ABSTRACT Reduced stability and structural resilience expose sandy soils to physical degradation under intensive production systems. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different cover crops (CC) under no-tillage system (NTS) cotton cropping, grown either individually or in combination, on the soil physical quality (SPQ) of a sandy loam Oxisol (Latossolo) in southeastern Brazil. To quantify the effects of CC on soil physical quality indicators, an experiment in randomized blocks design was implemented with the treatments: CC1: single cultivation of Ruzi grass; CC2: Intercropping of Pearl Millet + Ruzigrass; CC3: Intercropping of Pearl Millet + Velvet bean; CCMixture: Intercropping of Ruzi grass, Pearl Millet and Velvet bean; and Control: maintenance of spontaneous plants. Undisturbed samples were taken from layers 0.00-0.10, 0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.40 and 0.40-0.60 m, in which were determined the soil bulk density (Bd), total porosity (TP), available water (AW), soil penetration resistance (PR) and the least limiting water range (LLWR). According to the multivariate analyses, the CC2 treatment resulted in better SPQ compared to the other treatments. The LLWR, air-filled porosity (θAFP), and AW were responsible for differentiating the CC2 treatment compared to the other treatments evaluated. Regardless of treatments, values of Bd> 1.75 Mg m-3 result in loss of SPQ due to the significant increase in PR and decreases in AW and LLWR. In the CC3 and Control, there was a physical impediment caused by the increase in Bd in the 0.10-0.20 m layer, which could result in the confinement of cotton roots to the surface, making them more susceptible to water stress. Soil PR reached values greater than 2.5 MPa for water contents lower than the θPWP in most treatments. In treatment CC3, for water contents equivalent to the θPWP, the PR did not exceed 6 MPa, while for the other treatments, the PR reached values greater than 10 MPa. Only the PR was influenced using CC. Soil moisture is considered crucial to maintain PR below impeding values, determining the control of the physical quality of this sandy soil. systems (CC notillage no tillage NTS (NTS cropping combination (SPQ Latossolo (Latossolo Brazil indicators CC1 grass Ruzigrass bean CCMixture Control plants 0.000.10, 000010 0.00 0.10, 0 00 0.00-0.10 0.100.20, 010020 0.10 0.20, 20 0.200.40 020040 0.20 0.40 40 0.20-0.4 0.400.60 040060 0.60 60 0.40-0.6 Bd, , (Bd) TP, TP (TP) AW, (AW) (PR LLWR . (LLWR) analyses airfilled air filled θAFP, θAFP (θAFP) evaluated 175 1 75 1.7 m3 3 m- 0.100.20 0.10-0.2 layer surface stress 25 2 5 2. 000 0.000.10 00001 0.0 010 0.00-0.1 100 01002 0.1 020 200 0.200.4 02004 0.2 040 0.4 4 0.20-0. 400 0.400.6 04006 060 0.6 0.40-0. (Bd (TP (AW (LLWR (θAFP 17 7 1. 0.100.2 0.10-0. 0.000.1 0000 0. 01 0.00-0. 0100 02 0.200. 0200 04 0.20-0 0.400. 0400 06 0.40-0 0.100. 0.10-0 0.000. 0.00-0 0.200 0.20- 0.400 0.40- 0.100 0.10- 0.000 0.00-

ABSTRACT Sandy soils are characterized by low organic matter content and soil water retention and availability. Conventional tillage has been used for the implementation of orange orchards, but it exposes the soil to erosion and promotes accelerated oxidation of organic matter with negative impacts on the soil’s physical quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil physical quality of sandy soils influenced by two soil tillage practices for planting the orange trees in areas after long-time under pastures. Soil sampling was carried out in three experimental areas (one under Lixisol and two under Ferralsol) where the planting of orange trees had been carried out using two tillage practices: (i) conventional tillage in total area; and (ii) localized conventional tillage in a strip corresponding to the orange tree planting lines. A complete randomized design was used with two treatments (total or strip tillage) and four replications. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken in 2011 (8 to 18 years after the establishment of the treatments) from the 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers in transects crossing: (i) under canopy projection below orange trees; (ii) under machine wheel tracks in the interrow of the orange trees; and (iii) under grass groundcover between the wheel tracks in the interrow of the orange trees. The following determinations were made for these samples: texture analysis, total organic carbon, soil bulk density, reference bulk density obtained with saturated soil subjected to a 200 kPa, soil resistance to penetration, soil water content, and water retention curves and the least limiting water range. The results suggest that total tillage for the implantation of orange orchards is unnecessary; however, after a long time of establishing orange orchards occurs soil physical quality discontinuity under wheel tracks compared to the other sampling positions. A positive correlation between organic carbon and soil physical quality was identified under the canopy of trees and grass groundcover in the interrow of the orange trees. For similar sand content, the higher soil organic carbon in the Ferralsol provided better physical quality than in Lixisol.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades físicas de um solo com pastagem de capim-tanzânia (Megathyrsus maximus) fertilizado com nitrogênio mineral ou consorciado com a leguminosa estilosantes 'Campo Grande' (Stylosanthes spp.), submetido a pastejo contínuo e à taxa de lotação variável, em uma cronossequência de três anos. Os tratamentos foram: capim-tanzânia e estilosantes; e capim-tanzânia adubado com 75, 150 e 225 kg ha-1 de N por ano. O experimento foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo (primeiro, segundo e terceiro anos experimentais). Foram avaliadas, anualmente, as seguintes propriedades do solo: densidade do solo, porosidade no domínio dos macroporos, capacidade de armazenamento de água e ar do solo e resistência do solo à penetração. Após três anos, a maior taxa de lotação animal, em razão do aumento da produção de forragem, não afetou as condições físicas do solo. O consórcio de pastagem de capim-tanzânia com a leguminosa apresenta valores de capacidade de armazenamento de água e ar do solo próximos aos ideais (0,66 e 0,34, respectivamente). Após o segundo ano experimental, ocorre decréscimo dos valores de resistência do solo à penetração, que ficam abaixo do limite crítico de 2.500 kPa. O consórcio de capim-tanzânia com o estilosantes 'Campo Grande' pode ser uma alternativa interessante para a manutenção e o melhoramento das condições físicas do solo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical properties of a soil with a 'Tanzânia' grass (Megathyrsus maximus) pasture fertilized with mineral nitrogen or intercropped with the legume 'Campo Grande' (Stylosanthes spp.), and subjected to continuous grazing and variable stocking rate, in a three-year chronosequence. The treatments were: 'Tanzânia' grass and Stylosanthes; and 'Tanzânia' grass fertilized with 75, 150, and 225 kg ha-1 N per year. The experiment was carried out in an Oxisol, in a randomized complete block design with three replicates, in split plots divided according to time (first, second, and third experimental years). The following soil properties were assessed annually: soil bulk density, porosity in the soil macropore domain, soil water and air storage capacity, and soil penetration resistance. After three years, the highest animal stocking rate due to increased forage yield did not affect the soil physical conditions. The intercrop of 'Tanzânia' grass with the legume shows values of soil water and air storage capacity close to the ideal ones (0.66 and 0.34, respectively). After the second experimental year, there is a decrease in the penetration resistance values, which are inferior to the critical limit of 2,500 kPa. The intercropping of 'Tanzânia' grass with stylosanthes 'Campo Grande' can be a remarkable alternative for the maintenance and improvement of soil physical conditions.

ABSTRACT Soil and crop management systems change the soil structure, thereby affecting soil quality. The “profil cultural” method (PCM) has been used to identify the effects of management systems on soil structure; however, few studies relate the structures identified by the PCM to quantitative indicators of soil structural quality. This study aimed to quantify soil structures using the PCM and relate these structures to bulk density (Bd), critical bulk density (Bdc), soil aeration capacity (εa), least limiting water range (LLWR), and soil air permeability (Ka) under different soil and crop management systems. The study was developed in a long-term experiment (24 years) involving two systems of soil management (no-tillage and conventional tillage) and two systems of crop management (rotation and succession), resulting in four treatments: no-tillage with crop rotation (NTr), no-tillage with crop succession (NTs), conventional tillage with heavy harrowing and crop rotation (CTr) and conventional tillage with heavy harrowing and crop succession (CTs). The PCM was used to identify the different homogeneous morphological units (HMUs) in the soil profile. Undisturbed soil samples were collected for the HMUs that were most represented in the profiles to determine Ka, LLWR, Bd, and εa. There was agreement between the HMUs and the quantitative indicators. The LLWR showed greater values for Bdc under no-tillage (NTr = 1.36 Mg m-3 and NTs = 1.37 Mg m-3) than under conventional tillage (CTs = 1.31 Mg m-3 and CTr = 1.33 mg m-3). The proportion of samples where Bd > Bdc was 23 % under CTs, 77 % under CTr, 32 % under NTs, and 39 % under NTr. The structures that were most restrictive to root development (CΔ, CΔμ, FmtΔμ, and FmtμΔ) show a lower Ka and greater soil penetration resistance as the soil dries. Pores are more continuous and the structure is less restrictive to plant development in no-tillage than in conventional tillage.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a acurácia em medidas do potencial mátrico da água no solo (ψm) por tensiômetros de punção com cápsulas arredondadas ou pontiagudas, instalados com ou sem “lama de solo”, e comparar o desempenho destes tensiômetros com o de tensiômetros com manômetros de mercúrio. O experimento foi conduzido em Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial, com cinco repetições. Tensiômetros de punção com cápsulas arredondadas, instalados com “lama de solo”, apresentam maior acurácia nas determinações do ψm em uma faixa mais ampla de medidas, assemelhando-se aos tensiômetros com manômetros de mercúrio com o secamento do solo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the measurement accuracy of the soil water matric potential (ψm) by puncture tensiometers with either rounded or pointed porous cups, installed with or without “soil mud”, and to compare the performance of these tensiometers with that of tensiometers equipped with mercury manometers. The experiment was conducted in a Ultisol, in a randomized complete block design, in a factorial arrangement with five replicates. Puncture tensiometers with rounded porous cups, installed with “soil mud”, present more elevated accuracy for ψm determination in a wider measurement range, resembling tensiometers equipped with mercury manometers in drying soil.

ABSTRACT Understanding the spatial behavior of soil physical properties under no-tillage system (NT) is required for the adoption and maintenance of a sustainable soil management system. The aims of this study were to quantify soil bulk density (BD), porosity in the soil macropore domain (PORp) and in the soil matrix domain (PORm), air capacity in the soil matrix (ACm), field capacity (FC), and soil water storage capacity (FC/TP) in the row (R), interrow (IR), and intermediate position between R and IR (designated IP) in the 0.0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m soil layers under NT; and to verify if these soil properties have systematic variation in sampling positions related to rows and interrows of corn. Soil sampling was carried out in transect perpendicular to the corn rows in which 40 sampling points were selected at each position (R, IR, IP) and in each soil layer, obtaining undisturbed samples to determine the aforementioned soil physical properties. The influence of sampling position on systematic variation of soil physical properties was evaluated by spectral analysis. In the 0.0-0.1 m layer, tilling the crop rows at the time of planting led to differences in BD, PORp, ACm, FC and FC/TP only in the R position. In the R position, the FC/TP ratio was considered close to ideal (0.66), indicating good water and air availability at this sampling position. The R position also showed BD values lower than the critical bulk density that restricts root growth, suggesting good soil physical conditions for seed germination and plant establishment. Spectral analysis indicated that there was systematic variation in soil physical properties evaluated in the 0.0-0.1 m layer, except for PORm. These results indicated that the soil physical properties evaluated in the 0.0-0.1 m layer were associated with soil position in the rows and interrows of corn. Thus, proper assessment of soil physical properties under NT must take into consideration the sampling positions and previous location of crop rows and interrows.

RESUMO A ocorrência de concentração de nutrientes e compactação superficial tem sido relatada após longo tempo de implantação do sistema plantio direto. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os atributos químicos, a densidade do solo e a produtividade das culturas subsequentes a uma única intervenção mecânica complementada com calagem de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico textura muito argilosa conduzido em sistema plantio direto há 17 anos ininterruptos, em Pato Branco, no sudoeste do Paraná. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com aração e gradagem do solo nas parcelas (sem e com revolvimento do solo com aração a 0,00-0,20 m e gradagem) e calagem nas subparcelas (sem e com calagem para elevar o índice de saturação por bases a 70 %). Foram avaliados a densidade do solo e a produtividade das culturas de milho (6° mês), biomassa de aveia-preta (12° mês) e soja (20º mês) e os atributos químicos do solo (6° mês). O revolvimento ocasional do solo com aração e gradagem em sistema plantio direto consolidado teve duração efêmera de seis meses na redução da densidade do solo. A incorporação do calcário não apresentou vantagens em relação à sua aplicação na superfície do solo. Não houve aumentos de produtividade das culturas subsequentes à calagem e ao revolvimento do solo. As produtividades das culturas de milho, aveia-preta e soja não dependeram do revolvimento e da incorporação de calcário nessa área agrícola.

ABSTRACT Accumulation of nutrients and surface compaction have been reported after a long time under a no-tillage system. The aim of this study was to evaluate soil chemical properties, bulk density, and crop yield following a single mechanical intervention associated with liming in a clayey Oxisol under a NT system for 17 consecutive years in Pato Branco, southwestern Paraná, Brazil. A randomized block experimental design was used in a split-plot arrangement, with plowing and harrowing of the soil in the plots (with and without soil turnover through plowing to 0.00-0.20 m and harrowing), and liming in the subplots (with and without liming to raise the level of base saturation to 70 %). Soil bulk density and yield of maize (6th month), black oat biomass (12thmonth), and soybean (20th month), as well as soil chemical properties (6th month), were evaluated. Occasional soil tillage through plowing and harrowing in a no-tillage system consolidated had a brief effect of reducing soil bulk density for six months. Incorporation of lime showed no advantages over application of lime on the soil surface. There were no yield increases in the crops following liming and soil tillage. The yields of corn, oat, and soybean did not depend on plowing and lime incorporation in this agricultural area.

Sistemas conservacionistas em pomares de laranja podem aumentar a capacidade de suporte de carga do solo minimizando os seus riscos de compactação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de suporte de carga por meio da pressão de preconsolidação e sua dependência a conteúdo de água, densidade e carbono orgânico de um Argissolo Vermelho distrófico latossólico, após 18 anos de implantação de plantas de cobertura permanentes nas entrelinhas de um pomar de laranja. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram estudados três tratamentos de manejo por meio de roçadas nas entrelinhas do pomar, desde o plantio do pomar em 1993: gramínea Paspalum notatum, leguminosa Arachis pintoi e vegetação espontânea. Cento e oito amostras indeformadas de solo foram coletadas em 2011 sob o rodado e entrerrodado das máquinas nas estrelinhas do pomar com textura arenosa nas camadas de 0,00-0,10 m (87 g kg-1 de argila) e 0,10-0,20 m (122 g kg-1 de argila). Determinaram-se as pressões de preconsolidação das curvas de compressão do solo (25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 e 1.600 kPa) em conteúdos de água sob três potenciais (-80, -330 e -1.000 hPa), a densidade do solo e o teor de carbono orgânico do solo. A pressão de preconsolidação não foi dependente do conteúdo de água, da densidade do solo e do teor de carbono orgânico do solo. A pressão de preconsolidação sob o rodado na camada de 0,00-0,10 m foi menor nos tratamentos leguminosa e vegetação espontânea. A manutenção permanente da gramínea manejada com roçadas nas entrelinhas do pomar de laranja proporcionou maior capacidade de suporte de carga do solo sob o rodado na camada superficial arenosa.

Conservation tillage systems in orange groves can increase soil load-bearing capacity minimizing their risks of soil compaction. The objective of this study was to evaluate load-bearing capacity through preconsolidation pressure and its dependence on water content, bulk density, and organic carbon of a Typic Paleudult soil 18 years after setting up permanent plant cover between the rows of an orange grove. A randomized block experimental design was used, with three replications. Three groundcover treatments subjected to mowing between the rows of the grove, as of establishment of the orange grove in 1993, were studied: Paspalum notatum grass, the Arachis pintoi legume, and spontaneous vegetation. One hundred and eight undisturbed soil samples were collected in 2011 at the 0.00-0.10 m (87 g kg-1 clay) and 0.10-0.20 m (122 g kg-1 clay) depths under and between the wheel tracks of the machines between the rows of the orange grove consisting of sandy clay texture soil. Preconsolidation pressure was not dependent on soil water content, bulk density, or organic carbon content. Preconsolidation pressure from soil compression curves (25; 50; 100; 200; 400; 800; and 1,600 kPa) at water content under three potentials (-80; -330; and 1,000 hPa), soil bulk density, and soil organic carbon were determined. The preconsolidation pressure under the wheel tracks between the orange rows in the 0.00-0.10 m layer was lower in the legume and spontaneous vegetation treatments. Ongoing maintenance of the grass managed through mowing between the rows of the orange grove led to greater soil load-bearing capacity under the wheel tracks in the sandy surface layer.

A correlação espacial entre atributos de solo e de plantas espontâneas tem importância agronômica e ambiental. O entendimento dessa correlação é fundamental para a interpretação do seu significado, tendo em conta a influência de fatores como os mecanismos de dispersão, a produção e a sobrevivência das sementes e a extensão da influência das práticas de manejo do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar a correlação espacial entre atributos físicos de solo e plantas espontâneas em sistema plantio direto (PD) e preparo convencional (PC). Os atributos físicos de solo foram: densidade do solo, macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total, capacidade de aeração da matriz do solo, água retida na capacidade de campo; e os de plantas espontâneas: biomassa da parte aérea das plantas, densidade de plantas, densidade de Commelina benghalensis e densidade de Bidens pilosa. Os alcances das correlações espaciais foram em geral maiores no PD do que no PC. Os variogramas cruzados evidenciaram que muitas variáveis apresentam estrutura de variação conjunta no espaço e, portanto, podem ser mapeadas umas pelas outras pela co-krigagem. A variação conjunta permitiu também fazer inferências sobre os significados físicos e biológicos das variáveis estudadas. Os resultados demonstraram também que os sistemas de manejo do solo exercem influência significativa na estrutura da dependência espacial.

The spatial correlation between soil properties and weeds is relevant in agronomic and environmental terms. The analysis of this correlation is crucial for the interpretation of its meaning, for influencing factors such as dispersal mechanisms, seed production and survival, and the range of influence of soil management techniques. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial correlation between the physical properties of soil and weeds in no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) systems. The following physical properties of soil and weeds were analyzed: soil bulk density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity, aeration capacity of soil matrix, soil water content at field capacity, weed shoot biomass, weed density, Commelina benghalensis density, and Bidens pilosa density. Generally, the ranges of the spatial correlations were higher in NT than in CT. The cross-variograms showed that many variables have a structure of combined spatial variation and can therefore be mapped from one another by co-kriging. This combined variation also allows inferences about the physical and biological meanings of the study variables. Results also showed that soil management systems influence the spatial dependence structure significantly.

Estoques de carbono em macroagregados do solo possuem relação com a taxa de sequestro de C no solo em sistema plantio direto. Objetivou-se avaliar os estoques de carbono em macroagregados (12,5-19,0mm) em função do revolvimento ocasional e/ou da calagem de um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico textura muito argilosa, sob sistema plantio direto há 17 anos em Pato Branco, sudoeste do Paraná. A partir de outubro de 2009, foi avaliado um experimento em parcelas sub-subdivididas, tendo como parcelas, épocas de amostragens após 6, 12 e 20 meses do revolvimento do solo e/ou calagem; nas subparcelas, manejos de solo, sem e com revolvimento do solo com uma aração e uma gradagem; e, nas sub-subparcelas, níveis de calagem, sem e com calcário para elevar o índice de saturação por bases para 70%. Dos 6 aos 12 meses, a aplicação de calcário em superfície ou incorporado aumentou os estoques de C dos macroagregados na camada de 0,10-0,20m. Após 20 meses, a incorporação de calcário em solo reduziu os estoques de C dos macroagregados somente na camada de 0-0,10m. Assim, a calagem na superfície é fundamental para a manutenção e aumento dos estoques de C em macroagregados de solo sob sistema plantio direto, mantendo-o consolidado

Carbon stocks in soil macroaggregates are related to the rate of soil C sequestration in no-tillage system. This study aimed to evaluate carbon stocks in macroaggregates (12.5 to 19.0mm) as a function of the occasional tillage and/or liming of a Hapludox loamy clayey under no-tillage for 17 years in Pato Branco, Paraná southwest, Brazil. Starting from October 2009, it was evaluated an experiment with split-split plots, with plots as sampling dates after 6, 12 and 20 months of the occasional tillage and/or liming; the subplots as soil management, with and without occasional soil tillage with plowing and disking; and as sub-subplots, liming levels, with and without limestone to raise the base saturation index to 70%. From 6 to 12 months, the limestone application on surface or incorporated increased C stocks of macroaggregates in the 0.10-0.20m layer. After 20 months, the incorporation of limestone in soil reduced C stocks in macroaggregates only in the 0-0.10m layer. Thus, the surface liming is essential for the maintenance and enhancement of C stocks in macroaggregates of no-tillage system, keeping it consolidated

A pressão exercida pelos cascos dos animais pode ocasionar a compactação superficial do solo em sistema integração lavoura-pecuária (SILP), com reflexos na qualidade física dele. A hipótese do trabalho foi de que o pisoteio dos animais em decorrência do pastejo das culturas de aveia e azevém num Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico com SILP sob plantio direto degrada a qualidade física do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes alturas de pastejo na densidade do solo (Ds), na porosidade total (PT), na macro e microporosidade, na porosidade no domínio dos macroporos (POMAC) e da matriz do solo (POMAT), na capacidade de aeração do solo (CATSOLO) e da matriz do solo (CAMAT), na capacidade de armazenamento de água e ar e no intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, após sete anos sob SILP. A área estudada, localizada no município de Campo Mourão, PR, foi manejada em SILP com semeadura direta de soja/milho no verão e consórcio de aveia+azevém no inverno, utilizado como forragem para o pastejo pelos animais. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro alturas de pastejo (7, 14, 21 e 28 cm) e um tratamento-controle (testemunha). Em cada tratamento, foram coletadas 36 amostras com estrutura indeformada, nas profundidades de 0,0-7,5 e 7,5-15,0 cm, para determinação dos atributos físicos do solo. A hipótese do trabalho foi confirmada, pois a aeração foi reduzida com intensificação do pastejo. Após sete anos de SILP, a altura de pastejo de 7 cm resultou em redução da qualidade física do solo, indicada pela Ds, PT, POMAT e quantidade de amostras com Ds > densidade do solo crítica (Dsc) na profundidade de 0,0-7,5 cm; e pela macroporosidade, CAMAT, CATSOLO e capacidade de armazenamento de ar, na profundidade de 7,5-15,0 cm. Com o aumento da Ds, ocorreram valores restritivos de aeração e resistência à penetração no IHO em todos os tratamentos e nas duas camadas, com efeito mais pronunciado na camada de 0,0-7,5 cm.

The pressure applied by animal hooves can lead to soil surface compaction in a crop-livestock system (CLIS), with effects on soil physical quality. The hypothesis of this study was that the trampling of animals as a result of grazing on oat and ryegrass crops in a Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (Oxisol) under no-tillage in a CLIS degrades soil physical quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different grazing heights on soil bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP), macro- and microporosity, porosity in the soil macropore domain (PORp) and in the soil matrix domain (PORm), total soil aeration capacity (ACt) and soil matrix capacity (ACm), soil water and air storage capacity, and the least limiting water range (LLWR) of an Oxisol after seven years under CLIS. The area under study, located in Campo Mourão, PR, Brazil, was managed in a CLIS with a no-till system of soybean/corn in the summer and oat+ryegrass in the winter, which was used as forage for animal grazing. The treatments consisted of four grazing heights (7, 14, 21 and 28 cm) and a control (control). In each treatment, 36 undisturbed samples were collected at the 0.0-7.5 and 7.5-15.0 cm depths for determination of soil physical properties. The hypothesis of the study was confirmed as aeration was compromised from intensification of grazing. After seven years of CLIS, the grazing height of 7 cm resulted in reduction of soil physical quality as indicated by BD, TP, PORm, and number of samples with BD > the critical BD (BDc) in the 0.0-7.5 cm depth; and by macroporosity, ACm, Act, and air storage capacity in the 7,5-15.0 cm depth. With the increase of BD, restrictive values of aeration and resistance to penetration in the LLWR were found in all treatments and in the two layers, with the most pronounced effect in the 0.0-7.5 cm layer.

No-tillage in Brazil is an efficient agricultural system that improves crop productivity whilst controlling erosion caused to the soil by degradation. However, there is some concern regarding soil compaction. Our objective was to determine whether the function of soil structure in sustaining crop growth was dependent on row and interrow positions in long-term no-tillage. We took soil samples from a field in a commercial farm under long-term no-tillage since 1979 on a clayey Oxisol in Southern Brazil. We assessed soil physical quality using the revised Peerlkamp technique and measured bulk density, air-filled porosity and air permeability of intact soil cores. Samples were incubated to assess in vitro N2O and CO2 production. The soil physical and structural properties showed consistent differences between interrow and row positions, where the properties measured were more favorable. The revised Peerlkamp technique proved as efficient as quantitative parameters in discriminating treatment differences. Overall, soil physical conditions in the interrow were less favourable than in the row. Pore continuity did not vary as regards position. This may explain why row position did not influence in vitro N2O and CO2 production. Soil physical quality under no-tillage system is enhanced, at least in the short term, by superficial disturbances in the row as a result of the action of the coulters of the no-tillage seeder.

O intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) é definido pela amplitude do teor de água (θ) no solo em que são mínimas as limitações ao crescimento vegetal, associadas à disponibilidade de água, aeração e resistência do solo à penetração (RP). Em geral, a determinação do IHO exige equipamentos de elevado custo, sendo laboriosa a obtenção dos dados de retenção de água e RP. O uso de membranas de pressão e placas porosas de Richards exige longo tempo para definir a curva de retenção de água no solo (CRA) em função do tempo de equilíbrio hidráulico, o qual depende das dimensões da amostra, do tipo de solo e da pressão aplicada. Atualmente, há disponibilidade de equipamentos para determinar o potencial de água do solo (ψ) com rapidez e menor custo como tensiômetros e equipamentos psicrométricos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o IHO a partir do secamento de amostras indeformadas de solo em estufa elétrica com ventilação de ar e temperatura de 40 ºC (tempos de secamento de 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 e 420 min), com subsequentes medições de ψ, utilizando tensiômetro ou psicrômetro, e medidas de RP, usando um penetrômetro eletrônico com aquisição automatizada de dados. A CRA e a curva de resistência do solo à penetração (CRS) foram adequadamente descritas utilizando o método proposto, que permitiu obter dados de θ e de RP em 10 dias e possibilitou ajuste acurado dos dados para descrever o IHO e alcançar a densidade crítica do solo (Dsc).

The least limiting water range (LLWR) is defined by the amplitude of the water content (θ) in the soil in which limitations to plant growth associated with water availability, aeration and soil resistance to penetration (SR) are minimal. In general, LLWR determination requires expensive equipment, and obtaining water retention and SR data is laborious. The use of pressure membranes and Richards' pressure plates requires a long time to determine the water retention curve (WRC) due to the need for achieving hydrostatic equilibrium, which depends on the dimensions of the sample, the soil type and the pressure applied. Currently, equipment is available for quickly and more cheaply determining water potential (ψ), such as automatic tensiometers and psychrometric equipment. The aim of this study was to evaluate a method for quantifying the LLWR from the drying of undisturbed samples in an electric laboratory oven with air circulation and temperature of 40 ºC (drying times of 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 and 420 min), with subsequent measurements of ψ using a tensiometer or psychrometer, and SR measurements using an electronic penetrometer with automated data acquisition. The WRC and the soil resistance to penetration curve were adequately described using the proposed method which allowed θ and SR data to be obtained in 10 days and allowed accurate fitting of the data to describe the LLWR and to obtain the critical bulk density of the soil.

A influência do sistema de uso e manejo na qualidade física do solo tem sido tema de destaque em razão de seus impactos ambientais e agronômicos. O intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) é um moderno indicador da qualidade física que potencialmente pode apresentar os mecanismos e processos de perda ou recuperação da qualidade física do solo, por causa do seu uso e manejo. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a influência de diferentes sistemas de uso e manejo no IHO de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura franco-arenosa, composto por 170, 40 e 790 g kg-1 de argila, silte e areia, respectivamente. Foram selecionadas quatro áreas, sob os seguintes sistemas de uso e manejo do solo: mata nativa; pastagem cultivada por mais de 20 anos; citros por mais de 10 anos, antecedido por 10 anos de pastagens; e cultivo com culturas comerciais (milho, sorgo, aveia e mandioca), por cerca de 15 anos, após 10 anos de pastagem cultivada. Foram coletadas 48 amostras indeformadas, em cada área, no centro da camada de 0-0,10 m de profundidade. As amostras foram submetidas a potenciais de -10 a -15.000 hPa, em que foram determinadas a curva de retenção de água, a curva de resistência do solo à penetração e, posteriormente, a densidade do solo (Ds) e o IHO. A Ds foi influenciada pelos sistemas de uso e manejo do solo na sequência cultivo = citros > pastagem > mata nativa. A relação entre IHO e Ds foi linear e negativa, à exceção da mata nativa que na faixa de Ds entre 1,35-1,55 Mg m-3 apresentou relação positiva. Valores de Ds, em que o IHO = 0, associados com severa degradação física do solo, foram de 1,75 e 1,80 Mg m-3, nos solos sob citros e cultivo, respectivamente; a proporção desses valores foi de 21 % para o solo sob citros e 18 %, para o sob cultivo. A perda de qualidade física do solo foi menos acentuada no solo sob pastagem, quando comparado com os solos sob citros e cultivo, sendo a diminuição do IHO menos acentuada com o aumento da Ds. O menor valor de Ds em que iniciou a redução do IHO foi tomado como densidade do solo de alerta (Ds a). A Ds a foi de 1,55 Mg m-3 e pode ser utilizada como valor de referência no processo de recuperação da qualidade física do solo, válida para solos com textura, uso e manejo semelhante ao deste estudo.

The effects of soil use and management on soil physical quality have been largely discussed due to its environmental and agronomic impacts. The least limiting water range (LLWR) is a modern indicator of soil physical quality that can indicate processes and mechanisms linked to soil physical degradation caused by soil use and management. The aim of this work was to quantify the influence of different land uses and soil tillage on the LLWR of an Oxisol (170, 40 and 790 g kg-1 clay, silt and sand). Four areas were selected: native forest; planted pasture for more than 20 years; area under citrus cultivation for more than 10 years; area with annual crops (corn, sorghum, oat, and cassava) for 15 years after 10 years of pasture. In each treatment, 48 undisturbed samples were collected in the 0-0.10 m layer. A matric potential of -10 to -15,000 hPa was applied and the soil samples were analyzed for soil bulk density (Bd) , water retention curve, soil resistance curve, LLWR, and critical Bd. Bulk density was influenced by soil use and management at the following sequence commercial crops = citrus > pasture > native forest. The relationship between LLWR and Bd was linear and negative, except under native forest, where the Bd range (1.35-1.55 Mg m-3) had a positive relationship. In the areas under citrus and annual crops, LLWR reached zero, with a critical bulk density (Bd c) of 1.75 and 1.80 Mg m-3, respectively, with severe soil physical degradation. The ratio of these values was 21 % for soil under citrus and 18 % for soil under commercial crops. The loss of soil physical quality was less marked for the soil under pasture than citrus and annual crops, with a less pronounced decrease of LLWR with increasing Bd a. The lowest Bd value, at which the reduction of LLWR begins, was named alert bulk density (Bd a). The Bd was 1.55 Mg m-3 and can be used as a reference value for the process of soil regeneration, valid for soils with soil texture and soil use and management similar to this study.

O intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) destaca-se como um dos melhores indicadores da qualidade física do solo, sob sistemas intensivos de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade física de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico por meio do IHO, após três safras agrícolas de lavoura e o primeiro ano de sistema integração lavoura-pecuária, em Xambrê, noroeste do Paraná. O experimento foi implantado em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro alturas de pastejo (0,10; 0,20; 0,30; e 0,40 m) e um tratamento testemunha sem pastejo. A braquiária (BRACHIARIA RUZIZIENSIS) foi semeada em março de 2010 e o pastejo contínuo de bovinos foi realizado durante 110 dias (março-setembro). Em outubro desse ano, coletaram-se 90 amostras de solo com cilindros metálicos (0,05 m de altura e 0,05 m de diâmetro) no centro das camadas de 0-0,10; 0,10-0,20; e 0,20-0,30 m. Essas amostras foram utilizadas para obter a curva de retenção de água, a curva de resistência do solo à penetração e a densidade do solo (Ds); a partir dessas, foi calculado o IHO e obtida a densidade crítica do solo (Dsc). Utilizaram-se os limites críticos de -80 hPa, para a capacidade de campo (θcc); -15.000 hPa, para o ponto de murcha permanente (θpmp); 2,5 MPa, para a resistência do solo à penetração (θrp); e 0,10 m³ m-3, para a porosidade de aeração (θpa). O IHO foi maior a 0-0,10 m e a RP foi o fator de maior limitação do IHO em todas as camadas, especialmente a 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,30 m. As Dsc decresceram em profundidade de 1,66; 1,64; e 1,62 Mg m-3, respectivamente, para as camadas de 0-0,10; 0,10-0,20; e 0,20-0,30 m. O manejo desse solo sob sistema integração lavoura-pecuária com altura de pastejo de 0,10 m apresentou a maior frequência de amostras de solo com Ds ≥ Dsc.

The least limiting water range (LLWR) is one of the best indicators of soil physical quality in intensive production systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical quality of a Typic Haplorthox by the LLWR after three crop growing seasons and the first year of crop-livestock integration in Xambrê, northwestern Paraná, Brazil. The experiment was established in a randomized block design with three replications. Treatments consisted of four brachiaria heights before grazing (0.10; 0.20; 0.30, and 0.40 m) and a control treatment without grazing. The brachiaria (Brachiaria ruziziensis) was sown in March 2010 and cattle grazed on it continuously for 110 days (March-September). In October 2010, 90 soil samples were collected with metal cylinders (height 0.05 m, diameter 0.05 m) from the center of the layers 0-0.10; 0.10-0.20; 0.20-0.30 m. These samples were used to obtain the water retention curve, the penetration resistance curve and the soil bulk density (Bd), from which the LLWR and the critical bulk density (Bdc) were calculated. The critical limits of -80 hPa for field capacity (θfc), -15,000 hPa for wilting point (θwp), 2.5 MPa for soil resistance to penetration (θsr) and 0.10 m³ m-3 for air filled porosity (θafp) were used. The LLWR was highest in 0-0.10 m and θsr was the most relevant variable to reduce LLWR in all layers, especially the layers 0.10-0.20 m and 0.20-0.30 m. The Bdc decreased with depth for values of 1.68, 1.65 and 1.64 Mg m-3, respectively, in the layers 0-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.30 m. The management of this soil under integrated crop livestock at a grazing height of 0.10 m had the highest frequency of soil samples with Bd ≥ Bdc.