RESUMO Objetivo: Construir e implementar um instrumento (checklist) para melhoria do cuidado na manobra prona. Métodos: Estudo aplicativo, qualitativo e descritivo. O instrumento foi desenvolvido a partir de ampla revisão da literatura, para construção de um protocolo de atendimento assistencial, utilizando as principais bases eletrônicas (MEDLINE, LILACS e Cochrane). Resultados: Descrevemos a construção de uma ferramenta de segurança do paciente com suas inúmeras modificações e adaptações, a partir das observações da equipe multidisciplinar com seu uso na prática diária. Conclusão: A aplicação do checklist na manobra de prona acrescentou confiabilidade e segurança ao procedimento. O entendimento da importância da ferramenta na segurança do paciente, por parte da equipe, e sua capacitação são necessários para seu sucesso.

ABSTRACT Objective: To construct and implement an instrument (checklist) to improve safety when performing the prone maneuver. Methods: This was an applied, qualitative and descriptive study. The instrument was developed based on a broad review of the literature pertaining to the construction of a care protocol using the main electronic databases (MEDLINE, LILACS and Cochrane). Results: We describe the construction of a patient safety tool with numerous modifications and adaptations based on the observations of the multidisciplinary team regarding its use in daily practice. Conclusion: The use of the checklist when performing the prone maneuver increased the safety and reliability of the procedure. The team's understanding of the tool's importance to patient safety and training in its use are necessary for its success.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the characteristics, the frequency and the mortality rates of patients needing mechanical ventilation and to identify the risk factors associated with mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a general university hospital in southern Brazil. METHOD: Prospective cohort study in patients admitted to the ICU who needed mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours between March 2004 and April 2007. RESULTS: A total of 1,115 patients admitted to the ICU needed mechanical ventilation. The mortality rate was 51%. The mean age (± standard deviation) was 57±18 years, and the mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score was 22.6±8.3. The variables independently associated with mortality were (i) conditions present at the beginning of mechanical ventilation, age (hazard ratio: 1.01; p<0.001); the APACHE II score (hazard ratio: 1.01; p<0.005); acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (hazard ratio: 1.38; p=0.009), sepsis (hazard ratio: 1.33; p=0.003), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (hazard ratio: 0.58; p=0.042), and pneumonia (hazard ratio: 0.78; p=0.013) as causes of mechanical ventilation; and renal (hazard ratio: 1.29; p=0.011) and neurological (hazard ratio: 1.25; p=0.024) failure, and (ii) conditions occurring during the course of mechanical ventilation, acute lung injuri/acute respiratory distress syndrome (hazard ratio: 1.31; p<0.010); sepsis (hazard ratio: 1.53; p<0.001); and renal (hazard ratio: 1.75; p<0.001), cardiovascular (hazard ratio: 1.32; p≤0.009), and hepatic (hazard ratio: 1.67; p≤0.001) failure. CONCLUSIONS: This large cohort study provides a comprehensive profile of mechanical ventilation patients in South America. The mortality rate of patients who required mechanical ventilation was higher, which may have been related to the severity of illness of the patients admitted to our ICU. Risk factors for hospital mortality included conditions present at the start of mechanical ventilation conditions that occurred during mechanical support.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a efetividade de uma intervenção educacional na adesão dos profissionais da saúde às recomendações técnicas de aspiração traqueobrônquica em pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensiva. MÉTODOS: Estudo quasi-experimental, com avaliação da adesão dos profissionais da unidade de terapia intensiva às recomendações da técnica de aspiração traqueobrônquica, em pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensiva, antes e após uma intervenção educacional teórico-prática. As comparações foram feitas com teste do qui-quadrado e foi utilizado o nível de significância de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram observados 124 procedimentos, pré e pós-intervenção. Verificou-se aumento da adesão em: utilização de equipamento para proteção individual (p=0,01), cuidado com a abertura da embalagem do cateter (p<0,001), uso de luva estéril na mão dominante para retirada do cateter (p=0,003), contato da luva estéril apenas com o cateter (p<0,001), realização de movimentos circulares durante a retirada do cateter (p<0,001), cateter envolto na luva estéril no final do procedimento (p=0,003), utilização de água destilada, aberta no início do procedimento, para lavagem do látex de conexão (p=0,002), descarte do restante do conteúdo de água destilada ao final do procedimento (p<0,001) e realização do conjunto dos procedimentos da técnica de aspiração (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Houve baixa adesão dos profissionais de saúde às medidas preventivas de infecção hospitalar, indicando a necessidade de implantação de estratégias educativas. A intervenção educativa utilizada mostrou-se efetiva para melhorar a adesão às recomendações da técnica de aspiração traqueobrônquica.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention on healthcare professionals' adherence to the technical recommendations for tracheobronchial aspiration in intensive care unit patients. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was performed to evaluate intensive care unit professionals' adherence to the tracheobronchial aspiration technical recommendations in intensive care unit patients both before and after a theoretical and practical educational intervention. Comparisons were performed using the chi-square test, and the significance level was set to p<0.05. RESULTS: A total of 124 procedures, pre- and post-intervention, were observed. Increased adherence was observed in the following actions: the use of personal protective equipment (p=0.01); precaution when opening the catheter package (p<0.001); the use of a sterile glove on the dominant hand to remove the catheter (p=0.003); the contact of the sterile glove with the catheter only (p<0.001); the execution of circular movements during the catheter removal (p<0.001); wrapping the catheter in the sterile glove at the end of the procedure (p=0.003); the use of distilled water, opened at the start of the procedure, to wash the connection latex (p=0.002); the disposal of the leftover distilled water at the end of the procedure (p<0.001); and the performance of the aspiration technique procedures (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a low adherence by health professionals to the preventive measures against hospital infection, indicating the need to implement educational strategies. The educational intervention used was shown to be effective in increasing adherence to the technical recommendations for tracheobronchial aspiration.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of pulse pressure variation (ΔRESP PP) in predicting fluid responsiveness in patients ventilated with low tidal volumes (V T) and to investigate whether a lower ΔRESP PP cut-off value should be used when patients are ventilated with low tidal volumes. METHOD: This cross-sectional observational study included 37 critically ill patients with acute circulatory failure who required fluid challenge. The patients were sedated and mechanically ventilated with a V T of 6-7 ml/kg ideal body weight, which was monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter and an arterial line. The mechanical ventilation and hemodynamic parameters, including ΔRESP PP, were measured before and after fluid challenge with 1,000 ml crystalloids or 500 ml colloids. Fluid responsiveness was defined as an increase in the cardiac index of at least 15%. ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT01569308. RESULTS: A total of 17 patients were classified as responders. Analysis of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) showed that the optimal cut-off point for ΔRESP PP to predict fluid responsiveness was 10% (AUC = 0.74). Adjustment of the ΔRESP PP to account for driving pressure did not improve the accuracy (AUC = 0.76). A ΔRESP PP>10% was a better predictor of fluid responsiveness than central venous pressure (AUC = 0.57) or pulmonary wedge pressure (AUC = 051). Of the 37 patients, 25 were in septic shock. The AUC for ΔRESP PP>10% to predict responsiveness in patients with septic shock was 0.484 (sensitivity, 78%; specificity, 93%). CONCLUSION: The parameter D RESP PP has limited value in predicting fluid responsiveness in patients who are ventilated with low tidal volumes, but a ΔRESP PP>10% is a significant improvement over static parameters. A ΔRESP PP > 10% may be particularly useful for identifying responders in patients with septic shock.

FUNDAMENTOS: A pressão expiratória positiva na via aérea por máscara facial (EPAP) é utilizada no pós-operatório de cirurgias cardíacas, entretanto, seus efeitos hemodinâmicos não foram claramente estudados. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações hemodinâmicas causadas pela EPAP em pacientes pós-cirurgia cardíaca monitorados por cateter de Swan-Ganz. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos no estudo, pacientes no primeiro ou segundo pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca, estáveis hemodinamicamente e com cateter de Swan-Ganz. Eles foram avaliados em repouso e após o uso de 10 cmH2O de EPAP, de forma randomizada. As variáveis estudadas foram: saturação de oxigênio, frequências cardíaca e respiratória, pressões arteriais médias sistêmica e pulmonar (PAM e PAMP), pressões venosa central (PVC) e de oclusão da atéria pulmonar (POAP), débito e índice cardíacos, e resistências vasculares sistêmica e pulmonar. Os pacientes foram divididos em subgrupos (com fração de ejeção <; 50% ou > 50%) e os dados foram comparados por teste t e ANOVA. RESULTADOS: Vinte e oito pacientes foram estudados (22 homens, idade média 68 ± 11 anos). Comparando o período de repouso versus EPAP, as alterações observadas foram: POAP (11,9 ± 3,8 para 17,1 ± 4,9 mmHg, p < 0,001); PVC (8,7 ± 4,1 para 10,9 ± 4,3 mmHg, p = 0,014); PAMP (21,5 ± 4,2 para 26,5 ± 5,8 mmHg, p < 0,001); PAM (76 ± 10 para 80 ± 10 mmHg, p = 0,035). As demais variáveis não mostraram diferenças significativas. CONCLUSÃO: A EPAP foi bem tolerada nos pacientes e as alterações hemodinâmicas encontradas mostraram aumento nas medidas de pressão de enchimento ventricular direito e esquerdo, assim como, na pressão arterial média.

BACKGROND: Expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) is used in after cardiac surgeries. However, its hemodynamic effects have not been clearly studied. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hemodynamic changes caused by EPAP in patients after cardiac surgery monitored by Swan-Ganz. METHODS: Patients at the first or second cardiac surgery postoperative period hemodynamically stable with a Swan-Ganz catheter were included in the study. They were assessed at rest and after using 10 cmH2O EPAP at random. The variables studied were: oxygen saturation, heart rate and respiratory rate, mean artery pressures and pulmonary artery mean pressures (MAP and PAMP), central venous pressure (CVP) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PAOP), cardiac output and index, and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances. Patients were divided into subgroups (with ejection fraction <; 50% or > 50%) and data were compared by t test and ANOVA. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were studied (22 men, aged 68 ± 11 years). Comparing the period of rest versus EPAP, the changes observed were: PAOP (11.9 ± 3.8 to 17.1 ± 4.9 mmHg, p < 0.001), PVC (8.7 ± 4.1 to 10.9 ± 4.3 mmHg, p = 0.014), PAMP (21.5 ± 4.2 to 26.5 ± 5.8 mmHg, p < 0.001), MAP (76 ± 10 for 80 ± 10 mmHg, p = 0.035). The other variables showed no significant differences. CONCLUSION: EPAP was well tolerated by patients and the hemodynamic changes found showed an increase in pressure measurements of right and left ventricular filling, as well as mean arterial pressure.

A parada cardiorrespiratória é um evento de alta mortalidade. A isquemia cerebral difusa relacionada ao hipofluxo cerebral frequentemente leva à injúria neurológica grave e ao desenvolvimento de estado vegetativo persistente. A hipotermia terapêutica representa um importante avanço no tratamento da encefalopatia anóxica pós-parada cardíaca. Seus efeitos neuroprotetores têm sido amplamente demonstrados em várias situações de isquemia neuronal. Apesar de ser um procedimento associado com redução de mortalidade nesses pacientes, a hipotermia ainda é um tratamento subutilizado no manejo da síndrome pós-ressuscitação. Nosso objetivo é revisar aspectos referentes aos mecanismos de ação da hipotermia e seus efeitos em pacientes críticos reanimados pós- parada cardiorrespiratória e propor um protocolo assistencial simples, que possa ser implantado em qualquer unidade de terapia intensiva.

Cardiac arrest is a high mortality event and the associated brain ischemia frequently causes severe neurological damage and persistent vegetative state. Therapeutic hypothermia is an important tool for the treatment of post-anoxic coma after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It has been shown to reduce mortality and to improve neurological outcomes after cardiac arrest. Nevertheless, hypothermia is underused in critical care units. This manuscript aims to review the hypothermia mechanism of action in cardiac arrest survivors and to propose a simple protocol, feasible to be implemented in any critical care unit.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância entre o gasto energético mensurado pela calorimetria indireta e o estimado pela fórmula de Ireton-Jones de pacientes críticos em ventilação mecânica assistida. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo indivíduos aptos a interromper o suporte ventilatório, internados entre agosto de 2006 e janeiro de 2007, no centro de terapia intensiva do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - RS. O gasto energético foi mensurado pela calorimetria indireta usando monitor específico, assim como calculado pela fórmula de Ireton-Jones. Os valores encontrados foram analisados por meio do teste t de Student e pelo método de Bland and Altman, e expressos pela média ± desvio padrão, com nível de significância p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo quarenta pacientes, com idade média de 56±16 anos e índice APACHE II 23±8. O gasto energético mensurado pela calorimetria indireta foi de 1558±304kcal/24h, enquanto o estimado por Ireton-Jones foi de 1689±246kcal/24h. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias do gasto energético mensurado e estimado para o mesmo indivíduo (p<0,004). Os limites de concordância entre a calorimetria indireta e a equação de Ireton-Jones foram de -680,51 a 417,81 kcal. CONCLUSÃO: O gasto energético estimado pela fórmula de Ireton-Jones não apresentou boa concordância com o medido pela calorimetria indireta, entretanto, considerando aspectos relacionados à disponibilidade do aparelho, esta equação pode auxiliar no planejamento nutricional dos pacientes críticos.

OBJECTIVE: Assess the agreement between the energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry and that estimated by the Ireton-Jones formula of critically ill patients under assisted mechanical ventilation. METHODS: Participated in the study individuals able to interrupt ventilation support, admitted at the center of intensive care of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre - RS, between August 2006 and January 2007. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry using a specific monitor, as well as estimated by the Ireton-Jones formula. Values found were analyzed using the Student's t test and the Bland and Altman method and expressed in mean, ± standard deviation with a significance level of p<0.05. RESULTS: The study included forty patients with a mean age of 56±16 years and APACHE II score of 23±8. Energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry was of 1558±304kcal/24h, while that estimated by Ireton-Jones was of 1689±246kcal/24h. There was a significant statistical difference between means of energy expenditure measured and estimated of the same individual (p<0.004). The agreement thresholds between indirect calorimetry and the Ireton-Jones equation were of -680.51 to 417.81 kcal. CONCLUSION: Energy expenditure estimated by the Ireton-Jones formula did not present good agreement with that measured by indirect calorimetry, however, considering aspects related to availability of the equipment, this equation may be useful in the nutritional planning for critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical and evolutive characteristics of patients admitted in an intensive care unit after cardiopulmonary resuscitation, identifying prognostic survival factors.METHODS: A retrospective study of 136 patients admitted between 1995 and 1999 to an intensive care unit, evaluating clinical conditions, mechanisms and causes of cardiopulmonary arrest, and their relation to hospital mortality.RESULTS: A 76% mortality rate independent of age and sex was observed. Asystole was the most frequent mechanism of death, and seen in isolation pulmonary arrest was the least frequent. Cardiac failure, need for mechanical ventilation, cirrhosis and previous stroke were clinically significant (p<0.01) death factors.CONCLUSION: Prognostic factors supplement the doctor's decision as to whether or not a patient will benefit from cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Para avaliar o valor prognóstico da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, entre 210 pacientes com lesões da valva aórtica operados, consecutivamente, entre maio de 1981 e outubro de 1988 e que receberam as próteses Omniscience e Meditronic-Hall, foram selecionados 112 e divididos, de acordo com a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo, em dois grupos: o G1 = FE > 40%, ficou com 52 pacientes com médias de idade 39 ± 12 anos, FE = 58 ± 10% e classe funcional (NYHA) = 2,8; o GE = FE < 40% ficou com 60 pacientes com médias de idade 48 ± 17 anos, FE = 27 ± 13% e (NYHA) = 3,6. Nas cirurgias, foram utilizados hipotermia e hemodiluição moderadas, oxigenador de bolhas, infusão cardioplégica St. Thomas. As médias dos tempos de circulação extracorpórea e parada cardíaca foram: no G1 =8 2 ± 18 e 49 ±7 minutos, e 96 ± 11 e 55 ± 6 minutos, no Grupo 2; o tamanho das próteses foi 25,2 ± 1,8 milímetros. No Grupo 1, a mortalidade imediata foi 3,8% no G1 e 5,8 no G2, e a tardia 4% no G1, e no G2 foi 8,7%. No G1 houve significante associação entre a mortalidade e a função ventricular sistólica. Clínicamente, no G1, 65% dos pacientes estão na (NYHA) I, 28% na II, 5% na III e 2% na IV. No G2, 46% estão na (NYHA) I, 25% na II, 13% na III, e 16% na IV. A sobrevida atuarial em sete anos foi 88 ± 2% no G1 e 76 ± 4% no G2. Portanto, os pacientes com FE < 40% apresentaram mortalidade mais elevada, menor sobrevida a curto e longo prazo e resultados clínicos menos satisfatórios. Para obtermos melhores resultados, devemos operar antes que a FE em repouso e exercício se torne deprimida, ou que apareça intolerância ao exercício moderado.

To evaluate the prognostic value of resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) a series of 210 consecutive patients with aortic valve disease operated upon between May 1981 and October 1988 was studied retrospectively. All patients had their aortic valve replaced by Omniscience or Meditronic prosthesis; 112 formed the study group because they have complete follow up and cineangiocardiographic data. Based on pre-operatory left ventricular ejection fraction the patients were divided in two groups: Group 1 = 52 patients with LVEF > 40%, 39 ± 12 years, NYHA functional class 2.8, and EF 58 ± 10%. Group 2 = 60 patients with LVEF < 40, 48 ± 17 years, NYHA functional class 3.6, and LVEF of 27 ± 12%. During surgery moderate hypothermia and hemodilution were utilized, with dubble oxygenator and cardioplegia With St. Thomas cardioplegic solution. Mean extracorporeal circulation and cardiac arrest time were respectively 82 ± 18 and 49 ± 7 minutes in Group 1 and 96 ± 11 and 55 ± 6 minutes in Group 2. The size of the prosthesis were 25.2 ± 1.8 mm in Group 1. The short term mortality was 3.8% in Group 1 and 5.8 in Group 2. The long-term mortality was 4.0% in Group 1 and 8.7% in Group 2. In Group 1 there was a significant association between mortality and left ventricular systolic function. In the follow-up evaluation, among patients in Group 1, 65% were in class I, 28% were in functional class II, 5% in class III, and 2% in class IV. Among patients in group II 46% were in class I, 25% in class II, 13% in class III, and 16% in class IV. The 7 year survival rate was 88 ± 2% in Group 1 and 76 ± 4% in Group 2. Thus, patients with LVEF less than 40% had higher short and longterm mortality and worse clinical course. For better surgical results patients with aortic valve disease should be operated upon before the reduction of left ventricular systolic function.