As espécies de Rhynchospora sect. Tenues são morfologicamente muito similares. O complexo Rhynchospora tenuis é o mais problemático e concentra entidades de difícil delimitação, como é o caso de R. tenuis, R. tenuis subsp. austro-brasiliensis e R. enmanuelis. Amostras dessas três entidades taxonômicas, além de R. junciformis e R. breviuscula (Dichromena), foram analisadas de modo comparativo usando análises morfológicas, citogenéticas e moleculares. Apesar da elevada similaridade morfológica entre esses taxa, R. tenuis foi separada de R. tenuis subsp. austro-brasiliensis e R. enmanuelis de acordo com os números cromossômicos (2n = 4 e 2n = 18) e marcadores ISSR. A análise combinada da forma e tamanho dos aquênios e estilopódio, número de espiguetas, características citogenéticas e de marcadores moleculares, sugere uma clara proximidade entre Rhynchospora junciformis, R. tenuis subsp. austro-brasiliensis e R. enmanuelis, em relação à R. tenuis. Além disso, esses dados indicam a necessidade de uma nova revisão taxonômica para R. sect. Tenues, principalmente para resolver o status e a situação nomenclatural de R. tenuis subsp. austro-brasiliensis e R. enmanuelis.

Species of Rhynchospora sect. Tenues are morphologically very similar. Rhynchospora tenuis complex is the most problematic species complex in this group and it concentrates entities of difficult delimitation, as is the case of R. tenuis, R. tenuis subsp. austro-brasiliensis and R. enmanuelis. Samples of these three taxonomic entities, besides R. junciformis and R. breviuscula (Dichromena), were analyzed in a comparative way using morphologic, cytogenetic and molecular tools. Despite of high morphological similarity between these taxa, R. tenuis was separated from R. tenuis subsp. austro-brasiliensis and R. enmanuelis according to chromosome numbers (2n = 4 and 2n = 18) and ISSR markers. The combined analysis of shape and size of achenes and stylopodium, number of spikelets, cytogenetic features and molecular markers suggest a clear proximity among Rhynchospora junciformis, R. tenuis subsp. austro-brasiliensis and R. enmanuelis, in relation to R. tenuis. These data indicate the need for a new taxonomic review of R. sect. Tenues, mainly to solve the status and nomenclatural situation of R. tenuis subsp. austro-brasiliensis and R. enmanuelis.

Heterochromatin comprises a fraction of the genome usually with highly repeated DNA sequences and lacks of functional genes. This region can be revealed by using Giemsa C-banding, fluorochrome staining and cytomolecular tools. Some plant species are of particular interest through having a special type of heterochromatin denominated the cold-sensitive region (CSR). Independent of other chromosomal regions, when biological materials are subjected to low temperatures (about 0 °C), CSRs appear slightly stained and decondensed. In this study, we used Cestrum strigilatum (Solanaceae) to understand some aspects of CSR condensation associated with cytosine methylation levels, and to compare the behavior of different heterochromatin types of this species, when subjected to low temperatures.

The karyotypes of four South American species of Cestrum (C. capsulare, C. corymbosum, C. laevigatum and C. megalophylum) were studied using conventional staining, C-CMA/DAPI chromosome banding and FISH with 45S and 5S rDNA probes. The karyotypes showed a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 16, with metacentric chromosomes, except for the eighth submeta- to acrocentric pair. Several types of heterochromatin were detected, which varied in size, number, distribution and base composition. The C-CMA+ bands and 45S rDNA were located predominantly in terminal regions. The C-CMA+/DAPI+ bands appeared in interstitial and terminal regions, and the C-DAPI+ bands were found in all chromosome regions. The 5S rDNA sites were observed on the long arm of pair 8 in all species except C. capsulare, where they were found in the paracentromeric region of the long arm of pair 4. The differences in band patterns among the species studied here, along with data from other nine species reported in the literature, suggest that the bands are dispersed in an equilocal and non-equilocal manner and that structural rearrangements can be responsible for internal karyotype diversification. However, it is important to point out that the structural changes involving repetitive segments did not culminate in substantial changes in the general karyotype structure concerning chromosome size and morphology.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (1) registrar as vantagens e desvantagens de cinco metodologias utilizadas para avaliar a cobertura do dossel (interpretação de ecounidades, densiômetro esférico, fotografia hemisférica com lente de 8 mm e fotografia digital com lente de 32 mm) e a quantidade de luz que o atravessa (luxímetro e fotografia hemisférica com lente de 8 mm); e (2) comparar a estrutura do dossel de um reflorestamento e de um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecídual no norte do Paraná. A classificação em ecounidades é uma metodologia rápida e barata, mas com baixa reprodutibilidade. O densiômetro produz medidas rápidas e confiáveis, e o luxímetro e a fotografia com lente de 32 mm forneceram dados com pouca precisão, pois são sensíveis a pequenas variações do dossel, e a fotografia com lente de 8 mm é uma metodologia rápida e de alta precisão, mas apresenta alto custo. Analisando-se a estrutura do dossel, não houve diferenças significativas entre o densiômetro e a fotografia em 8 mm em nenhum dos dois ambientes; a fotografia em 32 mm apresentou resultados diferentes, com grande variação nas médias, indicando alta sensibilidade a pequenas alterações no dossel. Na avaliação da quantidade de luz que penetra no sub-bosque, o luxímetro e a lente de 8 mm foram diferentes. Todas as metodologias apresentaram diferenças entre a floresta madura e o reflorestamento.

The objectives of this work were: (1) to investigate the efficiency, advantages and disadvantages of five methodologies to evaluate canopy structure (eco-unit interpretation, spherical densiometer, hemispheric photography with 8 mm lens and digital photography with 32 mm lens) and the amount of light crossing it (using light meter and hemispheric photography with 8 mm lens) and (2) to compare the canopy structure of a reforestation area and a semideciduous forest fragment in northern Paraná. The classification of forest mosaic in eco-units is a fast and cheap methodology, but it lacks repeatability. Densiometer provides fast and reliable measurements, while light meter and 32 mm lens present data with little precision, being thus sensitive to small variations in the canopy; 8 mm lens is a fast and high precision methodology but expensive. No significant difference was found in the canopy cover estimates between densiometer and the 8 mm lens photography in either of the two sites, while 32 mm lens photography showed significantly different results and great mena variation, due to high sensitivity to the small alterations in the canopy. The luminosity evaluation showed significantly different light meter and 8 mm lens photography. All the methodologies showed significant differences between the mature forest and the reforestation area.

Retroelements are a diversified fraction of eukaryotic genomes, with the Ty1/copia and Ty3/gypsy groups being very common in a large number of plant genomes. We isolated an internal segment of the Ty3/gypsy retroelement of Cestrum strigilatum (Solanaceae) using PCR amplification with degenerate primers for a conserved region of reverse transcriptase. The isolated segment (pCs12) was sequenced and showed similarity with Ty3/gypsy retroelements of monocotyledons and dicotyledons. This segment was used as probe in chromosomes of C. strigilatum and Cestrum intermedium. Diffuse hybridization signals were observed along the chromosomes and more accentuated terminal signals in some chromosome pairs, always associated with nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). The physical relationship between the hybridization sites of pCs12 and pTa71 ribosomal probes was assessed after sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Hybridization signals were also detected in the B chromosomes of these species, indicating an entail among the chromosomes of A complement and B-chromosomes.

We studied the karyotypes of four Brazilian Cestrum species (C. amictum, C. intermedium, C. sendtnerianum and C. strigilatum) using conventional Feulgen staining, C-Giemsa and C-CMA3/DAPI banding, induction of cold-sensitive regions (CSRs) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with rDNA probes. We found that the karyotypes of all four species was 2n = 2x = 16, with, except for the eighth acrocentric pair, a predominance of meta- and submetacentric chromosomes and various heterochromatin classes. Heterochromatic types previously unreported in Cestrum as neutral C-CMA3(0)/DAPI0 bands, CMA3+ bands not associated with NORs, and C-Giemsa/CSR/DAPI- bands were found. The heterochromatic blocks varied in size, number, position and composition. The 45S rDNA probe preferentially located in the terminal and subterminal regions of some chromosomes, while 5S rDNA appeared close to the centromere of the long arm of pair 8. These results suggest that karyotype differentiation can occur mainly due to changes in repetitive DNA, with little modification in the general composition of the conventionally stained karyotype.

O método de RAPD foi usado para acessar a variabilidade genética em Aspisdosperma polyneuron, uma árvore tropical de vida longa e idade reprodutiva tardia, e muito importante na Floresta Atlântica. Amostras foram coletadas em seis fragmentos florestais na região da cidade de Londrina (Sul do Brasil), uma paisagem fragmentada na década de 30. O perfil de RAPD foi analisado em adultos (pré-fragmentação, >300 anos) e plântulas (pós-fragmentação, <<50 anos). Os resultados mostram uma queda no polimorfismo genético em gerações pós-fragmentação nos pequenos fragmentos e alta diversidade genética dentro das populações. A distribuição da diversidade genética sugere o estabelecimento dos fragmentos como reservas protegidas, e a transferência de plântulas entre os fragmentos para a conservação de A. polyneuron.

RAPD was used to access the genetic variability in Aspisdosperma polyneuron, a long-lived, late-reproducing tropical tree, and highly important for the Atlantic Forest. RAPD profiles from adults (pre-fragmentation, >300 years old) and seedlings (post-fragmentation, <<50 years old) were analyzed. Results showed a decrease of genetic polymorphism of post-fragmentation cohorts in small fragments and higher genetic diversity within population. The genetic diversity distribution suggested the establishment of fragments as protected reserves, and the transference of seedlings among fragments for conservation of A. polyneuron.