ABSTRACT The literature reveals difficulties in taxonomic and phylogenetic delimitations of Miconia Ruiz & Pav. and Leandra Raddi (Melastomataceae), it’s suggested that leaf anatomical characters, particularly the trichomes, can be useful within the genera. Characters related to the trichomes and leaf blade structure of 15 species of Miconieae (five species of Leandra and ten species of Miconia) were evaluated as a taxonomic criterion to separate the selected species. In addition, some considerations were made about the structure of the leaves, which can be affected by environmental factors. Leaf samples were obtained from herbaria and anatomically investigated using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Leaves are hypostomatous, dorsiventral or isobilateral, and exhibit epidermis in general with non- glandular and glandular trichomes. A hypodermis has been found only in Miconia theaezans. Conical trichomes and mixed trichomes (non-glandular and glandular) are present only in the five species of Leandra. Dendritic trichomes have been found in species of both genera. Leaf features of potential taxonomic significance are the trichome types, presence of hypodermis, number of layer palisade parenchyma, occurrence of gelatinous fibers, midrib structure, and margin structure. Xeromorphic and sclerophyllous features are present in Leandra and Miconia species, and Leandra microphylla may be considered a xerophyte. Pav Melastomataceae, Melastomataceae , (Melastomataceae) its it s characters genera 1 addition leaves factors hypostomatous isobilateral non theaezans nonglandular types parenchyma fibers xerophyte (Melastomataceae

Resumen La tribu Miconiae estaba compuesta por los géneros Miconia, Clidemia, Leandra y Ossaea, pero trabajos recientes han reconocido a Miconia como el único género de la tribu. La diversidad morfológica de los tricomas en Melastomataceae se ha empleado con fines sistemáticos, especialmente el indumento foliar. En el presente trabajo se investigaron los tricomas del hipantio de 24 especies de Miconieae, 8 especies de Miconia sensu stricto y 16 especies de Leandra como aporte a la taxonomía de la tribu. Las muestras se obtuvieron de especímenes de herbario y plantas recolectados en un parque estatal en Paraná, Brasil. El indumento del hipantio de las muestras se analizó utilizando un microscopio electrónico de barrido. Nuestros resultados revelaron que los tricomas estrellados de pedúnculo largo aparecen solo en Miconia s.s., mientras que los tricomas dendríticos eglandulares y los tricomas glandulares aparecen solo en Leandra. Los tricomas mixtos con glándula lateral son menos frecuentes y se encontraron en ambos géneros. No sorprende, por lo tanto, que los hipantios de las especies investigadas presenten un indumento de potencial importancia taxonómica. Los caracteres del indumento de Miconia s.s. y Leandra pueden ser útiles en la taxonomía infragenérica de la nueva propuesta para la tribu Miconieae.

Abstract The tribe Miconieae was composed of a few genera, such as Miconia, Clidemia, Leandra, and Ossaea, but recent works have recognized Miconia as the only genus of the tribe. The morphological diversity of trichomes in Melastomataceae have been employed for systematic purposes, especially the foliar indumentum. In the present paper, hypanthium trichomes of 24 species of Miconieae were investigated, 8 species of Miconia sensu stricto and 16 species of Leandra, as a contribution to the taxonomy of the tribe. Samples were obtained from herbarium and plant specimens collected in a state park in Paraná, Brazil. The hypanthium indumentum of the samples was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. Our results revealed that long-peduncle stellate trichomes appear only within Miconia s.s., while dendritic eglandular trichomes and glandular trichomes appear only in Leandra. Mixed trichomes with a lateral gland are less frequent and were found in both genera. It is not surprising, therefore, that the hypanthia of the investigated species possess indumentum of potential taxonomic significance. The characters of the indumentum of Miconia s.s., and Leandra may be useful in the infrageneric taxonomy of the new proposal for the tribe Miconieae.

Abstract Barbosa, J. F.; P. R. Moraes, A. Silvério & L. A. Souza. 2022. Nocturnal and crepuscular pollination of Passiflora morifolia (Passifloraceae): breeding system, floral biology and pollinators. Darwiniana, nueva serie 10(1): 228-240. The study of interactions between plants and animals is important for detecting the degree of vulnerability of species under the current scenario of forest fragmentation. The genus Passiflora (Passifloraceae) is widely distributed in forest formations in Brazil with about 157 species. Here we studied the pollination biology of Passiflora morifolia, a native species of Brazil that is widely distributed in the American continent. Floral biology observations, controlled pollination tests and the recording of floral visitors were carried out in an area of natural occurrence, a fragment of Araucaria Moist Forest, located in the state of Paraná, Brazil. The results showed that the species is self-compatible, with flowers that open at night and remain open and receptive in the morning. The greatest volume of secreted nectar was observed at the beginning of anthesis, when the flower released an intense sweet odor and received visits from nocturnal and crepuscular bees. The bees Megommation insigne and Ptiloglossa willinki were the first visitors to the opened flowers and also the main pollinators.

Resumen Barbosa, J. F.; P. R. Moraes, A. Silvério & L. A. Souza. 2022. Polinización nocturna y crepuscular de Passiflora morifolia (Passifloraceae): sistema reproductivo, biología floral y polinizadores. Darwiniana, nueva serie 10(1): 228-240. El estudio de las interacciones entre plantas y animales es importante para detectar el grado de vulnerabilidad de las especies en el escenario actual de fragmentación de bosques. El género Passiflora (Passifloraceae), se encuentra en prácticamente todas las formaciones boscosas de Brasil, con aproximadamente 157 especies. Estudiamos la biología de la polinización de Passiflora morifolia, nativa de Brasil y ampliamente distribuida en el continente americano. Se realizaron observaciones de biología floral, pruebas de polinización controlada y registro de visitantes florales de la especie en un área de ocurrencia natural, un fragmento de Bosque Húmedo de Araucaria, ubicado en el estado de Paraná, Brasil. Los resultados mostraron que la especie es autocompatible, con flores que se abren por la noche y permanecen abiertas y receptivas por la mañana. La secreción de néctar es mayor al inicio de la antesis, cuando la flor libera un olor dulce intenso y recibe visitas de abejas nocturnas y crepusculares. Las abejas Megommation insigne y Ptiloglossa willinki fueron las primeras visitantes de las flores abiertas y también las principales polinizadoras.

ABSTRACT Considerable effort has been spent towards understanding the phylogeny of Myrteae, and based on the phylogenetic data presently available the traditional subdivision of Myrteae into three subtribes is not supported. The present paper aims to assess the usefulness of floral characters in distinguishing five species that represent five of the six South American clades of Myrteae (Myrtaceae). Floral buds and flowers of Campomanesia adamantium, Eugenia pitanga, Myrceugenia alpigena, Myrcia multiflora and Myrciaria cuspidata were collected from individual plants growing in the Cerrado (Brazilian/Central South American savanna). Among these species, the perianth of E. pitanga is the most distinct due to its vasculurization and pilosity. The hypanthium is thickest in C. adamantium and M. alpigena, while M. delicatula possesses tangentially elongated cells. Anthers do not exhibit much variation among the studied species, while M. alpigena is the only species with trichomes and secretory cavities distributed throughout the mesophyll of the outer wall of the ovary. The ovaries of all of the studied species exhibit vascularization in the form of a single ring of larger-sized bundles. Comparative analysis of these floral structures demonstrates that they are useful in separating these species, and thus the subtribes, of Myrteae.

Resumo Phoradendron é um gênero de plantas hemiparasitas clorofiladas do Novo Mundo, que tem distribuição desde os Estados Unidos até a Argentina, incluindo o leste da Índia. Os nomes dados aos frutos de representantes de Visceae são variáveis, incluindo baga viscosa ou pseudobaga, apresentando uma única semente sem testa. Nesse trabalho, foi realizado um estudo anatômico para investigar o desenvolvimento do fruto e da semente de três espécies de Phorodendron. Durante o desenvolvimento do fruto, a estrutura do mesocarpo sofre intensa atividade de divisão celular; diferenciando-se em duas novas regiões mesocárpicas: uma camada parenquimática e outra de viscina. Quando o fruto amadurece, a semente atégmica, apresenta embrião inteiramente embebido em um endosperma clorofiliano. A ocorrência de clorofila no endosperma pode estar associada à ausência de tegumentos seminais, permitindo que a luz alcance os tecidos da semente, através do um pericarpo relativamente transparente. Em adição, fruto Pomaceo do tipo viscidio é proposto como uma alternativa para a classificação de frutos para o gênero Phoradendron.

Abstract Phoradendron is a New World genus of chlorophyllous hemiparasite plants with the distribution extending from the United States to Argentina, including the West Indies. The names given to the fruits within the Visceae are variable and include a viscous berry or pseudoberry bearing a single seed lacking the testa. Here, it was performed an anatomical study about the development of fruit and seed of three species of Phoradendron. During the fruit development the structure of the mesocarp undergoes intense activity of cell division, and it differentiates onto two new mesocarpic regions: the parenchyma and the viscid layer. In its maturity, the seed is ategmic, presenting the embryo entirely embedded within a chlorophyllous endosperm. The occurrence of chlorophyll in the endosperm may be associated to absence of integuments on the seed, which allows the light to reach the seminal tissues throughout the somewhat transparent pericarp. In addition, the Pomaceous fruit, "viscidio" type is proposed as an alternative classification for Phoradendron fruits.

Resumo Morfoanatomia da plântula e comparação da folha nas fases juvenis e adulta de Piptocarpha angustifolia (Asteraceae). O estudo morfológico nas primeiras fases de desenvolvimento permite a observação de estruturas transitórias, que desaparecem com a passagem para a fase adulta. O estudo da morfoanatomia da plântula e das fases juvenis e adulta de Piptocarpha angustifolia foi realizado com o objetivo de se levantar características diagnósticas da espécie, principalmente nos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento. P. angustifolia é espécie arbórea que ocorre exclusivamente na Floresta Ombrófila Mista Montana. As amostras foram coletadas e fixadas em FAA 50 a partir de plantas cultivadas (13 e 35 dias após germinação) e folhas de indivíduos jovens e adultos no campo. Os caracteres como os tipos de germinação (fanerocotiledonar e epígea) e a morfologia foliar permitem o reconhecimento das plântulas e plantas jovens na mata. Os caracteres estruturais que podem auxiliar no reconhecimento da espécie são: região de transição raiz/caule; nó cotiledonar trilacunar; nó unilacunar do eofilo; presença de hidatódios no eofilo; variação do número de feixes vasculares no pecíolo e nervura mediana nos tipos foliares; dorsiventralidade e a variação no formato e número de células do mesofilo dos cotilédones, eofilos e metafilos.

Abstract Seedling morphoanatomy and leaf comparison in juvenile and adult stages of Piptocarpha angustifolia (Asteraceae). Morphology studies of the first development stages of plants allow the observation of transitory structures that disappear when they become mature. The aim of this study is to analyse the morphological and anatomical aspect of the structure of Piptocarpha angustifolia, in seendling, juvenile and adult stages, in order to get up diagnostic characteristics of the species, especially in the early stages of development. P. Angustifolia is a native arboreous species from Mixed Ombrophylous Mountain Forest. Samples were collected and fixed in FAA 50 from cultivated plants (13 and 35 days after germination) and leaves of juvenile and adults stages in the field. The characters as types of germination (phanerocotylar and epigeal) and leaf morphology allow the recognition of seedlings and saplings in the forest. The structural characters that can aid in the recognition of the species are: the root/stem transition zone; the trilacunar cotyledon node; the unilacunar eophyll node; the presence of hydathodes in eophyll; the variation in the number of vascular bundles in the petiole and midrib checked in leaf types; the variation in shape and number of mesophyll cells of cotyledons, and eophylls metaphylls.

Crepis japonica (L.) Benth., Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. and Tridax procumbens L. are weedy species that grow in cultivated fields, roadsides, abandoned fields and open, disturbed spaces in Maringa, Parana state, Brazil. The ontogeny of the fruits and seeds of the 3 Asteraceae species was carried out. The flowers and developing fruits were prepared according to resin inclusion techniques for histochemical tests and scanning electron microscopy. During maturation of the pericarp, processes such as trichome differentiation, tissue sclerification, phytomelanin deposition and breakdown of tissues can be observed. The fruit of C. japonica is entirely lacking in phytomelanin. The seed is only exotestal in C. japonica. Comparative analysis of the pappus and cypsela characters demonstrated that they are efficient in separating species and tribes. The seed coat and embryo may also be useful in the characterization of tribes.

Crepis japonica (L.) Benth., Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. y Tridax procumbens L. son especies dañinas que crecen en los campos cultivados, en las orillas del camino, campos abandonados y áreas perturbadas en Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. Se analizó la ontogenia de los frutos y semillas de las 3 especies de Asteraceae. Las flores y los frutos en desarrollo fueron procesados según las técnicas de inclusiones de la resina, de pruebas histoquímicos y de microscopía electrónica. Durante la maduración del pericarpio puede observarse a menudo procesos como la diferenciación de tricomas, esclerosis de tejidos, deposición de fitomelano y descomposición de tejidos. El fruto de C. japonica es completamente desprovisto de fitomelano. La semilla es sólo exotestal en C. japonica. El análisis comparativo de los caracteres del papus y de la cipsela demostró que son eficaces en la separación de las especies y tribus. La cubierta de la semilla y embrión también pueden ser útiles en la caracterización de tribus.

A phytochemical investigation of Maclura tinctoria fruits yielded five flavonoids, including one prenylated flavonol (licoflavonol) and four prenylated isoflavones (wighteone, derrone, alpinum isoflavone, and 6-(2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2,3-dihydro-5H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-5-one). The structures of the isolates were established by analyzing their spectroscopic data. Compound 6-(2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromen-6-yl)-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-2,3-dihydro-5H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-5-one is new and the other isolates are described for the first time in this species.

Alternanthera tenella Colla e Amaranthus blitum Linnaeus são espécies invasoras que ocorrem em culturas e terrenos baldios na região de Maringá, Paraná. O trabalho teve por objetivo a análise morfoanatômica dos frutos em desenvolvimento e estruturas não pericárpicas dessas duas espécies, com a finalidade de contribuir com informações estruturais para identificação das espécies, classificação dos frutos e investigações ecológicas. Flores e frutos foram coletados no campus da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, fixados em Glutaraldeído, secionados em micrótomo de rotação e corados com a azul de Toluidina. As bractéolas e perigônio são persistentes nos frutos e têm estrutura diferente nas duas espécies. O aquênio de Alternanthera tenella mantém o mesmo número de estratos celulares que o ovário, que sofrem colapso na fase madura, exceto o mesocarpo interno que se mantém com espessamento parietal em U e cristais. O utrículo de Amaranthus blitum é semelhante ao ovário em número de camadas celulares e apresenta aerênquima quando maduro. As sementes maduras são exotestais, com mesotesta e endotesta colapsadas, e embrião curvo. Nesse estudo, foram registrados alguns caracteres estruturais dos perigônios e dos frutos que são potencialmente significativos para caracterização e separação das espécies, ao contrário das sementes que são muito semelhantes.

Alternanthera tenella Colla and Amaranthus blitum Linnaeus are weeds that occur in crops and uncultivated areas in the Maringá region of Paraná. In this study, a morphoanatomical analysis of fruit development and the pericarp of A. tenella and A. blitum was made in order to contribute structural information for species identification, fruit classification, and ecological investigations. Flowers and fruits were collected at the campus of the State University of Maringá, Paraná, fixed in glutaraldehyde, sectioned with a rotary microtome and stained with Toluidine blue. The bracteoles and perigone are persistent in the fruits and are structurally different in both species. The achene of A. tenella maintains the same number of cell layers as the ovary, and these layers collapse during the mature phase, except for the inner mesocarp, where U thickened cell walls and crystals remain. The utricle of A. blitum is similar to the ovary in number of cell layers and has aerenchyma when it is ripe. Mature seeds are exotestal, with a collapsed mesotesta and endotesta, and curved embryo. In this study, some structural characters of the perigone and of the fruits were found that could potentially be used to separate the species; unlike the seeds, which were very similar.

Euphorbiaceae s.l. apresenta vários tipos morfológicos de frutos, sendo o mais comum o esquizocarpo. Os frutos das espécies invasoras Euphorbia graminea Jacq., Euphorbia heterophylla L., Euphorbia hirta L. (= Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.) and Euphorbia prostrata Aiton (= Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small) são objetos do presente estudo. As inflorescências e frutos em desenvolvimento foram coletados no campus da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Brasil, fixados em FAA 50 e glutaraldeído, desidratados e secionados em micrótomo de rotação, de acordo com as técnicas usuais em anatomia. As espécies apresentam muitas semelhanças anatômicas, embora haja algumas diferenças relacionadas à epiderme externa do ovário, que é glabra em E. graminea e pilosa nas outras espécies. O fruto maduro apresenta exocarpo papiloso e desprovido de tricomas, com exceção de E. hirta. O óvulo é anátropo, bitegumentado e crassinucelado, e as sementes são exotégmicas com embriões retos.

Euphorbiaceae s.l. presents several morphological types of fruits, of which the schizocarp is the most common. The fruits of weed species of Euphorbia graminea Jacq., Euphorbia heterophylla L., Euphorbia hirta L. (= Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp.) and Euphorbia prostrata Aiton (= Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small) are objects of this study. Inflorescences and fruits in development were collected on the campus of the State University of Maringa (UEM), Brazil, fixed in FAA 50 and glutaraldehyde, dehydrated and sectioned with a rotary microtome according to standard morphology and anatomy techniques. The species present several anatomical similarities, though there are some differences related to the outer epidermis of the ovaries, which is glabrous in E. graminea and hairy in the other species. The ripe fruits present a papilose exocarp and lack trichomes, except for E. hirta. The ovules are anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate; the seeds are exotegmic and the embryos are straight.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do solo contaminado por petróleo e biorremediado na germinação, crescimento e estrutura anatômica de Allophylus edulis. Foram testados: solo contaminado por petróleo, solo biorremediado e solo não contaminado. Foram avaliados: porcentagem e índice de velocidade de germinação (GSI), biomassa e comprimento radicular e aéreo, biomassa total, diâmetro radicular e do hipocótilo, espessura dos cotilédones e eofilos, área foliar, índice estomático dos eofilos e a estrutura anatômica da plântula. A porcentagem de germinação, GSI, biomassa aérea e área foliar não diferiram entre os tratamentos após 30 dias. A biomassa radicular e o comprimento aéreo foram menores no tratamento sem contaminação. Após 60 dias, a biomassa radicular e a área foliar foram diferentes entre os tratamentos. A espessura do cotilédone, em solo biorremediado, foi maior que nos demais tratamentos. A estrutura radicular e do eofilo apresentou poucas alterações em solo contaminado. Conclui-se que A. edulis não foi afetada pelo solo contaminado e biorremediado, apresentando potencial para fitorremediação.

Abstract This study aimed to assess the effect of petroleum-contaminated and bioremediated soils on germination, growth and anatomical structure of Allophylus edulis. We tested oil-contaminated soil, bioremediated soil and non-contaminated soil. We evaluated germination percentage, germination speed index (GSI), biomass and length of roots and shoots, total biomass, root and hypocotyl diameter, thickness of eophylls and cotyledons, leaf area, eophyll stomatal index and seedling anatomy. Germination percentage, GSI, biomass and leaf area did not differ between treatments after 30 days. Root biomass and plant height were lower in the noncontaminated treatment. Root biomass and leaf area differed between treatments after 60 days. Thickness of cotyledons was higher in bioremediated soil than in other treatments. Root and eophyll structure showed little variation in contaminated soil. We conclude that A. edulis was not affected by petroleum in contaminated and bioremediated soils and that this species has potential for phytoremediation.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se o solo com óleo diesel altera a estrutura da raiz e do eofilo de plântulas de S. commersoniana (Euphorbiaceae) e S. terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae). Para cada espécie foram testados três tratamentos com solo contaminado e um solo controle, não contaminado. Os tratamentos diferiram pelo tempo entre a contaminação e a semeadura. S. commersoniana foi semeada 60, 120 e 210 dias e S. terebinthifolius 30, 90 e 180 dias após a contaminação. As amostras de raiz e eofi lo foram coletadas 30 dias após a semeadura, fixadas e processadas segundo técnicas convencionais para anatomia vegetal e analisadas de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. Plântulas de S. commersoniana e S. terebinthifolius, em solo com óleo diesel, apresentaram alterações anatômicas na raiz e eofilo. O intervalo de tempo entre a contaminação e a semeadura interferiu na fitotoxicidade do solo. Isto é, quanto maior o intervalo de tempo entre a contaminação e a semeadura, menores foram as alterações anatômicas. As plântulas de S. terebinthifolius pareceram mais resistentes à contaminação por óleo diesel do que as de S. commersoniana.

The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the diesel contaminated soil alters the structure of the root and eophyll of S. commersoniana (Euphorbiaceae) and S. terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) seedlings. For each species three treatments with contaminated soil were tested, and compared to a control of uncontaminated soil. The treatments differed by the time between contaminations and sowing. S. commersoniana was sown 60, 120 and 210 days and S. terebinthifolius 30, 90 and 180 days after contamination. Samples of root and eophyll were collected 30 days after sowing and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Seedlings of S. commersoniana and S. terebinthifolius, grown in diesel contaminated soil, had their root and eophyll anatomy modifi ed. The time interval between contamination and sowing interferes with the soil phytotoxicityl. When greater the time interval between contamination and sowing lower were the anatomical changes. Seedlings of S. terebinthifolius seemed more resistant to contamination than those of S. commersoniana.

(Morfologia e anatomia do fruto em desenvolvimento de Maclura tinctoria, Moraceae). Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steudel foi selecionada para estudo por sua importância medicinal e econômica. O objetivo desta investigação foi apresentar uma descrição detalhada do fruto em desenvolvimento, especialmente: (a) definir o tipo de fruto apresentado pela espécie e (b) caracterizar o tipo de semente da espécie baseado na presença ou não de tecido mecânico no tegumento. O fruto provém de inflorescência feminina subglobosa, que consiste de flores diminutas, unipistiladas, com ovário súpero, placentação apical, unilocular e uniovulado. O fruto maduro é múltiplo, composto por diminutas drupas. O óvulo é ana-campilótropo, pêndulo, bitegumentado e crassinucelado. A semente madura é achatada lateralmente, ligeiramente ovalada, de coloração creme, com tegumento não especializado, membranáceo, com células mais ou menos comprimidas de paredes finas. A semente apresenta endosperma parenquimático com conteúdo de natureza lipofílica. O embrião é reto com dois cotilédones de mesmo tamanho. Os estudos ontogenéticos revelam que os frutos são infrutescências. A parte carnosa e comestível do fruto é formada pelo perigônio e eixo da inflorescência. As drupas consistem de um único pirênio de macrosclereídes.

(Morphology and anatomy of the developing fruit of Maclura tinctoria, Moraceae). Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steudel was selected for the present study due of its economic and medicinal importance. The purpose of this investigation is to present a detailed description of the fruit development, specially by: (a) defining the fruit type presented by the species, and (b) characterizing the seed type of the species based upon the presence or not of mechanical tissue on the seed-coat. The fruit originates from the subglobose female inflorescence which consists of small unipistillate flowers with superior ovary, unilocular and uniovular apical placentation. The mature fruit is multiple, constituted of small drupes. The ovule is ana-campylotropous, suspended, bitegmic and crassinucellate. The mature seed is flattened, slightly ovated, cream colored, with unspecialized membrane coat with thin-walled cells more or less crushed. The seed has parenchymatic endosperm with lipophilic content. The embryo is straight, with two cotyledons of the same size. Ontogenetic studies reveal that the fruits are infrutescences. The fleshy edible part is derived from the perigone and inflorescence axis. The drupes consist of a single pyrene of macrosclereids.

Rhipsalis cereuscula Haw., Rhipsalis floccosa subsp. hohenauensis (F. Ritter) Barthlott et N. P. Taylor and Lepismium cruciforme (Vellozo) Miquel are obligatory epiphytes that occur frequently on tree trunks of remnant forests in Maringa, Paraná state, Brazil. Morphological and anatomical analyses regarding the seedlings were carried out. The seedlings were prepared according to techniques of resin inclusions and histochemical tests. Seedlings were phanerocotyledonar and originated from seeds with operculum. The root was diarch and the hypocotyl presented transition root-stem structure. The cotyledons were sessile, reduced, with homogeneous mesophyll. The epicotyl (phylloclade) presented a lot of parenchyma and reduced vascular cylinder. The 3 studied species showed anatomical characteristics similar to those described for species of Lepismium and Rhipsalis as well as other cacti.

Rhipsalis cereuscula Haw., Rhipsalis floccosa subsp. hohenauensis (F. Ritter) Barthlott et N. P. Taylor y Lepismium cruciforme (Vellozo) Miquel son epífitos obligatorios que frecuentemente habitan en los troncos del árbol de matorrales secundarios de Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. Se analizaron la morfología y anatomía de las plántulas de estas especies. Las plántulas fueron procesadas según las técnicas de inclusión en resina y pruebas histoquímicas. Las plántulas se clasificaron como fanerocotiledonares y se originaron de semillas con opérculo. La raíz era diarca y el hipocótilo presentó estructura de transición raíz-tallo. Los cotiledones fueron sésiles, reducidos, con el mesófilo homogéneo. El epicótilo (filocladio) presentó mucho parénquima y el cilindro vascular reducido. Las 3 especies presentaron características anatómicas similares a las descritas para especies de Lepismium y Rhipsalis, así como otras cactáceas.

Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) J.C. Sowerby é uma hidrófita que ocorre nas várzeas de águas brancas e igapós da Bacia Amazônica e na Bacia do rio Paraguai. A morfologia da flor, fruto e plântula/"tirodendro" é objeto do presente trabalho. O material botânico foi coletado em Parintins e Manaus, estado do Amazonas, Brasil. A análise morfológica foi feita em material fresco e fixado em FAA 50. O desenvolvimento das plântulas foi realizado no escuro em frascos com água com teor reduzido de oxigênio. As flores possuem pedicelo longo e são hemicíclicas, diclamídeas, monoclinas e com antese vespertina. Os frutos são carnosos, indeiscentes, com pseudossincarpia. As sementes apresentam arilo que atua na dispersão pela água. As plântulas se desenvolvem em condições de hipoxia e apresentam um cotilédone exposto acicular. O "tirodendro" apresenta eofilos com heterofilia. As flores apresentam caracteres morfológicos básicos da família, a definição do tipo de fruto exige estudo ontogenético e a heterofilia é um caráter típico de plântulas/"tirodendros"de Nymphaeaceae.

Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) J.C. Sowerby is a hydrophyte that occurs in the white water leas and igapos of the Amazonian and Paraguay Basin. The flower, fruit and seedling/"tirodendro" morphology is the object of the present work. The botanical material was collected at Parintins and Manaus, Amazonian state, Brazil. The morphological analysis was made in both fresh and fixed material. The seedling development was accomplished in flasks with water containing little oxygen and maintained in the darkness. Flowers present long pedicel and they are hemicyclic, dichlamydeous, bisexual with vespertine anthesis. Fruits are fleshy, indehiscent with pseudo-syncarpy. Seeds present aril that acts in the water dispersion. Seedlings grow in hypoxy conditions and they present an acicular and exposed cotyledon. The "tirodendro" stage presents eophylls with heterophylly. Flowers present basic morphologic characters of the family, the definition of the fruit type demands ontogenetic study and the heterophylly is a typical character of Nymphaeaceae seedlings/ "tirodendros".