RESUMO. O objetivo do estudo foi esclarecer a relação entre a idade da folha/planta e susceptibilidade à infecção de Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Foram conduzidos dois estudos em cada de vegetação durante a safra 2009/2010 utilizando a cultivar BRS 232. O delineamento experimental do Estudo 1 foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 (Estágio fenológico x idade do 4th, 5th e 6th trifólio no momento da inoculação), e Estudo 2, delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (T) e quatro repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram severidade da doença, numero de lesões, urédias por lesão e esporos viáveis. No Estudo 1 foi observado que severidade da doença foi menor quando as plantas estavam no estágio de crescimento V6 (11,4 %), comparado com estágio reprodutivo R4 (16,9%). A regressão para severidade da doença e idade da folha no momento de inoculação mostrou que trifólios mais velhos em plantas no estágio reprodutivo exibiram maior severidade. Contudo, no estudo 2, para trifólios com a mesma idade em plantas de diferentes idades, os trifólios de plantas jovens foram mais susceptíveis à doença. Conclui-se que a suscetibilidade de plantas a ferrugem asiática foi diretamente proporcional à idade do trifólio em uma dada planta e o estágio fenológico no momento de inoculação.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between soybean leaf/plant age and the susceptibility to infection by Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Two studies were conducted in the greenhouse during the 2009/2010 season using the BRS 232 cultivar. The experimental design for Study 1 was fully randomized in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (phenological stage x age of the 4th, 5th and 6th trifoliate at the time of inoculation), and in Study 2, the experimental design was fully randomized with five treatments (T) and four replicates. The variables assessed were disease severity, number of lesions, uredinia per lesion, and viable spores. In Study 1, it was observed that disease severity was lower when the plant was in the growth stage V6 (11.4%), compared to the reproductive stage R4 (16.9%). The regression for disease severity and leaf age at the time of inoculation showed that older trifoliates on the plants in the reproductive stage exhibited higher severity. However, in Study 2, for trifoliates of the same age on plants of different ages, the trifoliates of younger plants were more susceptible to the disease. It was concluded that soybean plant susceptibility to soybean rust was directly proportional to the age of the trifoliate on a given plant and the phenological stage of the plant at the time of inoculation.

Durante as safras 2008/09, 2009/10 e 2010/11 foi monitorada a sensibilidade do fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi aos fungicidas tebuconazol, ciproconazol, metconazol e protioconazol (inibidores da desmetilação, IDMs). Folhas destacadas de soja foram tratadas com os fungicidas em doses variando de zero a 32 mg L-1 (tebuconazol, ciproconazol e metconazol) e zero a 8 mg L-1 (protioconazol) e inoculadas com esporos de P. pachyrhizi provenientes de lavouras de soja de diferentes regiões produtoras. As folhas inoculadas foram incubadas em placas de Petri com papel umedecido, a 23°C ± 2ºC, e a severidade da ferrugem estimada 15 dias após a inoculação. Foram determinadas as doses efetivas para reduzir 50% da severidade da doença (DE50). O fungicida protioconazol apresentou a maior atividade intrínseca, com valores de DE50 variando de 0,000001 mg L-1 a 0,39 mg L-1. Os valores de DE50variaram de 0,001 mg L-1 a 1,49 mg L-1 para tebuconazol; 0,001 mg L-1 a 3,27 mg L-1 para ciproconazol e 0,004 mg L-1 a 3,89 mg L-1 para metconazol. As medianas de DE50 para todos os fungicidas avaliados foram inferiores a 0,5 mg L-1, nas três safras. As correlações (r) entre as DE50 dos quatro fungicidas foram significativas (p<0,05), mostrando a existência de resistência cruzada entre os fungicidas. A variação nos valores de DE50 no monitoramento mostra uma coexistência de populações com diferentes níveis de sensibilidade aos IDMs no campo.

During 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11 growing seasons, the sensitivity of the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi to the fungicides tebuconazole, cyproconazole metconazole and prothioconazole (demethylation inhibitors, DMIs) was monitored. Detached soybean leaves were treated with those fungicides at concentrations varying from zero to 32 mg L-1 (tebuconazole, cyproconazole and metconazole) and from zero to 8 mg L-1(prothioconazole) and were inoculated with P. pachyrhizi spores collected from different Brazilian soybean producing regions. Inoculated leaves were incubated in Petri plates containing moistened paper towel at 23° C ± 2° C, and the disease severity was estimated at 15 days after inoculation. The effective concentrations to reduce the disease severity by 50% (EC50) were estimated. The fungicide prothioconazole presented the highest intrinsic activity and its EC50 ranged from 0.000001 mg L-1 to 0.39 mg L-1. EC50 values ranged from 0.001 mg L-1 to 1.49 mg L-1 for tebuconazole, 0.001 mg L-1 to 3.27 mg L-1 for cyproconazole and 0.004 mg L-1 to 3.89 mg L-1 for metconazole. EC50medians of all tested fungicides were lower than 0.5 mg L-1 in the three growing seasons. The correlations (r) among the EC50 values of the four fungicides were significant (p<0.05), indicating cross-resistance among the products. The EC50 variation in the monitoring shows coexistence of populations with different levels of sensitivity to DMIs in the field.

A estimativa visual da severidade de doenças em plantas nem sempre se correlaciona com o efeito desta sobre a atividade fotossintética do hospedeiro. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interferência dos fungos Corynespora cassiicola e Erysiphe diffusa, causadores da mancha-alvo e do oídio na cultura da soja, respectivamente, na eficiência fotossintética de folhas infectadas. A fotossíntese foi relacionada com a área foliar doente por meio da equação Px/ Po=(1-x)β. Os parâmetros β (± erro padrão) estimados foram 2,78 (± 0,28) (p<0,05) para as folhas infectadas com C. cassiicola e 0,72 (±0,09) (p<0,05) e 0,77 (±0,15) (p=0,15) com E. diffusa, na primeira e segunda repetições. O valor obtido para C. cassiicola (β>1) indica que houve redução da eficiência fotossintética no tecido lesionado e em parte do tecido verde remanescente, enquanto que os valores obtidos para E. diffusa (β≤1) indicam que a estimativa visual da severidade da doença é um bom indicador do efeito do fungo na taxa fotossintética do hospedeiro.

The visual estimate of the disease severity in plants does not always correlate with its effect on the host's photosynthetic activity. The aim of this study was evaluate the interference of the fungi Corynespora cassiicola and Erysiphe diffusa, causal agents of target spot and powdery mildew on soybeans, in the photosynthetic efficiency of infected leaves. Photosynthesis was related to the diseased leaf area by the equation Px/Po = (1-x)β. The estimated parameters β (± standard error) were 2.78 (± 0.28) (p<0.05) for the leaves infected with C. cassiicola and 0.72 (± 0.09) (p<0.05) and 0.77 (± 0.15) (p=0.15) for those infected with E. diffusa in the first and the second replicates. The value obtained for C. cassiicola (β>1) indicates that there was a reduction in the photosynthetic efficiency in the injured tissue and in part of the remaining green tissue, while the values obtained for E. diffusa (β≤1) indicate that the visual estimate of the disease severity is a good indicator of the effect of the fungus on the photosynthetic rate.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of soybean cultivar of two maturity groups, early/semi-early (E) or intermediate (I), on the management of Asian soybean rust (ASR) with fungicides and yield. Field trials were conducted during the 2006/07 and 2007/08 growing seasons. Seven cultivars of the two groups were tested in the first season and eight in the second season. All cultivars had plots that were treated (T) or non-treated (NT) with a commercial mixture of pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole. ASR severity (%) was visually assessed several times during the crop cycle and yield (kg ha-1) was determined at harvest. Values of the standardized area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) calculated from the severity assessments was higher in 2007/08 than in 2006/07, but no differences were found between cultivars of the E and I maturity groups. Differences in yield between between T and NT plots were lower in cultivars of the E group than those of the I group in both the 2006/07 (37.6% and 52.8% respectively) and the 2007/08 season (56.9% and 85.0%, respectively). A higher stability in yield was found for cultivars of the E maturity group compared to those of the I group.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a precisão e acurácia de avaliadores com o uso de escala diagramática, em estimativas de desfolha provocada por doenças em soja. A escala apresenta seis níveis de severidade de desfolha (5, 15, 45, 65, 85 e 100%). As imagens utilizadas para avaliação foram obtidas em parcelas atacadas por ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), apresentando diferentes níveis de desfolha. A validação foi feita por dez avaliadores, utilizando-se como parâmetro de comparação dados reais da área com cobertura foliar, obtidos através de processamento de imagens, nos softwares Paint Shop Pro 4, e Adobe Photoshop 7.0. Quando não foi utilizada a escala, os avaliadores apresentaram tendência de subestimar a severidade de desfolha nos níveis mais baixos e de superestimar em níveis altos. A acurácia e precisão dos avaliadores aumentaram com o auxílio da escala diagramática.

This study aimed to evaluate the precision and accuracy of evaluators using diagrammatic scale to estimate defoliation caused by diseases in soybean. The scale had six levels of severity of defoliation (5, 15, 45, 65, 85 and 100%). The images used for evaluation were obtained in plots attacked by Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), presenting different levels of defoliation. The validation was performed by ten evaluators, comparing estimated data with the actual data of the area coverage leaf, obtained by processing images in Paint Shop Pro 4 software, and Adobe Photoshop 7.0. The evaluators presented tendency to underestimate the defoliation in the lower levels of severity and overestimate the defoliation in high levels of severity, when the scale was not used. The accuracy and precision of the evaluators increased with the use of the scale diagrammatic.