Resumen Introducción. La población mundial está creciendo y envejeciendo. Debido al cambio demográfico en la población, gran parte de los profesionales de ciencias de la salud trabajarán con personas mayores, aunque la mayoría de los estudiantes de estas áreas tienen poco conocimiento e interés para ocuparse de esta población. Objetivo. Analizar las actitudes hacia las personas mayores en los estudiantes del programa de Terapia Ocupacional de la Universidad de Granada en España. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo. Se utilizó la escala de actitudes hacia el adulto mayor de Kogan (KAOP), validada al español, en 109 estudiantes de Terapia Ocupacional de la Universidad de Granada. Resultados. Los estudiantes participantes manifestaron tener, de media, una actitud neutral hacia el adulto mayor (valor KAOP 143.60±11.70). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas por género ni por año académico (p=0.804) en los datos observados. Conclusiones. La actitud observada hacia el adulto mayor entre los estudiantes de Terapia Ocupacional de la Universidad de Granada es neutral, sin diferencias por género ni por año académico. Son necesarios estudios futuros sobre la temática para esclarecer las posibles causas de esta actitud.

Abstract Introduction: The world's population is growing and ageing. Considering this demographic change in the population, a large amount of health science professionals will work with elderly people after graduation, although most students in these areas have little knowledge and interest in this population. Objective: To analyze attitudes towards the elderly in Occupational Therapy students at the Universidad de Granada in Spain. Materials and methods: Descriptive study. The Kogan scale of attitudes toward older people (KAOP), validated in Spanish, was applied in 109 Occupational Therapy students of Universidad de Granada. Results: On average, the participating students had a neutral attitude towards older adults (KAOP value 143.60±11.70). No statistically significant differences were found by sex or academic year (p=0.804) in the observed data. Conclusions: The attitude towards the elderly observed among Occupational Therapy students at the Universidad de Granada is neutral, with no differences by sex or academic year. Further studies on the subject are necessary to elucidate the possible causes of this attitude.

Background: Obesity is associated with pain, reduction of function and quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Aim: To describe the clinical profile of women with knee OA according to their body mass index (BMI). Material and Methods: Observational study in 308 women with knee OA. According to their BMI, they were classified as normal-weight, overweight and obese. The primary outcome measure was functionality evaluated with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Secondary outcomes were sleep quality evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and quality of life assessed with the European Quality of Life Five Dimension (EuroQol-5D). Results: WOMAC, PSQI and EuroQol-5D scores were significantly higher in obese women. Conclusions: Overweight and obese women with OA have more sleep disorders, reduction on functionality and quality of life compared to their normal weight counterparts.

ABSTRACT Background Few studies have explored the effects of stretching techniques on diaphragm and spine kinematics. Objective To determine whether the application of diaphragm stretching resulted in changes in posterior chain muscle kinematics and ribcage and abdominal excursion in healthy subjects. Method Eighty healthy adults were included in this randomized clinical trial. Participants were randomized into two groups: the experimental group, which received a diaphragmatic stretching technique, or the placebo group, which received a sham-ultrasound procedure. The duration of the technique, the position of participants, and the therapist who applied the technique were the same for both treatments. Participant assessment (cervical range of movement, lumbar flexibility, flexibility of the posterior chain, and rib cage and abdominal excursion) was performed at baseline and immediately after the intervention by a blinded assessor. Results The mean between-group difference [95% CI] for the ribcage excursion after technique at xiphoid level was 2.48 [0.97 to 3.99], which shows significant differences in this outcome. The remaining between-group analysis showed significant differences in cervical extension, right and left flexion, flexibility of the posterior chain, and ribcage excursion at xiphoid level (p<0.05) in favor of the experimental group. Conclusion Diaphragm stretching generates a significant improvement in cervical extension, right and left cervical flexion, flexibility of the posterior chain, and ribcage excursion at xiphoid level compared to a placebo technique in healthy adults.

Introduction: Nutritional disturbances in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are very common. Symptomatology and functionality in chronic diseases could be related with the nutrition. Malnutrition could aggravate the disease. Objectives: Therefore, the aims of this study were 1) to evaluate the profile of the patient with COPD and malnutrition, and 2) to determine the relationship between the nutritional status with functionality and symptomatology in COPD patients. Methods: An observational study was conducted in patients with severe COPD. The independence levels, quality of life was evaluated, comorbidities and anxiety and depression were evaluated. Respiratory function was assessed with spirometry, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) was recorded, and Borg modified scale was used to determine de dyspnea perception. The Mini Nutritional Assessment questionnaire (MNA) evaluated the nutritional status. Finally, the simptomatology was assessed with Leicester Cough Questionnaire, and with London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale. Results: A sample of 154 subjects was included in this study, 98 of them were males. A group of 71 subjects showed malnutrition and a group of 83 patients a normal nutritional status. The comparison between the groups showed significant differences in the clinical characteristics (p < 0.05). The analysis showed significant differences in dyspnea (p = 0.043), and the subscales of functionality related to respiratory symptoms self-care (p = 0.040) and leisure (p = 0.019) and the total score (p = 0.031). The worst results were shown in the patients with malnutrition. Conclusion: Our investigation shows that patients with COPD and malnutrition have worse results in symptomatology and functionality than patients with COPD without malnutrition.

Introducción: las alteraciones en el estado nutricional en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) son frecuentes. La sintomatología y la funcionalidad de estos enfermos pueden estar relacionadas con la nutrición, incrementando su gravedad en los sujetos con malnutrición. Objetivos: el objetivo de esta investigación fue profundizar sobre el perfil clínico del paciente con EPOC malnutrido y relacionar el estado nutricional con la funcionalidad y con los síntomas de estos pacientes. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio observacional en pacientes con EPOC severo. Se valoró el estado de dependencia, la calidad de vida, las comorbilidades y la ansiedad y depresión. La función respiratoria se valoró con el volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo y la escala de Borg modificada y el estado nutricional, con el Mini Nutritional Assessment. La sintomatología fue evaluada mediante el Leicester Cough Questionnaire y el London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale. Resultados: 154 sujetos fueron incluidos en este estudio, 98 de ellos fueron varones. Un grupo de 71 sujetos mostraron malnutrición y un grupo de 83 sujetos un estado nutricional normal. La comparación entre los grupos mostró características clínicas significativamente diferentes (p < 0,05). El análisis mostró diferencias significativas en la disnea (p = 0,043), así como en las subescalas de funcionalidad relacionadas con sintomatología respiratoria autocuidado (p = 0,040), actividades de ocio (p = 0,019) y la puntuación total (p = 0,031), siendo peores en los sujetos malnutridos. Conclusión: los pacientes con EPOC malnutridos presentan más síntomas y peores niveles de funcionalidad que los pacientes con EPOC con estado nutricional normal.

Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar e esclarecer as relações entre os vários domínios cognitivos afetados em pacientes com DPOC e a doença em si, assim como determinar a prevalência de comprometimentos cognitivos em tais pacientes. Para tanto, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática utilizando as seguintes bases de dados: PubMed, Scopus e ScienceDirect. Os artigos incluídos forneciam informações sobre os comprometimentos cognitivos em pacientes com DPOC. A revisão dos achados de tais artigos mostrou uma relação significativa entre DPOC e comprometimento cognitivo. Os domínios cognitivos mais estudados são a memória e a atenção. Memória verbal e aprendizagem constituem o segundo domínio cognitivo mais comumente prejudicado em pacientes com DPOC. A prevalência de comprometimento da memória visuoespacial e da memória visual intermediária é 26,9% e 19.2%, respectivamente. Observamos que o comprometimento cognitivo está associado ao perfil de gravidade da DPOC e suas comorbidades. A revisão dos artigos demonstrou que há um comprometimento considerável dos domínios memória e atenção em pacientes com DPOC. Investigações futuras devem abordar os comprometimentos em diferentes domínios cognitivos em conformidade com o estágio da doença em pacientes com DPOC.

The objectives of this study were to characterize and clarify the relationships between the various cognitive domains affected in COPD patients and the disease itself, as well as to determine the prevalence of impairment in the various cognitive domains in such patients. To that end, we performed a systematic review using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. We included articles that provided information on cognitive impairment in COPD patients. The review of the findings of the articles showed a significant relationship between COPD and cognitive impairment. The most widely studied cognitive domains are memory and attention. Verbal memory and learning constitute the second most commonly impaired cognitive domain in patients with COPD. The prevalence of impairment in visuospatial memory and intermediate visual memory is 26.9% and 19.2%, respectively. We found that cognitive impairment is associated with the profile of COPD severity and its comorbidities. The articles reviewed demonstrated that there is considerable impairment of the cognitive domains memory and attention in patients with COPD. Future studies should address impairments in different cognitive domains according to the disease stage in patients with COPD.

Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive disease with a prevalence that increases with the aging of the subject. It presents a high prevalence of comorbidities, such as cognitive decline, which is gaining great clinical relevance in recent years. Factors such as pulmonary function, hypoxemia, hypercapnia or exacerbations contribute to the decline of cognitive functions. The nutritional status has been added to these factors as contributing to cognitive function decline when presenting in COPD. Objective: To evidence the relationship between cognitive decline, nutritional status and the clinical profile of patients admitted because of an acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD). Methods: 110 subjects hospitalized because of COPD, divided in two groups according to their nutritional status and assessment of cognitive decline at admittance, nutritional status and clinical profile. Results: Significant differences between groups concerning nutritional status in anthropometric variables (sex and IMC), functional ability (Barthel index and Daily Life Activities Scale), quality of life (Euroqol- 5D y SGRQ), sleep quality (Pittsburgh), mood (HAD) and cognitive decline (MoCa attention, MoCa abstraction). (p<0.05). Conclusion: Cognitive function is affected in COPD patients with an altered nutritional status when compared to those with a normal nutritional status. The nutritional decline is a factor contributing to the impairment of cognitive functions in this kind of patients, particularly a decline in attention and abstraction ability.

Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) es una enfermedad progresiva, cuya prevalencia aumenta con la edad. Se caracteriza por su elevado número de comorbilidades, entre ellas el deterioro cognitivo, que ha ido adquiriendo gran relevancia clínica en los últimos años. Factores como la función pulmonar, la hipoxemia, la hipercapnia o las exacerbaciones contribuyen al deterioro de las funciones cognitivas. Se ha incluido el estado nutricional como un factor más que presentándose en la EPOC, contribuya también al deterioro de la funciones cognitivas. Objetivo: Evidenciar la relación entre el deterioro cognitivo, el estado nutricional y el perfil clínico de los pacientes que ingresan por exacerbación aguda de EPOC (EAEPOC). Metodología: Ciento diez sujetos hospitalizados por EAEPOC, divididos en dos grupos según su estado nutricional y evaluación a su ingreso de deterioro cognitivo, estado nutricional y perfil clínico. Resultados: Diferencias significativas entre grupos de estado nutricional en las variables antropométricas (sexo e IMC), capacidad funcional (Índice de Barthel y escala de Actividades de la Vida Diaria) calidad de vida (Eurool-5D y SGRQ), calidad de sueño (Pittsburgh), estado de ánimo (HAD) y deterioro cognitivo (MoCa atención, MoCa abstracción). (p<0.05). Conclusión: Las funciones cognitivas se ven afectadas en pacientes EPOC con un estado nutricional alterado, en comparación con aquellos con un estado nutricional normal. El deterioro nutricional es un factor que contribuye al deterioro de las funciones cognitivas en este tipo de pacientes; en concreto al deterioro de la atención y la capacidad de abstracción.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by the presence of chronic airflow obstruction and associated endocrinometabolic disorders, which usually worsen the clinic and prognostic of the patients. Therefore, in-depth knowledge of these prevalent disorders in patients with COPD is relevant to develop preventive measures and early detection. Purpose: To analyze the prevalence of endocrinometabolic diseases that occur in COPD subjects and their related risk factors. Methods: We carried out a bibliographic search of the bibliographic resources of the last 10 years, including PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect databases. Words used were: "endocrine metabolic disorders AND COPD", "endocrine disorders AND COPD" and "metabolic disorders AND COPD". The bibliographical analysis was made in two steps. During the first phase, we excluded those articles in which the title or their content did not correspond with the objective settled; during the second phase, we deleted all the references duplicated in both databases. Finally, 17 articles after full-text critical appraisal were maintained. Results: After reviewing the articles, we found a significant relationship between diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, obesity, osteoporosis, hypogonadism and COPD. Different authors have reported a higher prevalence of these comorbidities, influencing the development of COPD. Conclusions: Due to the high prevalence and association with COPD, these comorbidities have to be considered by the health professionals related to the COPD patients. Better understanding of the endocrinometabolic disorders related to COPD can influence the treatment and the outcome of patients.

Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) se caracteriza por obstrucción crónica del flujo aéreo y se asocia frecuentemente a alteraciones endocrino-metabólicas que empeoran la situación clínica del paciente y su pronóstico. El conocimiento en profundidad de estas alteraciones en los pacientes con EPOC permite llevar a cabo medidas preventivas, detección temprana e intervenciones nutricionales adecuadas. Objetivos: Analizar la prevalencia de comorbilidades endocrino-metabólicas en pacientes con EPOC y los factores de riesgo que favorecen la aparición de dichas enfermedades. Métodos: Se desarrolló una estrategia de búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura limitada a los últimos diez años, en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus y ScienceDirect, usando las palabras clave "endocrine metabolic disorders AND COPD", "endocrine disorders AND COPD" y "metabolic disorders AND COPD". En el análisis bibliográfico se excluyeron aquellos artículos cuyo título o contenido no se correspondía con el objetivo del presente estudio, así como los artículos duplicados en las bases de datos. Finalmente, tras una profunda lectura crítica, fueron seleccionados y analizados 17 artículos. Resultados: El análisis de los artículos ha mostrado una relación significativa entre la EPOC y la presencia de alteraciones endocrino-metabólicas tales como diabetes mellitus, síndrome metabólico, obesidad, osteoporosis e hipogonadismo. Los autores coinciden en la alta prevalencia de estas comorbilidades, que influyen de forma diferente en el desarrollo de la EPOC. Conclusiones: Debido a la alta prevalencia y asociación con la EPOC, estas comorbilidades han de ser tenidas en cuenta por el profesional sanitario, ya que pueden afectar su abordaje, intervención y resultados.