The present study was carried out to establish the optimal conditions for performing ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CIT) extraction using the QuEChERS method in rice. Employing the factorial experimental design, variables that significantly influenced the extraction stages were determined. The following variables were analyzed: addition of water, acidification of acetonitrile with glacial acetic acid, as well as amounts of magnesium sulfate, sodium acetate, sodium citrate and diatomaceous earth. The best combining procedure resulted in a predictive model using more water and less diatomaceous earth. Recoveries of CIT and OTA were 78-105%.

The QuEChERS extraction method followed by quantification using HPLC/UV-FL was evaluated for deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) determination in natural and parboiled rice and their fractions (bran and husk). The comparison between QuEChERS and partition with acetonitrile extraction showed that the first one was better. It presented higher recovery (91% for DON, 105% for ZEA) wih precision ranging from 1.5 to 18.6%. The limits of quantification were 22.2 µg kg-1 for DON and 4.3 µg kg-1 for ZEA. DON and ZEA showed higher levels in endosperm of parboiled rice (8 e 111.7 µg kg-1, respectively) when compared to natural rice.

A produção de alimentos seguros tem estimulado a busca por substâncias naturais que possuem atividade antifúngica. Os métodos indiretos de estimativa de biomassa fúngica são baseados na medição de glucosamina, ergosterol e proteína - compostos típicos produzidos durante o desenvolvimento da biomassa. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do extrato fenólico de Spirulina platensis na produção de componentes estruturais em Aspergillus flavus, a fim de identificar seu mecanismo de ação dos fenóis na inibição fúngica. O extrato metanólico de Spirulina platensis apresentou 1,15 mg de compostos fenólicos/g Spirulina platensis, apresentando um efeito antifúngico contra Aspergillus flavus, inibindo a produção de glucosamina em até 56%. Portanto, pode ser empregado como antifúngico natural quando for necessária a proteção de alimentos.

The production of safe food has stimulated the search for natural substances that possess antifungal activity. The indirect methods of estimating fungal biomass are based on the measurement of glucosamine, ergosterol and protein - typical compounds produced during the development of biomass. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of the phenolic extract from Spirulina platensis on the production of structural compounds in Aspergillus flavus, in order to identify its action on fungal inhibition. The Spirulina platensis methanolic extracts presented 1.15 mg phenolic compound/g Spirulina platensis, which showed an antifungal effect against Aspergillus flavus, inhibiting the glucosamine production up to 56%. Therefore, it may be employed as natural defense when food protection is necessary.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relacionar os níveis de fenóis totais em cebola, farelo de arroz e microalga Chlorella phyrenoidosa com a atividade antifúngica testada contra o fungo Rhyzopus oryzae. Os compostos fenólicos da cebola foram extraídos em três sistemas solventes: aquoso, metanólico e com acetato de etila, os do farelo de arroz e da microalga Chlorellaphyrenoidosa extraídos com metanol. Os extratos foram quantificados colorimetricamente com reagente de Folin-Ciocalteau. O método para avaliar a atividade antifúngica empregou a técnica de Ágar diluído. O Rhyzopus oryzae teve seu desenvolvimento inibido em presença de extratos metanólico e acetoetílicos de cebola e metanólico de farelo de arroz, que continham as concentrações de compostos fenólicos testadas, 86; 2,6; e 46 µg fenóis.mL-1meio, respectivamente. O extrato aquoso de cebola e metanólico de Chlorella phyrenoidosa não inibiram o crescimento fúngico em nenhuma das concentrações fenólicas testadas.

The objective of this work was to relate the levels of total phenolic in onion, rice bran, and Chlorellaphyrenoidosa with the antifungal activity tested against the fungus Rhyzopus oryzae. The phenolic compounds of onion were extracted in three solvent systems: aqueous, methanolic, and with ethila acetate, whereas the phenolic compounds of rice bran and Chlorella phyrenoidosa were extracted with methanol. The extracts were quantified with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The method to evaluate the antifungal activity employed was the diluted Ágar technique. The Rhyzopus oryzae had its development inhibited in the presence of onion methanolic and aceto-ethylic extracts and rice bran methanolic extracts at the following phenolic concentrations, 86; 2.6, and 46 µg phenolic.mL-1agar, respectively. The aqueous extracts from onion and the methanolic extract from Chlorellaphyrenoidosa did not inhibit fungal growth under the phenolic concentrations tested.