Previous studies on Passiflora edulis (sour passion fruit) rinds reported some biological activities and there is a growing interest on rinds flour as a possible functional food, but its alkaloid composition was not detailed investigated. This work reports on for the first time in the literature the identification of norharman in P. edulis rinds, by using stir bar sorptive extraction combined with ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry [SBSE(EG-Silicone)-UFLC-MS/MS)]. This β-carboline alkaloid is suspected to be neurotoxic. Therefore, another purpose of this study was to develop methods of targeted quantification of norharman in P. edulis rinds extracts using polydimethylsiloxane as stationary phase (SBSE(PDMS)) and a copolymer of polydimethylsiloxane and polyethylene glycol as stationary phase (SBSE(EG-Silicone)) combined with high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-Flu) and ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS). Norharman extraction by SBSE(PDMS) and SBSE(EG-Silicone) was optimized and compared, and the analytical performance of SBSE(EG-Silicone) method was superior to that of SBSE(PDMS). The analysis of a sample of dried P. edulis rind indicated (332.16 ± 8.43) pg g-1 of norharman.

Lambda-cyhalothrin is a widely employed pyrethroid insecticide and is potentially toxic to the environment and to human health. Several reports indicate the presence of this insecticide in water samples worldwide, but more data about its behavior in waters and its derivative products are required. This study shows the behavior of the pesticide lambda-cyhalothrin in aqueous solution at different pH and temperature that were simulated by using water contaminated with a toxic concentration of lambda-cyhalothrin and chemical oxidative process. Lambda-cyhalothrin and its derivative products were monitored employing stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), using liquid and thermal desorption, combined with gas chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-IT-MS) technology. GC-IT-MS enabled the proposal of the lambda-cyhalothrin chemical transformation pathway and the full identification of twelve derivative products. Among them, only 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde is reported as a degradation product of lambda-cyhalothrin, and this compound is an environmental pollutant with endocrine disrupting activity.

Samples of pulp and seeds of sour (P. edulis) and sweet (P. alata) passionfruit were subjected to targeted analysis to identify β-carboline alkaloids, using combined UHPLC-MS (ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) and SBSE(PDMS) (stir bar sorption extraction using polydimethylsiloxane as stationary phase) for sample preconcentration. All the samples contained harmane and harmine; harmaline was found only in P. alata seeds and in P. edulis pulp, while harmalol was found only in P. alata seeds. An analysis of sweet passionfruit by SBSE(PDMS) combined with LC/Flu (liquid chromatography/fluorescence detection) indicated 1.03 × 10-1 ± 3.05 × 10-3 µg harmane L-1 pulp and 7.44 × 10-5 ± 2.55 × 10-6 µg harmane g-1 seeds, but harmine was not detectable by the quantitative method. Our findings underscore the need for further studies about passionfruit food safety, in view of the potential toxicity of β-carboline alkaloids.

The pyrethroids, their metabolites and by-products have been recognized as toxic to environment and human health. Despite several studies about esfenvalerate toxicity and its detection in water and sediments, information about its degradation products is still scanty. In this work, esfenvalerate degradation products were obtained by chemical oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and their structure was elucidated using a procedure known as stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) probe desorption gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-IT-MS) analysis. This procedure consists of the thermal desorption of analytes extracted from a SBSE stir bar introduced by a probe into a gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to an ion trap mass spectrometry (IT-MS) system. Based on IT-MS data, a degradation pathway of esfenvalerate is proposed with ten products of chemical oxidation of esfenvalerate that are fully identified. Among these compounds, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde were detected, reported as being environmental metabolites of some pyrethroids, with endocrine-disrupting activity.

This paper reports on the identification of volatile and semi-volatile compounds and a comparison of the chromatographic profiles obtained by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction/Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry detection (HS-SPME-GC-MS) of dried leaves of Mikania glomerata Sprengel (Asteraceae), also known as 'guaco.' Three different types of commercial SPME fibers were tested: polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) and polyacrylate (PA). Fifty-nine compounds were fully identified by HS-SPME-HRGC-MS, including coumarin, a marker for the quality control of guaco-based phytomedicines; most of the other identified compounds were mono- and sesquiterpenes. PA fibers performed better in the analysis of coumarin, while PDMS-DVB proved to be the best choice for a general and non-selective analysis of volatile and semi-volatile guaco-based compounds. The SPME method is faster and requires a smaller sample than conventional hydrodistillation of essential oils, providing a general overview of the volatile and semi-volatile compounds of M. glomerata.

Este trabalho descreve um método para quantificação dos alcaloides harmana e harmina na polpa e nas sementes dos frutos de maracujá azedo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa O. Degener, Passifloraceae), por extração dual por sorção com barra magnética e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por fluorescência (SBSE-LC/Flu dual). Os parâmetros para SBSE foram otimizados usando planejamento fatorial e o método dual SBSE-LC/Flu foi validado seguindo os parâmetros do International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). A grande sensibilidade e o pequeno manuseio da amostra tornam o método SBSE-LC/Flu dual atraente para aplicação em análise fitoquímica ou de alimentos.

A method for the quantification of the alkaloids harmane and harmine in sour passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa O. Degener, Passifloraceae) pulp and seeds by stir-bar sorptive extraction and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (dual SBSE-LC/Flu) is described. The SBSE parameters were optimized using a fractional factorial design, and the dual SBSE-LC/Flu method was validated following the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines. The high sensitivity and minimal sample handling of the dual SBSE-LC/Flu method make it attractive for application in phytochemical analysis or in the food industry.

A simple procedure based on stir bar sorptive extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/photodiode array detection (SBSE/LC-UV/PAD) to determine intermediates and by-products of esfenvalerate is described. The influence of organic modifier, ionic strength, extraction time, temperature and pH were simultaneously evaluated by using a factorial experimental design. The utilization of different organic solvents and desorption times were also investigated to establish the optimal conditions for SBSE liquid desorption. Among the ten different peaks (intermediates and by-products) detected after degradation of esfenvalerate, eight (including 3-phenoxybenzoic acid and 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde) were successfully extracted by SBSE under the optimized conditions.

The content of isoorientin in passion fruit rinds (Passiflora edulis fo. flavicarpa O. Degener) was determined by HPTLC (high performance thin layer chromatography) with densitometric analysis. The results revealed a higher amount of isoorientin in healthy rinds of P. edulis (92.275 ± 0.610 mg L-1) than in rinds with typical symptoms of PWV (Passion fruit Woodiness Virus) infection (28.931 ± 0.346 mg L-1). The HPTLC data, allied to assays of radical scavenging activity, suggest the potential of P. edulis rinds as a natural source of flavonoids or as a possible functional food.

Este artigo é uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as espécies brasileiras de Passiflora (Passiflora edulis fo. flavicarpa O. Deg., P. alata Curtis e P. edulis fo. edulis). A maioria dos artigos da literatura focaliza somente as folhas de Passiflora, enquanto que esta revisão contém informações sobre a polpa, cascas e sementes dos frutos do maracujá, com destaque para a composição química, estudos nutricionais e farmacológicos. O enfoque nos frutos do maracujá fundamenta-se no amplo consumo do suco de maracujá (fresco ou industrializado) no Brasil e também nas investigações em andamento para avaliar o seu potencial uso como alimento funcional.

This paper consists of a bibliographic review of the most relevant edible Brazilian Passiflora species (Passiflora edulis fo. flavicarpa O. Deg., P. alata Curtis and P. edulis fo. edulis). Most of the reports in the literature focus solely on Passiflora leaves, whereas this review contains information about passion fruit pulp, rind and seeds, highlightening chemical composition, nutritional and pharmacological studies. The emphasis on the "maracujá" fruit is due to the extensive consumption of passion fruit juice (fresh or processed) in Brazil and on ongoing investigations into its potential as a functional food.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do solo (pH, macro e micronutrientes), fatores ambientais (temperatura, umidade, época do ano e período da coleta) e condições meteorológicas (chuva, sol, nublado, nublado com chuva) no teor de flavonoides das folhas de Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae), através do tratamento quimiométrico dos dados por PCA (análise de componentes principais) e HCA (análise hierárquica de agrupamentos). Os flavonoides totais foram quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência-detecção por ultravioleta (CLAE-UV/DAD). As análises por PCA e HCA mostraram que as amostras de Passiflora não apresentam uma classificação específica em relação às variáveis estudadas e que as variáveis do meio ambiente não são relevantes para descrever o modelo estudado, porém os elementos do solo Fe, B e Cu demonstraram correlação inversa à concentração dos flavonoides totais.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of soil characteristics (pH, macro- and micro-nutrients), environmental factors (temperature, humidity, period of the year and time of day of collection) and meteorological conditions (rain, sun, cloud and cloud/rain) on the flavonoid content of leaves of Passiflora incarnata L., Passifloraceae. The total flavonoid contents of leaf samples harvested from plants cultivated or collected under different conditions were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV/PAD). Chemometric treatment of the data by principal component (PCA) and hierarchic cluster analyses (HCA) showed that the samples did not present a specific classification in relation to the environmental and soil variables studied, and that the environmental variables were not significant in describing the data set. However, the levels of the elements Fe, B and Cu present in the soil showed an inverse correlation with the total flavonoid contents of the leaves of P. incarnata.

Este trabalho apresenta uma modificação dos procedimentos descritos nas Farmacopéias Francesa e Européia para a análise de flavonoides de Passiflora incarnata L., Passifloraceae, por espectrometria UV-Visível e propõe a sua aplicação na determinação dos flavonoides totais das folhas da espinheira-santa (Maytenus aquifolium Mart. e Maytenus ilicifolia (Schrad.) Planch., Celastraceae) e do maracujá (Passiflora edulis Sims. e Passiflora alata Curtis, Passifloraceae). Os resultados obtidos por espectrometria no UV-Visível foram comparados aos obtidos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE-UV), encontrando-se resultados estatisticamente similares entre os métodos espectrométrico modificado da Farmacopéia Francesa e CLAE-UV.

This paper reports on a modification of the spectrometric procedures originally described in the French and European Pharmacopoeia for the analysis of Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) flavonoids, proposing its application in the determination of total flavonoids from "espinheira-santa" (Maytenus aquifolium Mart. and Maytenus ilicifolia (Schrad.) Planch., Celastraceae) and "maracujá" leaves (Passiflora edulis Sims and Passiflora alata Curtis, Passifloraceae). A comparison was made of the results obtained by the spectrometric procedure with those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV), which demonstrated complete compatibility between the modified French Pharmacopoeia (spectrometric) and HPLC-UV methods.

Este trabalho apresenta a identificação "on line" de flavonas minoritárias do suco da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum), por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector UV acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CL/UV/EM) com ionização química à pressão atmosférica, dissociação induzida por colisão (IQPA-DIC-EM/EM) e derivatização pós-coluna utilizando reagentes de deslocamento de UV. As análises CLAE-UV com reagentes de deslocamento forneceram informações sobre a posição da substituição no esqueleto dos flavonóides e, em combinação com dados de EM, estas técnicas permitiram a identificação "on-line" de cinco flavonas da garapa: luteolina-8-C-glucosil-7-O-glucuronídeo; tricina-7-O-neoesperosideo-4'-O-ramnosídeo; tricina-7-O-metilglucuronato-4'-O-ramnosídeo; tricina-7-O-metilglucuronídeo; swertisina; e outras quatro substâncias foram parcialmente identificadas como flavonas glicosiladas. Somente a swertisina (7-O-metilapigenina-6-C-glicosídeo) foi anteriormente descrita no bagaço da cana-de-açúcar.

This work describes the on-line characterization of minor flavones from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) juice by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array UV detection and mass spectrometry (LC/UV/MS) using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-collision-induced dissociation (APCI-CID-MS/MS) and post-column derivatization using UV shift reagents. HPLC-UV analysis with shift reagents provided information about the substitution pattern in the flavonoid skeleton and, combined with MS data, these techniques allowed for the on-line identification of five "garapa" flavones: luteolin-8-C-glucosyl-7-O-glucuronide; tricin-7-O-neohesperoside-4'-O-rhamnoside; tricin-7-O-methylglucuronate-4'-O-rhamnoside; tricin-7-O-methylglucuronide; swertisin, while four other compounds were partially identified as glycosylflavones. Only swertisin (7-O-methylapigenin-6-C-glucoside) was reported previously in sugarcane molasses.

Os flavonóides presentes nos extratos de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum) foram analisados por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas (LC-MS), e o estudo da rota de fragmentação dos flavonóides selecionados foi realizado utilizando a espectrometria de massas com aceleração ortogonal por tempo de vôo e ionização eletrospray (ESI-oa-ToF MS). Sete flavonas C- e O-glicosiladas foram identificadas nos extratos: schaftosídeo, isoschaftosídeo, luteolina-8-C-(ramnosilglicosídeo), vitexina, orientina, tricina-7-O-neohesperidosídeo e tricina-7-O-glicosídeo. Destas, cinco foram identificadas sem comparação direta com seus respectivos padrões. O método descrito também permitiu a diferenciação das 6-C e 8-C flavonas isoméricas, schaftosídeo e isoschaftosídeo. A combinação dos dados de fragmentação e a medida de massa exata mostraram ser complementares às técnicas de HPLC-UV-MS previamente utilizadas para discriminação de isômeros nos estudos da cana-de-açúcar.

The flavonoids present in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and a study of the fragmentation patterns of selected flavonoids was conducted using orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-oa-ToF MS). Seven C- and O-glycosylflavones were identified in the extracts, namely, schaftoside, isoschaftoside, luteolin-8-C-(rhamnosylglucoside), vitexin, orientin, tricin-7-O-neohesperidoside and tricin-7-O-glucoside. Of these, five were identified in the absence of direct comparison with their respective standards. The described method also permitted the differentiation of the 6-C and 8-C isomeric flavones, schaftoside and isoschaftoside. The combination of fragmentation data and exact mass measurement showed to be complimentary to the HPLC-UV-MS techniques previously utilized for isomers discrimination in sugarcane studies.

A atividade antioxidante do suco de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.) frente ao reagente DPPH foi avaliada (EC50) e as principais substâncias com atividade seqüestradora de radicais livres do suco e extratos de folhas foram identificadas por CLAE-UV/DAD combinada com CLAE-microfracionamento monitorado por CCD, usando β-caroteno e DPPH como reagentes de detecção. As substâncias mais importantes com atividade seqüestradora de radicais livres foram: nas folhas, luteolina-8-C-(ramnosilglucosídeo) (1); no suco, as flavonas diosmetina-8-C-glucosídeo (2), vitexina (3), schaftosídeo (9), isoschaftosídeo (10) e 4',5'-dimetil-luteolina-8-C-glucosídeo (11). O conteúdo de flavonóides totais do suco (0,241 ± 0,001 mg flavonóides totais/mL suco), comparável ao de outras fontes de flavonóides, sugere o potencial da cana-de-açúcar como fonte alimentícia de antioxidantes naturais. Porém, a baixa capacidade antioxidante da garapa (EC50 = 100,2 ± 2,6 g L-1) indica a necessidade de estudos sobre o consumo na dieta e seus efeitos na saúde humana.

The antioxidant activity of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) juice towards DPPH reagent was determined (EC50) and the main compounds with radical scavenging activity in juice and leaves extracts were identified by HPLC-UV/PAD analysis combined with HPLC microfractionation monitored by TLC using β-carotene and DPPH as the detection reagents. In sugarcane leaves, luteolin-8-C-(rhamnosylglucoside) (1) was the most important compound with radical scavenging activity; in sugarcane juice, the flavones diosmetin-8-C-glucoside (2), vitexin (3) schaftoside (9), isoschaftoside (10) and 4',5'-dimethyl-luteolin-8-C-glucoside (11) were the most relevant compounds. The content of juice flavonoids (0.241 ± 0.001 mg total flavonoids/mL juice), comparable to other food sources of flavonoids, suggest the potential of sugarcane as a dietary source of natural antioxidants. However, the low antioxidant ability of sugarcane juice (EC50 = 100.2 ± 2.6 g L-1) also points to the need for further studies about the dietary intake of sugarcane flavonoids and its effects on human health.

Este trabalho apresenta a primeira investigação sobre a estrutura química dos flavonóis presentes em cascas das três variedades de maçãs mais cultivadas no Brasil: Gala, Golden e Fuji. As análises foram feitas por CL/UV/EM (cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector UV com arranjo de diodos acoplada à espectrometria de massas), usando adição pós-coluna de reagentes de deslocamento de UV e também espectrometria de massas de múltiplos estágios (EMn) com ionização "electrospray" no modo negativo. A identificação "on-line" com base nos dados de CL/UV/EM demonstrou a presença de rutina, hiperosídeo, isoquercitrina, quercitrina e outros três derivados de quercetina-3-O-pentosídeo. As análises por CL/UV/EM também demonstraram que as três variedades de maçã têm perfis cromatográficos semelhantes.

This work describes the first detailed investigation into the chemical structures of flavonols present in the three apple varieties most commonly cultivated in Brazil: Gala, Golden and Fuji. The analyses were carried out by LC/UV/MS (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array UV detection and mass spectrometry), using post-column addition of UV shift reagents, as well as multiple stage mass spectrometry (MSn) with electrospray ionization in the negative ion mode. Rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, quercetin and three other quercetin-3-pentoside derivatives were identified through the characterization of on-line-based LC/UV/MS data. LC/UV/MS analysis also revealed that the three apple cultivars have similar chromatographic profiles.