Com a finalidade de avaliar a fertilidade de alguns solos de várzea do vale do rio Paraíba, foram instalados ensaios em vasos com arroz, utilizando as séries Corruçá, Avareí e Brejão. A primeira é argilosa; a segunda, orgânica; a terceira, intermediária das anteriores, isto é, argilo-orgânica. Apesar de os resultados analíticos indicarem teores elevados em nutrientes, as reações às adubações foram intensas na maioria dos casos, induzindo à consideração de que os índices de fertilidade dos solos bem drenados não se aplicam a essas séries. Todos os solos apresentaram reação bastante pronunciada ao nitrogênio. No solo mineral argiloso, não se evidenciou reação ao potássio, mas sòmente a N e P. No argilo-orgânico, o P foi o único elemento que não reagiu. Finalmente, no solo orgânico, reagiram, além do N, os outros dois elementos.

A study dealing with the fertility of three soils from alluvial plains in the Paraiba River Valley, State of São Paulo, was carried out in greenhouse tests, with rice (of the Iguape-agulha variety) cultivated in pots of 6.0 kg soil capacity. The samples were collected down to 20 cm depth from the following monotype soils series: Corruçá, Brejão and Avareí. The former is an alluvial clay soil and the latter an organic one representing stratified muck and peat; the Brejão series is also organic soil but has an intermediate, organic and clay, texture. The experiment was designed to investigate these soils' needs for the NPK nutrients. In an extra treatment the needs for the minor elements were investigated too. The results obtained in these experiments indicated that the fertility levels based on chemical analyses and applied to fertilization practice to other well drained soils of the State are not satisfactory for the soils in question. A significant favorable response to nitrogen was shown by all the soils studied though they held high content of this element. The response to potassium was non-significant to the heavier soil and significant to the other ones. The addition of phosphorus had a sensible favorable effect in the organic soil and had its intensity decreased in the alluvial clay soil; in the soil of intermediate texture (Brejão series) it was not significant. The application of minor elements had non-significant effects.

A Bacia tie Taubaté corresponde a um «vale de afundimento», onde ocorreram sedimentações no período Terciário, estando atualmente moldada pelo rio Paraíba e seus tributários. A planície aluvial é extensa e de grande importância econômica para o Estado de São Paulo. No presente trabalho é apresentado o levantamento de reconhecimento dos solos da Bacia de Taubaté, cujas finalidades foram determinar as características fisicas e químicas das terras e sua extensão aproximada, visando fornecer dados para o planejamento geral de irrigação e drenagem, ao mesmo tempo que eram identificados os tipos de solos (séries monotipicas) para o levantamento detalhado que se processa a partir do município de Pindamonhangaba. As categorias dos solos foram estabelecidas até séries monotípicas, mas a delimitação no campo, em mapas na escala de 1:100 0()0. foi feita nas unidades chamadas associação de séries. Procurou-se grupar na mesma associação solos que, pertencendo ao mesmo grande grupo e formação geológica, tivessem no perfil igual distribuição de classes texturais. Alguns solos, devido à sua pequena extensão ou da ocorrência íntima com outros de associações diferentes, fugiram à regra preliminarmente exposta. O levantamento abrange uma área de 222 980 hectares, incluindo a planície aluvial, as sedimentações terciárias e pequena faixa pré-cambriana que orla a Bacia. Foram estudados 151 perfis, caracterizando 48 séries monotípicas, grupadas em 18 associações de séries. A associação de séries A é constituída de solos pertencentes a sub-ordem Latossolo, formados em sedimentos do Terciário com textura argilosa em todos os horizontes. Os perfis dêstes solos apresentam um horizonte A3 normalmente adensado e um B friável. Compreendem as séries monotipicas: Borda, Cajuru, Feital, Gleba, Guatemala, Pinda, Pinhão, Polêmica, Ponte Alta, Rapadura e Ronco.

The Taubaté Basin represents a <<Rift Valley>> where sediments were deposited during the terciary period, and the present configuration is set-up by the Paraíba river and its tributaries. The flood plain occupies large areas of economical significance for the State of São Paulo. This work may be classified as a reconnaissance soil survey, whose main objetives were to determine the physical and chemical soil characteristics, the area occupied by soil units in such a way that it would be usefull for a general drainage and irrigation program of the basin. At same time the identification of soil types (as monotype-series) was done looking to a detailed soil survey which is in development. The unit identified in the field was a mono-type-series but for mapping they were grouped into series associations, whose boundaries were plotted in maps on the scale 1:100,000. The series association includes soils belonging to the same great soil group, same geological formation, and same distribution of textural classes in the profile. Some soils because of small occurrence and relative intricacy of soil pattern, did not follow the last criterion. The area studied by this survey is about 222,980 hectares, including the flood-plain, tlie terciary sediments and small strip of the pre-Cambriam formation. Data are presented for identification of the units on the ground (48 soil types or mono-type series), and the chemical and physics craracteristics for 151 profiles. The soil types were grouped into 18 series associations. The series association A groups soil belonging to the sub-order Latosol, with clay texture in profile, derived from the terciary sediments. They have dense A horizon and friable B, and they include 11 soil types. The series association B is classified as red-yellow podzolic soil, with origin in Terciary sediments, having nonclay texture in the A horizon and clay one in the B. Three soil types were identified. The series association C. with the same origin and texture distribution in the profile as the B are characteristic Latosol. It also has three soil types. As representative of an intergrarle (latosol and red-yellow podzolic soil) is the Tumirim soil type. It represents an unique monotype series of the soil association D, but it is expected that other soil types will be defined in the detailed soil survey. Its profile is less than 1 meter deep, and clayey throughout. The Tumirim soil type is derived from Terciary mottled clays. The series associations E includes soils with poor drainage. Three soil types were determined representing Latosol imperfectly drained. Low Humic Glei and Humic Glei. The Terraces are represented by three soil types, forming the series association F. The texture goes from medium to sandy. The clay alluvial soils are in the series association (j, representing five soil types. According the topography position, some color layers and the kind of texture below 60 cm deep they have phases. The series associations H, I and J were plotted in a map but after mapping was done, the criterion for alluvial non-clay soils was changed and now the scries associations represent seven soil types. Bog and half bog are grouped in the soil association M. representing muck and peat-muck soils. Four soil types were identified. In Pre-cambrian area two series associations, N and O, were studied without soil type definitions. The former includes latosols with clay texture and the latter belongs to red-yellow podzolic soils with the same texture as the N. South of the town São José dos Campos a wide sandy soil area is represented by the serie association P, and it developed from sand deposits of Terciary, The soil type Putins may be considered as representative of the area. The serie association Q, is a group of mono-type-series belonging to the serie associations A and N in a intricate pattern only showed in detailed maps. When the alluvial soils are in a topographic position above the flood and the water table is almost permanently below one meter deep the soil types are grouped in the associations R and S. The lormer are non-clayed soil and the latter, clayey soils. Other soils considered as local occurrance are described.

O Campo de Pesquisas de Àgua Preta se destina aos estudos agrícolas, sendo representativo dos solos e condições reinantes nas aluviões da bacia sedimentar do Vale do Paraíba. O levantamento pedológico visa orientar, na parte de solo, as futuras pesquisas e tornar os resultados já obtidos extensíveis a outras áreas em levantamento. Nas formações Terciárias e Quartenária de terraço, os solos foram definidos e delimitadas em séries monotípicas. Nas aluviões que dominam nessa estação experimental, as unidades foram determinadas até fases. Dos solos encontrados, entram na categoria de solos zonais as séries Ipiranga e Campo, pertencentes à sub-ordem Latossolo; entre os intrazonais sòmente se determinou a série Estação, da sub-ordem hidromórfica e do grande grupo Glei Húmico. Os solos azonais são em maior número quanto às séries e ocupam a maior extensão da área. As séries foram definidas como Aluvião, porém algumas apresentam a formação Bog como um tenômeno já superado, talvez sendo adequada a sua colocação em uma nova categoria de Aluvião-Bog. Essas séries receberam as denominações de Cortume, Quati, Barro de Telha, Capituva, Água Preta, Paraíba e Coruputuba.

This agricultural experiment station is located in the Pindamonhangaba county, occupying an area of 145 hectares. The station is in the flood plain of the Paraíba river except for an elevated tract situated on a river terrace and a small part in sediments of the terciary period. Some of alluvial soils have two formations. The lower part is a Bog formation over which is deposited clay from decanted flood. There was a lake that provided the accumulation of organic material. The river in its mcandering in the flood plain brought water with assorted materials (clay) which cover the bog with a layer of different depths according to the topography. All these soils were considered as alluvial ones even an Alluvial-Bog could be named. The suborder Latossol is represented by the monotypical scries Ipiranga and Campo. The. Estação series belongs to the great soil group Humic Glei. The series Cortume, Água Preta, Paraiba, Coruputuba, Quati, Barro de Telha, Dourada and Capituva are alluvial soils.

A Estação Experimental de Produção Animal situa-se no município de Pindamonhangaba e destina-se a fazer pesquisas para incrementar a produção-agro-pecuária dessa vasta região paulista. 0 presente estudo faz parte do levantamento detalhado da Bacia de Taubaté (Vale do Paraíba) e o seu início em áreas governamentais visou relacionar os dados de solos com os de outras pesquisas. Os resultados obtidos serão fornecidos aos agricultores quando terminarem os trabalhos do levantamento regional. Os solos distribuem-se nas categorias zonais, intrazonais e azonais. No primeiro encontram-se os da subordem Latosaolo, correspondendo às séries monotípicas (ou tipos de solo) Pinhão, Pinda, Polêmica, Ponte Alta, Feital, Ipiranga e Coruja, como bem drenados, e Guatemala, Gleba e Campo, como moderadamente drenados. Na categoria de intermediário entre o vermelho-amarelo podzólico e os Latossolos enquadra-se a série Tumirim. Nos inírazonaia encontram-se três grandes grupos. O primeiro formado pelas séries Goiabal, Ribeirão, Córrego e Mosqueada e correspondem ao Glei Pouco Húmico. A série Estação é considerada como Glei Húmico enquanto as séries Haras, Orvalho e Leitosa pertencem ao Bog.

This experimental station is located in the Pindamonhangaba County and its main objective is to study the animal husbandry problems of regional interest. The pedological study is a part of the soil survey work carried out at Paraíba Valley (Taubaté Basin) through a cooperative project between the Instituto Agronômico and the Serviço do Vale do Paraíba. The soils of the station are derived from terciary sediments, quaternary deposits as alluvial, terraces and organic ones. The zonal soils belong to the sub-order Latosol, and include mono-typical series (soil type), Pinhão, Pinda, Polêmica, Ponte Alta, Feital, Ipiranga and Coruja as well drained soils; the Guatemala, Gleba and Campo are considered as moderate drained soils. The Tumirim series is considered as an intergrade between red-yellow podzolic and; undefined Great Soil Group of Latosol. The Ultra-zonal soils are represented by Goiabal, Ribeirão, Córrego and Mosqueada as Low Humic Gley. The Estação Series belongs to Humic Gley. The Bog soils are the Haras, Orvalho and Leitosa series. The alluvial soils, as azonal ones, are represented by Prateada, Dourada and Curtume series.

No presente trabalho procurou-se conhecer as perdas por erosão, dos elementos minerais e carbono na terra-roxa-misturada, quando submetida a práticas agrícolas diversas. Com essa finalidade foram usados coletores de enxurrada, do tipo Geib. No material sólido arrastado pela erosão, como também na enxurrada, foram feitas análises químicas dos principais elementos minerais e carbono. Procurou-se, também, estudar as relações entre a quantidade de material arrastado e volume de enxurrada com a composição química desses mesmos materiais. Procurou-se verificar a influência das diversas práticas agrícolas na composição da enxurrada, bem como a influência do material sólido em suspensão, na composição química da enxurrada.

The losses of mineral nutrients caused by erosion in plots submitted to different farming practices was studied. The runoff and transported soil were collected by means of a Geib measuring device and then analysed chemically. The results indicated that the amount of nutrients lost by erosion from the plots that received the various farming practices was not affected by the treatments, but were proportional to the total amount of transported soil and to the total volume of runoff. A greater amount of plant nutrients was lost in the form of transported soil than dissolved or suspended in the runoff. The concentration of nutrients in the runoff was not correlated to its volume, except for calcium. The analyses of samples of transported soil and runoff, collected after a few rains, allow a good estimate of the annual losses to be made.

From a study of the variation of nitrates in the soil known as terra roxa misturada (mixed purple soil), the following conclusions were drawn : a) The nitrate content of this soil reveals a periodic variation through the year. The same kind of variation is expected in the majority of S. Paulo soils, because the climate, with minor exceptions, is fairly uniform over the State. b) As nitrification proceeds at a higher rate in the hot wet (September-May) than in the cool dry season (May-September), nitrates accumulate in the soil during the first period and disappear in the second. However, as an exception to the above rule, there appeared to be a fall in nitrates during December. This may have been due, either to leaching by rain, or to absorption by weeds, then in their growing period in the experimental fields. Since inorganic nitrogenous fertilisers do not generally give good results in the State of S. Paulo, when applied at the beginning of the rainy season, it is logical to attribute the decrease in nitrogen content to leaching, although the investigation did not lead to a conclusive explanation. c) This study did not support the view of an upward migration of salts in our soils during the dry months, since a steady level of nitrate content was observed during this period. d) Although the author was able to establish an association between nitrate losses and rainfall, it was not possible to determine the relation quantitatively.

This work deals with the nitrates determination bj r the phenoldisulfonic acid method in the soils of São Paulo State. Several modifications were introduced which led to outline an analytical procedure. The nitrates are extracted by percolation, with a solution of H2SO4 0,01 N which is efficient in obtaining clear filtrates without clay and it is a saving time procedure. The ratio employed to remove soil nitrates is one weight of soil for three volumes of the extractor. The H2SO4 solution was the best extractor found because it dissolves less organic matter from the soil than other methods. Also, with the method described, the operation of removing chlorides is easy and it is possible to use a blank determination. Losses of nitrates are significant when chlorides are present in concentration as high as 11 e.μg (3.9 p.p.m.). The efficient removal of chlorides by using silver sulfate, can be performed only in acid extracts, if losses of nitrates are to be avoided. The solution free from chlorides must be neutralized with NaOH 1 N because acid reaction causes loss in nitrates which are liberated as HNO3 (gas). The residual organic matter is destructed with hydrogen peroxide after drying the solution. The hydrogen peroxide always has nitrates and the quantity of them must be determined. The residual salts from the above treatments are attacked with phenoldisulfonic acid and this solution dilutes to a convenient volume and neutralized with ammonium hidroxide (1 + 1). The color intensity developed in this reaction is read in an AC model Fisher Electrophotometer with B-425 filter calibrated for nitrates. The best readings are between 3-45 or 0,25-16,5 e.μg of NO-3.

Êste trabalho suscinto sôbre os solos do Estado de São Paulo, é o resultado de 15 anos de estudos. Foram feitos nesse espaço de tempo, mais de 80.000 km de excursões pelo Estado ; coletados cêrca de 700 perfis de solo. com suas várias camadas e compreendendo profundidades entre 1,5 e 5,0 m* Foram tomadas mais de 20.000 amostras superficiais (até 40 cm) de solo ; mais de 4.000 amostras de rochas e cêrca de 6.000 fotografias. A superfície estudada, envolve cêrca de 24.700.000 ha e está situada entre as latitudes sul de 19°50' e 25°10' e entre as longitudes (seg. Greenwich) de 44°10' e 53°10'. As altitudes variam entre 3 e 1.700 m acima do nível do mar. Neste trabalho básico, inicial, dividimos o Estado em 10 grandes tipos de solo que se acham bastante relacionados com a petrologia em geral. A descrição dêsses 10 grandes tipos, segue a ordem cronológica decrescente, segundo as formações geológicas. Começamos pelos solos provenientes de rochas arcaicas, tais como gnaisses, granitos, etc. Damos, em geral, as características físicas e químicas, assim como geologia e análise mineralógica das frações : areia fina e areia grossa, dêsses grandes tipos de solo. No trabalho são mencionadas as áreas de cada tipo de solo existente no Estado de São Paulo, as culturas principais e a vegetação nativa. Comentam-se, também rapidamente, a erodibilidade desses solos e as suas características morfológicas. Incluem-se também fotografias típicas dos principais tipos de solo, bem como três mapas, o primeiro mostrando os caminhos principais percorridos nas excursões ; o segundo, os locais de retirada de amostras e o terceiro, o mapa dos 10 grandes tipos de solo do Estado de São Paulo.

The main soil types of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, were studied during the last 15 years and their general description is presented in this paper. Over 80,000 km of field excursions were made in order to collect approximately 4,000 rock samples, 700 profiles from depths varying from 1.5 to 5.0 m, 20,000 shallow samples and about 6,000 photographs. The soil types studiel cover an area of 24,700,000 ha, located between the latitudes 19° 50' and 25° 10' South, and the longitudes 44° 10' and 53° 10' West (Greenwich), the altitude varying from 3m to 1,700 m above sea level. For this area the temperature range in the dry winter season (May to July) is from 0° to 25°C and in the rainy summer months (November to February), from 18° to 30°C. The rainfail varies from 2,000 to 3,000 mm (along the cost) and from 1,000 to 1,800 mm in the plateau. The following ten main soil types were described : massapé salmourão, devoniano, glacial, corumbataí, arenito Botucatú, roxa legítima, arenito Baurú, terciário, baixadas, and roxa misturada, and their locations are given in fig. 3. For the ten soil types, determination of physical and chemical properties were made and presented in tables 1 to 14. General information is also given on the specific area, geological origin, topography, native vegetation, and main crops grown in each one of the soils studied.