ABSTRACT The goal of our study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of dented corn hybrids for silage production. We performed a two-location trial in which 19 dented corn hybrids and five corn controls grew in four randomized blocks within two experimental areas located in the Northern (Campos dos Goytacazes) and Northwestern (Itaocara) Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. We recorded yields of fresh and dry forage matter and yields of fresh and dry grain matter, as well as chemical composition variables. We interpreted variables by assuming a Normal distribution for yield variables and a Beta distribution for chemical composition and ratios. The SAS GLIMMIX procedure fitted the linear model under those assumptions. Dual-pool models fitted the gas production profiles generated by in vitro anaerobic fermentations. We used the nlme of R software to fit the dual-pool models and the information-theoretic approach to evaluate their quality of fit. We did a cluster analysis (NbClust of R) to group corn hybrids based on fresh and DM yields and kinetic parameters of in vitro gas production. Three clusters of corn hybrids stood out, their basic differences relied on fresh and DM yields. Nonetheless, the least-squares means for gas production characteristics among groups did not present disjoint confidence intervals. Therefore, we can infer that dented corn hybrids rank by forage yield, but not by forage quality, and recommend the most productive ones that consistently outstand in both locations (hybrids UENF-2203, UENF-2192, UENF-2193, and UENF-506-11).

ABSTRACT Our objective was to evaluate whether the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) BIEC2-808543, identified in some horse breeds, also occurs in the Brasileiro de Hipismo (BH) breed. In addition, we verified if this SNP is related to the growth curve profile of these animals for the variables body mass, height at withers, and height at croup, using nonlinear mixed models. For the DNA isolation, we collected blood samples from 167 young BH horses. We obtained the genotypes of these animals using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. For the association studies of this polymorphism with the growth curve in foals, we selected three traits: body mass, height at withers, and height at croup. Polymorphism C/T exists in BH horses and is significantly associated with the evaluated traits. Animals that presented the TT genotype were smaller and lighter when compared with animals of the CT and CC genotypes. By the Akaike information criterion, the model that best described the growth curve for the body mass variable is the Brody model associated with the power of the mean variance function. For the height at withers variable, the best-fit model was von Bertalanffy, adjusted without polymorphism effect in parameter b, associated with the asymptotic variance. For the height at croup trait, the model that best described the growth curve was Brody model, associated with asymptotic variance. This polymorphism represents a good molecular marker. Nonlinear models are promising for describing growth curves in horses, particularly by the possibility of associating SNP effects to model parameters.

ABSTRACT Lactation records from cows of the southwestern Paraná state, Brazil, form the dataset of this study. We applied the information-theoretic approach to evaluate the ability of the nonlinear Wood, Brody, Dijkstra, and Gamma functions to fit to these data by employing a two-step technique based on nonlinear mixed-effects models and generalized linear mixed-effects models. Wood's equation was fitted with the combination of a first-order autoregressive correlation structure and a variance function to account for heteroscedasticity. This version was the best choice to mimic lactation records. Some geometric attributes of Wood's model were deduced, mainly the ascending specific rate from parturition to peak milk yield and the descending specific rate as a measure of the lactation persistence of the milk yield at peak production. Breed and parity order of the cows were assumed as fixed effects to obtain a reliable model fitting process. Regardless of breed, first-order parity cows had greater persistency than their older counterparts, and the greater the ascending rate of milk yield from the parturition to the peak, the sharper the decrease in milk yield post-peak; therefore, the rates (absolute values) of ascending and descending phases correlated positively. Nonetheless, the actual estimated values of the descending phase rates are negative. Wood's equation was flexible enough to mimic either concave- and convex-shaped lactation profiles. The correlations between both peak milk yield and random estimates for β with total milk yield per lactation were positive. However, peak milk yield might not be the only variable used for ranking cows; the total milk yield integrates all information of the lactation profile through the estimated parameters of Wood's equation.

Abstract This study described the main characteristics of the maize cultivars UENF MSV2210 and UENF MS2208. Adapted to the North and Northwestern regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro, they have a high agronomic performance and were developed for both silage and green maize production.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quatro índices de seleção e o método BLUP na predição de ganhos genéticos em híbridos de milho para silagem. Foram comparados quatro índices de seleção e o método BLUP na predição de ganhos genéticos. Foram avaliados 19 híbridos topcrosses, e cinco testemunhas em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições em dois ambientes, nos municípios de Campos dos Goytacazes e Itaocara - RJ, no ano agrícola 2013/2014. Avaliaram-se as características altura de plantas, altura de inserção da primeira espiga, diâmetro do colmo, produtividade de grãos no ponto de silagem e produtividade de massa verde. Para predição de ganhos foram empregados os índices de seleção de Pesek & Baker, Smith & Hazel, Mulamba & Mock e Willians, além do método BLUP. Dentre os índices de seleção avaliados, o de Mulamba & Mock proporcionou maiores magnitudes na estimativa de ganhos para a seleção dos híbridos. O método BLUP mostrou-se eficiente, selecionando híbridos com desempenho elevado e superiores aos obtidos pelos índices de seleção testados. Os híbridos UENF-2205, UENF-2208, UENF-2209 e UENF-2210, foram os que apresentaram melhor desempenho indicando elevado potencial dos híbridos dentado para produção de silagem na região Norte e Noroeste Fluminense.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate four selection indexes and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) for predicting genetic gain in maize hybrids used for silage. The genetic gain was compared between four selection indexes and BLUP. Nineteen topcross hybrids and five controls were evaluated using a completely randomized block design with four replicates in two areas located in Campos dos Goytacazes and Itaocara, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the growing season 2013-2014. Plant height, first ear height, average stem diameter, grain yield at the silage stage, and green mass yield were evaluated. The genetic gain was predicted using the selection indexes proposed by Pesek and Baker, Smith and Hazel, Mulamba and Mock, Willians, and BLUP. The index of Mulamba and Mock provided higher gain estimates for selecting hybrids. BLUP was efficient and selected hybrids with higher performance than hybrids obtained using the four selection indexes. Hybrids UENF-2205, UENF-2208, UENF-2209, and UENF-2210 presented better performance, indicating the high potential of these dent hybrids for silage production in the north and northwest regions of Rio de Janeiro.

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of interaction between increasing neutral detergent fiber content and particle sizes on ingestive behavior of dairy goats. Forty-eight lactating, multiparous Saanen and Alpine goats, with average milk production of 1.4 ±0.57 kg d-1, around 60th ±12 day of lactation were distributed in a 3 x 4 factorial completely randomized design. The diets consisted: three particles sizes (02, 05 or 15 cm) and four levels of neutral detergent fiber (34, 41, 49 or 57% NDFf) from forage (Tifton 85 hay). The ingestive behavior was monitored during 24 hours. A regression and a multivariate time series cluster analysis were performed. No interaction was found (p > 0.05) between treatments. Feeding time was different according to the particle size, having an increasing linear effect. Rumination and idle times were not affected (p > 0.05). The temporal feeding behavior was clustered into two groups according to the profile of particle size of the diet. Rumination peaks were randomly distributed with more intense activity before morning and afternoon meals. The increase in NDFf content in the diet did not change the ingestive behavior. The multivariate cluster analysis in a time series data is useful to interpret animal feeding behavior.

ABSTRACT Eight rumen-cannulated steers were assigned to two 4 × 4 balanced Latin squares to evaluate degradability and kinetics of fiber particles from diets based on corn silage and supplements with or without addition of lipids. Dietary treatments were: only corn silage (T1), corn silage plus concentrate with no added lipids (T2), corn silage plus concentrate with added soybean oil (T3), and corn silage plus concentrate containing ground soybean seeds (T4). Kinetics of gastrointestinal transit of fibrous particles was evaluated based on chromium-mordanted fiber. Events of rumen degradation dynamics of fibrous carbohydrates were quantified using the in situ incubation procedure. The mixed models methodology from SAS was used to fit models and the Tukey test was used to compare means. The ruminal digestibility of fiber was lower in treatments T3 and T4 and, consequently, lower proportions of potentially digestible fraction of standardized fiber and higher proportions of indigestible fraction of standardized fiber for treatments T3 and T4 compared with T1 and T2 were observed. However, there were no differences in mean retention time of the rumen, total mean retention time, mean digestion time, and rumen fill among diets. Animals from T2, T3, and T4 showed higher dry matter intake, organic matter intake, and crude protein intake rates than animals receiving T1 diet, but there was no effect of the addition of lipid. Treatments did not differ regarding neutral detergent fiber intake. Animals from T1 had lower crude fat intake than animals from T2, which showed lower crude fat intake than those from T3 and T4. The addition of lipid to concentrate has no effect on passage rate, digestion rate, and intake, when a good quality roughage is used.

ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to evaluate the degradation kinetics and microbial efficiency of beef cattle grazing on low-quality forage and receiving supplements with different levels of rumen undegradable protein (RUP). The animals grazed on palisade grass pasture solely or this pasture and supplement containing 40 or 60 g of RUP per 100 g of crude protein (CP). The degradation profiles of neutral detergent fiber, fiber carbohydrates, and neutral detergent insoluble protein were interpreted kinetically by using a decreasing logistic model. Treatments (no supplement, or RUP at 40 or 60 g−1 100 g CP) did not affect rumen fill; however, the increase in the indigestible fiber carbohydrate fraction that occurred at the expense of the digestible fiber carbohydrate fraction resulted in a greater rumen fill effect. The palisade grass showed a significant proportion of its nitrogen in the form of slowly degradable protein as neutral detergent insoluble protein, which amounted to 26 g per 100 g CP. Supplementation with 40 g of RUP per 100 g CP decresead the indigestible fraction of the low-quality forage. However, the absence of a rumen-fill effect demonstrates that the additional supply of nutrients contributes greatly to increasing growth efficiency and use of the available energy from the forage by the ruminal microorganisms.

ABSTRACT Ten Holstein-Zebu crossbred cows distributed into two simultaneous Latin squares (5 × 5) as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement formed by chopped sugarcane or elephant grass silage, both with high or low protein degradability supplements and a corn silage as a control treatment, were compared using orthogonal contrasts. The studied variables were the performance, plasma concentrations of urea-N, glucose, and creatinine, urine-N and milk urea-N, and the nychthemeral variation in NH3-N in the rumen fluid of dairy cows. Nutrient intake, milk production, and milk composition were affected by the treatments. The total mixed ration containing elephant grass silage combined with rumen undegradable protein (RUP) provided balanced amounts of carbon and nitrogen in the rumen. This effect may explain the 18% increase in milk yield compared with the other treatments. The diurnal pattern of ruminal NH3-N was interpreted with a sinusoid model. In general, cows fed elephant grass silage exhibited higher concentrations of blood plasma and milk urea-N than animals fed sugarcane. The cows that consumed elephant grass silage with rumen degradable protein concentrate showed a higher milk urea-N compared with animals that consumed elephant grass silage with the RUP concentrate. The use of diets based on corn silage leads to a better use of nitrogen compounds because these diets resulted in lower levels of urea-N in the plasma, urine, and milk at the same level of milk production compared with diets containing elephant grass silage or chopped sugarcane as roughages. In sugarcane-based diets, even greater nitrogen losses in the urine are observed, despite the presence of readily fermentable carbohydrates in the diet.

Objetivou-se mensurar a movimentação das massas de gordura e proteína corporal, além de quantificar as massas dos órgãos e vísceras de cabras Alpinas ao longo das oito semanas de lactação. Foram utilizadas 51 cabras multíparas da raça Alpina, alocadas em baias metabólicas individuais. As cabras foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos pelas semanas de lactação. Foram realizados abates sequenciais de seis cabras por semanas de lactação para mensuração das massas de gordura e proteína, e também o peso dos órgãos e vísceras. Ocorreu redução significativa na massa dos tecidos proteico e adiposo, porém de forma adversa, sendo que o tecido proteico foi mobilizado com maior intensidade nas primeiras duas semanas pós-parto, já a o tecido adiposo uma queda de forma constante. Não houve efeito sobre peso do fígado, rúmen, omaso, abomaso e intestino grosso, mas ocorreu redução nos pesos do intestino delgado, útero e glândula mamária. As cabras Alpinas nas três semanas pós-parto mobilizam não apenas gordura, mas também proteína corporal para atender a demanda de produção de leite. Somente o intestino delgado, útero e glândula mamária tiveram seus pesos afetados com as oito semanas de lactação.

This study aimed to measure the changes of masses of body fat and protein, and also quantify the masses of organs and viscera of Alpine goats throughout the eight weeks of lactation. We used 51 multiparous Alpine goats, allocated in individual metabolic pens. The goats were distributed in a completely randomized design with six replications and eight treatments, and the treatments by weeks of lactation. Slaughters were carried sequential six goats per week of lactation to measure the mass of fat and protein, as well as the weight of the organs and viscera. Significant reduction in mass and adipose tissue protein, but adversely, and the tissue protein was mobilized with greater intensity in the first two weeks postpartum, since the fat falling steadily. There was no effect on liver weight, rumen, omasum, abomasum and large intestine, but there was a reduction in the weights of the small intestine, uterus and mammary gland. The Alpine goats within three weeks postpartum mobilize not just fat, but also body protein to meet the demand of milk production. Only the small intestine, uterus and mammary gland shown weight affected with eight weeks of lactation.

O papel decisivo de cátions metálicos na formação de cluster supramoleculares envolvendo lignina, celulose e hemi-celulose and sua relação a perdas energéticas em ruminantes associadas com fontes de alimentação fibrosas não é ainda bem compreendida. De fato, interações entre lignina, celulose e cátions metálicos geram clusters altamente estáveis diminuem significativamente a capacidade da celulase quebrar ligações entre unidades sacarídicas com o objetivo de facilitar a absorção de uma grande quantidade de celulose, a qual é ingerida por ruminantes na forma de forragem. Além disso, diversos cátions metálicos não podem ser absorvidos como uma conseqüência da formação de ligações coordenadas com os átomos de oxigênio do cluster lignocelulósico. A perda de clusters lignocelulósico-metálicos por ruminantes é responsável por um substancial desperdício de nutrientes, o que é um problema significativo em zootecnia. Ademais, a estrutura química destes relevantes sistemas supramoleculares é pobremente compreendida. No presente artigo, nós discutimos esse tópico em detalhes, em concordância com relevante literatura química e zootécnica, objetivando analisar as perspectivas relacionadas com a melhoria com a absorção nutricional a partir de fontes alimentares por ruminantes.

The decisive role of metallic cations in the formation of supramolecular clusters involving lignin, cellulose, and hemi-cellulose and its relationship to energy losses in ruminants associated with fibrous feed resources is still not well understood. Indeed, interactions between lignin, cellulose and metallic cations generate highly stable clusters that significantly decrease the capability of cellulase to break bonds between sugar units in order to facilitate the absorption of a great quantity of cellulose, which is ingested by ruminants as forage. Furthermore, several metallic cations cannot be absorbed as a consequence of the formation of coordinated ligations with the oxygen atoms of the lignocellulosic cluster. The loss of lignocellulose-metal clusters by ruminants is responsible for a substantial waste of nutrients, which is a significant problem in animal science. Moreover, the chemical structure of these relevant supramolecular systems is poorly understood. In the present review, we discussed this topic in detail in reference to relevant literature from the chemical and animal sciences in order to analyze the perspectives associated with the improvement of nutritional absorption from feed resources by ruminants.

The study was conducted to determine the kinetic parameters of in situ DM and NDF and the passage of particles of forages produced from the intercropping of brachiaria grass with corn and soybean crops. Three experiments were performed, as follows: Experiment 1 - Brachiaria grass intercropped with corn at different plant ages; Experiment 2 - Cultivation of brachiaria grass intercropped with corn set in different sowing arrangements; and Experiment 3 - Intercropping of brachiaria grass and soybean. Passage kinetic of particles was determined by the recovery of markers in feces. In order to obtain the ruminal degradation of DM and NDF, nylon bags were used at zero time, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours. The particles' passage kinetic of corn with brachiaria grass silage and brachiaria grass silage presented 3%/h and 2.3%/h, respectively; and for soybean and brachiaria grass silage, it was 1.8%/h, which can be explained in part by the mixture of materials ensiled. The materials originated from the intercropping caused rumen fill. Degradation rates were lower when compared with literature data. The brachiaria grass silage obtained from corn and/or soybean crop-pasture integrated system is a feed with low nutritive value due to its low NDF degradation rate and low passage rate, causing rumen fill and, thus, possibly resulting in low intake and poor animal performance.

A mathematical model based on Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) was developed and adapted in order to evaluate beef cattle rations at tropical climate conditions. The presented system differs from CNCPS in the modeling of insoluble particles' digestion and passage kinetics, which enabled the estimation of fiber mass in rumen and its effects on animal performance. The equations used to estimate metabolizable protein and net energy requirements for gain, net energy requirement for maintenance and total efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization were obtained from scientific articles published in Brazil. The parameters of the regression equations in these papers were estimated using data from Bos indicus purebred and crossbred animals reared under tropical conditions. The model was evaluated by using a 368-piece of information database originally published on 11 Doctoral theses, 14 Master's dissertations and four scientific articles. Outputs of the model can be considered adequate.

Foi avaliado o desempenho de novilhos mantidos em pastagens de capins elefante e mombaça no período de outubro a dezembro de 2006. Adotou-se o sistema de pastejo rotacionado, com oferta regulada de forragem. A área experimental consistia de duas repetições contendo 18 piquetes de 0,25 ha cada, divididos em nove piquetes formados de capim-elefante e nove com mombaça. Os efeitos de tratamentos foram as espécies forrageiras, a repetição de área, a interação entre estes, piquetes dentro da interação e o erro experimental. Este modelo foi usado para analisar os atributos do pasto. Para analisar o consumo, a digestibilidade e o ganho, foram aleatoriamente alocados 24 novilhos para as respectivas interações entre forragem vs. repetição vs. sistema de pastejo, o que totalizou três animais por interação tripla. Os sistemas de pastejo consistiram de pastejo ad libitum (AL) e restrito (PR). O capim-elefante apresentou maior biomassa de matéria seca total (BT) e biomassa de matéria seca verde foliar (BFV). Não houve diferença entre as forrageiras quanto à produção de biomassa de matéria seca verde foliar, no entanto a proporção de folhas foi maior no capim-mombaça. As extrusas apresentaram composição bromatológica semelhante. Apenas o consumo de proteína bruta diferiu entre as forrageiras, sendo este maior para o pasto de mombaça. A alimentação à vontade possibilitou maior consumo de todos os nutrientes em ambas as pastagens. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi maior para o capim-elefante, mas não diferiu entre os níveis de alimentação: apenas o teor em proteína bruta foi maior no pasto onde o pastejo foi restrito e o teor de energia bruta do pasto foi maior para o sistema de pastejo à vontade. Apesar das diferenças qualitativas e quantitativas entre as forrageiras, não foram encontradas diferenças quanto ao ganho em peso por animal e por área. Entre os animais com alimentação à vontade, o ganho médio em massa corporal foi de 850 g/dia e o ganho por área de 246 kg/ha durante o período experimental.

The performance of steers raised on elephant and mombasa grass pastures was evaluated from October to December 2006. A rotational grazing system with a regulated forage offer was adopted. The experimental area consisted of two repetitions containing 18 0.25-ha paddocks divided into nine paddocks with elephant grass and nine with mombasa grass. Forage species, area repetition, the interaction among these effects, paddocks within the interaction, and the experimental error were the effects of the treatments. This model was used to analyze pasture attributes. For analyses of intake, digestibility and gain, 24 steers were randomly assigned to the respective interactions among forage vs. repetition vs. grazing system, totaling three animals per triple interaction. The grazing systems consisted of ad libitum (AL) and restricted (PR) grazing. Elephant-grass showed the highest total dry matter biomass (TB) and green leaf dry matter biomass (GLDM). There were no differences among forage plants for production of biomass of green leaf dry matter; leaf proportion was the greatest in mombasa grass, however. Extrusas showed similar bromatological composition. Only crude protein intake, which was the highest for mombasa pasture, differed among forage plants. Ad libitum feeding enabled a higher intake of all nutrients from both pastures. Digestibility of nutrients was higher for elephant-grass but it did not differ among feeding levels: only crude protein content was the highest on pasture where grazing was restrict and gross energy content of pasture was higher for ad libitum grazing system. Despite qualitative and quantitative differences among forage plants, differences of weight gain per animal and per area were not found. For animal with ad libitum feeding, average body mass gain was 850 g/day and gain per area was 246 kg/ha during the experimental period.

Objetivou-se determinar os vícios de estimação da excreção fecal com base nos indicadores internos matéria seca indigestível (MSi), fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi), fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) e do indicador externo óxido crômico (Cr2O3) em ensaio de digestão com ruminantes. Foram utilizados cinco bovinos mestiços Holandês × Zebu com peso médio de 240 kg. O experimento constituiu de três períodos experimentais de 12 dias, os seis primeiros destinados à adaptação dos animais. Os animais foram alimentados à vontade com silagem de sorgo e mantidos em baias individuais. Foram adotados seis esquemas de amostragem: 16 coletas diárias, em intervalos de 1 hora e 30 minutos; oito coletas no período diurno a partir das 7 h, em intervalos de 1 hora e 30 minutos; oito coletas no período noturno, a partir das 19 h, em intervalos de 1 hora e 30 minutos; quatro coletas no período diurno, de 3 em 3 horas; quatro coletas no período noturno, de 3 em 3 horas; duas coletas, às 7 h e às 16 h. O óxido crômico foi o indicador com o menor vício de longo prazo, mas superestimou a produção fecal. Os indicadores internos subestimaram esta variável e a FDNi foi o que apresentou menor vício. Para os vícios de curto prazo, todos os indicadores superestimaram a produção fecal: o menor vício de curto prazo foi registrado para a MSi. Dos indicadores testados, a FDNi apresenta o menor vício total, mesmo subestimando a produção fecal.

The objective of this study was to determine the biases in estimating fecal excretion from the internal markers indigestible dry matter (DMi), indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDFi) and indigestible acid detergent fiber (ADFi) and the external marker chromic oxide (Cr2O3) in a digestion trial with ruminants. Five crossbred Holstein-Zebu castrated males with 240 kg average weight were used. The research consisted of three twelve-day experimental periods, from which the first six days were assigned to animal adaptation. The animals were fed sorghum silage ad libitum in individual pens. Six sampling schedules were adopted: 16 daily collections, at 1.5 hourly intervals; eight collections made during daylight starting at 7 a.m. at 1.5 hourly intervals; eight collections made at night starting at 7 p.m. at 1.5 hourley intervals; four collections made in the day every three hours; four collections at night every three hours and two collections, at 7 a.m. and 4 p.m. The chromic oxide was the indicator with the smallest bias in the long term, but underestimated fecal production. The internal markers overestimated this variable and the NDFi presented the smallest bias. For the short term biases, all the indicators over estimated fecal production: the smallest short term bias was registered for MSi. The NDFi was the indicator that presented the smallest total bias, even though it underestimated fecal production.