among HA treatments, three applications of HA and NPK, applied at planting, 3-leaf, and 6-leaf stages of plant development, followed by two applications of HA and NPK, applied at planting and 3-leaf stage, proved best for early and uniform sprouting, more foliage growth per plant, greater leaf area, and total leaf chlorophyll contents, earlier spike emergence, greater number of florets per spike, longer stems and spikes, and greater diameter of a spike, higher flower quality, longer vase life, higher number of cormels per clump, and greater cormel diameter and weight. Plants grown without HA and NPK application (control) or application of NPK alone, applied at planting, had poor growth, reduced yield, and inferior quality. Among cultivars, ’Fado’ performed best for commercial cultivation, considering the applications of HA.