SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe homocysteine concentrations in overweight and obese children and adolescents and relate them to blood pressure levels, renal function, and insulin resistance. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional and observational study with 64 overweight children and adolescents (mean age: 11.6±3.5 years) in outpatient follow-up. The following parameters were evaluated: body mass index z-score, waist-to-height circumference ratio, pubertal stage, blood pressure, serum homocysteine, glycemia, insulin, lipid profile, renal function, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, microalbuminuria, and creatinuria. Statistical analysis: analysis of variance and logistic regression (dependent variable: homocysteine) (p<0.05). RESULTS: The mean body mass index z-score was 2.9±1.1. The mean homocysteine concentrations were 8.6±2.2 μmol/L (10th and 90th percentiles: 6.6 and 11.2 μmol/L, respectively), with no difference when compared with children with severe obesity and obesity/overweight (p=0.431). High values of waist-to-height ratio (93.8%), systolic blood pressure (18.8%), diastolic blood pressure (12.5%), glycemia (4.7%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (31.1%), triglycerides (35.9%), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (34.4%), and microalbuminuria (21.9%) were obtained. The mean glomerular filtration rate was 122.9±24.6 mL/min/1.73 m². Homocysteine concentrations were not associated with any of the studied variables (R²=0.095). CONCLUSION: Homocysteine concentrations in overweight children and adolescents (mean 8.6±2.2 μmol/L) were not associated with body mass index z-score, blood pressure, renal function, and insulin resistance. OBJECTIVE levels function resistance METHODS crosssectional cross sectional 6 age 11635 11 3 5 11.6±3. years followup. followup follow up. up follow-up evaluated zscore, zscore z score, score waisttoheight waist height stage profile highsensitivity high sensitivity Creactive C reactive protein creatinuria dependent variable p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 . 0 05 (p<0.05) RESULTS 2911 2 9 1 2.9±1.1 8622 8 8.6±2. μmolL μmol L 10th th percentiles 66 6. 112 11. respectively, respectively , respectively) obesityoverweight p=0.431. p0431 p=0.431 431 (p=0.431) 93.8%, 938 93.8% 93 (93.8%) 18.8%, 188 18.8% 18 (18.8%) 12.5%, 125 12.5% 12 (12.5%) 4.7%, 47 4.7% 4 7 (4.7%) lowdensity low density 31.1%, 311 31.1% 31 (31.1%) 35.9%, 359 35.9% 35 (35.9%) nonhighdensity non 34.4%, 344 34.4% 34 (34.4%) 21.9% 219 21 (21.9% obtained 1229246 122 24 122.9±24. mLmin173 mLmin mL min 73 mL/min/1.7 m² m R²=0.095. R²0095 R R²=0.095 R² 095 (R²=0.095) CONCLUSION 1163 11.6±3 p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 291 2.9±1. 862 8.6±2 p043 p=0.43 43 (p=0.431 93.8 (93.8% 18.8 (18.8% 12.5 (12.5% 4.7 (4.7% 31.1 (31.1% 35.9 (35.9% 34.4 (34.4% 21.9 (21.9 122924 122.9±24 mLmin17 mL/min/1. R²009 R²=0.09 09 (R²=0.095 116 11.6± p0 p<0. (p<0.0 29 2.9±1 86 8.6± p04 p=0.4 (p=0.43 93. (93.8 18. (18.8 12. (12.5 4. (4.7 31. (31.1 35. (35.9 34. (34.4 21. (21. 12292 122.9±2 mLmin1 mL/min/1 R²00 R²=0.0 (R²=0.09 11.6 p<0 (p<0. 2.9± 8.6 p=0. (p=0.4 (93. (18. (12. (4. (31. (35. (34. (21 1229 122.9± mL/min/ R²0 R²=0. (R²=0.0 p< (p<0 2.9 8. p=0 (p=0. (93 (18 (12 (4 (31 (35 (34 (2 122.9 mL/min R²=0 (R²=0. (p< 2. p= (p=0 (9 (1 ( (3 122. R²= (R²=0 (p (p= (R²= (R² (R

ABSTRACT Objective To compare serum amyloid A concentrations between overweight and eutrophic children and adolescents and to relate it to lipid profiles, glucose tolerance, and carotid intima-media thickness. Methods One hundred children and adolescents (mean age: 10.8±3.16 years) were included and divided into two groups: overweight and non-overweight. The following were evaluated: Z-score body mass index, carotid intima-media thickness, lipid metabolism biomarkers (lipid profile and apolipoproteins A1 and B), inflammatory biomarkers (ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A), and glucose homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Results The groups were homogeneous in age, sex, and pubertal stage. Higher levels of triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and carotid intima-media thickness were observed in the overweight group. In the multivariate analysis, age (OR=1.73; 95%CI: 1.16-2.60, p=0.007), Z-score body mass index (OR=3.76; 95%CI: 1.64-8.59, p=0.002), apolipoprotein-B (OR=1.1; 95%CI: 1.01-1.2, p=0.030), and carotid intima-media thickness (OR=5.00; 95%CI: 1.38-18.04, p=0.014) were independently associated with serum amyloid A levels above the fourth quartile of the studied sample (>9.4mg/dL). Conclusion Overweight children and adolescents had higher serum amyloid A concentrations than eutrophic children. There was an independent association between higher concentrations of serum amyloid A and Z-score, body mass index, apolipoprotein B, and carotid intima-media thickness, indicating the importance of this inflammatory biomarker in identifying the early risk of atherosclerosis. profiles tolerance intimamedia intima media mean 108316 10 8 3 16 10.8±3.1 years nonoverweight. nonoverweight non overweight. non-overweight evaluated Zscore Z score B , B) ultra sensitive Creactive C reactive A) resistance sex stage triglycerides group analysis OR=1.73 OR173 OR 1 73 (OR=1.73 95%CI 95CI CI 95 1.162.60, 116260 1.16 2.60, 2 60 1.16-2.60 p=0.007, p0007 p p=0.007 0 007 p=0.007) OR=3.76 OR376 76 (OR=3.76 1.648.59, 164859 1.64 8.59, 64 59 1.64-8.59 p=0.002, p0002 p=0.002 002 p=0.002) apolipoproteinB OR=1.1 OR11 (OR=1.1 1.011.2, 10112 1.01 1.2, 01 1.01-1.2 p=0.030, p0030 p=0.030 030 p=0.030) OR=5.00 OR500 5 00 (OR=5.00 1.3818.04, 1381804 1.38 18.04, 38 18 04 1.38-18.04 p=0.014 p0014 014 >9.4mg/dL. 94mgdL mgdL >9.4mg/dL . 9 4mg dL mg (>9.4mg/dL) Zscore, score, atherosclerosis 10831 10.8±3. OR=1.7 OR17 7 (OR=1.7 162 1.162.60 11626 116 1.1 260 2.60 6 1.16-2.6 p000 p=0.00 OR=3.7 OR37 (OR=3.7 648 1.648.59 16485 164 1.6 859 8.59 1.64-8.5 OR=1. OR1 (OR=1. 011 1.011.2 1011 101 1.0 12 1.2 1.01-1. p003 p=0.03 03 OR=5.0 OR50 (OR=5.0 3818 1.3818.04 138180 138 1.3 1804 18.04 1.38-18.0 p=0.01 p001 (>9.4mg/dL 1083 10.8±3 1.162.6 1162 11 1. 26 2.6 1.16-2. p00 p=0.0 OR=3. OR3 (OR=3. 1.648.5 1648 85 8.5 1.64-8. OR=1 (OR=1 1.011. 1.01-1 OR=5. OR5 (OR=5. 381 1.3818.0 13818 13 180 18.0 1.38-18. 108 10.8± 1.162. 2. 1.16-2 p0 p=0. OR=3 (OR=3 1.648. 8. 1.64-8 OR= (OR= 1.011 1.01- OR=5 (OR=5 1.3818. 1381 18. 1.38-18 10.8 1.162 1.16- p=0 1.648 1.64- (OR 1.3818 1.38-1 10. p= 1.381 1.38-

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio of overweight children and adolescents with the eutrophic ratios and to verify whether these ratios are associated with age, inflammation, Z-score of body mass index, and waist-to-height ratio. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 64 overweight and 106 eutrophic children and adolescents. Data on weight, height, and waist circumference (body mass index and waist-to-height ratio), blood count (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were collected. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 8.4±3.2 years. The ratios did not differ between the overweight and non-overweight groups. The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio has shown a direct and independent association with body mass index (p=0.031) and waist-to-height ratio (p=0.018), a fact not observed for neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. The ultrasensitive C-reactive protein level was higher in the obesity group (p=0.003). Both ratios had a direct and independent association with age. CONCLUSION: The ratios did not differ between the overweight and non-overweight groups. There was a direct and independent association of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio with overweight, not observed in neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. The ratios have significantly increased according to the age of the participants.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to describe the prevalence of acanthosis nigricans and high blood pressure in children and adolescents from low-income families, and to verify the association of elevated blood pressure with nutritional status and the presence of acanthosis nigricans. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional and controlled study with 232 children and adolescents from an institution for low-income families. Pubertal stage, body mass index Z-score, waist-to-height circumference ratio (increased waist-to-height circumference ratio >0.5), the presence of acanthosis nigricans, and blood pressure were assessed. RESULTS: The prevalence of excess weight and the change in waist-to-height circumference ratio was 37.9%. Acanthosis nigricans and increased blood pressure occurred in 20.3 and 34.8%, respectively. The prevalence of acanthosis nigricans and hypertension was higher in individuals with excess weight (p<0.001; p<0.001) and with an increased waist-to-height circumference ratio (p=0.009; p<0.001). Logistic regression showed a significant and independent association of body mass index Z-score (OR 2.35; 95%CI 1.52–3.65; p<0.001) and the presence of acanthosis nigricans (OR 2.43; 95%CI 1.12–5.23; p=0.023) with elevated blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Acanthosis nigricans and elevated blood pressure occurred in one-fifth and one-third of the individuals in an institution for children from low-income families. Overweight and the presence of acanthosis nigricans increased the risk of high blood pressure more than twofold.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar os efeitos da suplementação de vitamina D durante a gestação no recém-nascido e lactente. Fontes de dados: Revisão integrativa da literatura baseada em ensaios clínicos publicados em revistas indexadas nas bases de dados PubMed e Web of Science. Foi realizada uma busca em cada base de dados, que partiu da associação (and) dos descritores de saúde vitamin D e pregnancy. Na busca pelas informações, foram estabelecidos critérios de seleção e não houve limitação de idioma nem de ano de publicação. Síntese de dados: A seleção final resultou em 44 ensaios clínicos - a maioria randomizada e duplo-cego -, que foram realizados em ambulatórios, hospitais de referência e universidades sobretudo da Europa. As amostras estudadas foram predominantemente de recém-nascidos. Nesses 44 ensaios, foram testadas 23 formas de suplementação de vitamina D na gestação, com diferentes doses, regimes e tempos de uso, e estudaram-se 14 desfechos diferentes nos recém-nascidos e lactentes. Dos 44 estudos, 35 demonstraram efeitos benéficos da suplementação de vitamina D durante a gestação nos recém-nascidos e lactentes de forma estatisticamente significante, quando comparados aos do grupo controle. Conclusões: A suplementação de vitamina D na gestação, por no mínimo três meses antes do parto, potencialmente influencia de forma positiva o metabolismo do cálcio, o crescimento físico e o desenvolvimento do sistema imunológico dos recém-nascidos e lactentes, entretanto não há conhecimento suficiente para a definição da dose ideal nem para garantir a inexistência de possíveis efeitos adversos em longo prazo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the effects of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on newborns and infants. Data sources: The present study is an integrative review of literature based on clinical trials published in journals indexed in the PubMed and Web of Science databases. Two searches were carried out, starting with the association (and) of the health term “vitamin D” with “pregnancy”. In the search for information, selection criteria were established, and there was no language limitation and year of publication. Data synthesis: The final selection resulted in 44 clinical trials, most of which were randomized and double blind, which were carried out in outpatient clinics, referral hospitals and universities, mainly in Europe. The samples studied were predominantly of newborns. In these 44 trials, 23 types of different doses of vitamin D during pregnancy, with different doses, regimens and times of use, and 14 different outcomes were studied in newborns (NB) and infants. Of the 44 studies performed, 35 showed statistically significant beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on newborns and infants compared to control groups. Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy for at least three months before delivery has the potential of positively influencing calcium metabolism, physical growth and immune system development in newborns and infants. However, there is insufficient knowledge to define the optimal dose and to guarantee the absence of possible long-term adverse effects.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a presença e a associação entre diagnósticos prováveis de transtornos mentais em gestantes da atenção básica e condições dos recém-nascidos. Estudo longitudinal com gestantes (18 a 39 anos), no segundo e terceiro trimestres da gravidez, assistidas na atenção básica da região Metropolitana de São Paulo (fevereiro a agosto/2014). Foram aplicados: questionário sociodemográfico, instrumento para Avaliação de Transtornos Mentais na Atenção Primária e entrevista sobre informações e percepção do comportamento do recém-nascido. Das 300 gestantes entrevistadas, 76 apresentaram diagnóstico provável de transtorno mental, sendo que 46 apresentavam sintomas de depressão/distimia e 58, ansiedade/pânico. Observou-se baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade em 14 e 19 dos recém-nascidos, respectivamente, e não foi verificada associação com diagnósticos prováveis de transtorno mental; a presença destes associou-se com a percepção materna de alterações no comportamento do recém-nascido. Gestantes em acompanhamento de pré-natal de baixo risco apresentam frequência relevante de transtornos mentais, logo, a identificação dessas alterações na gestação pode colaborar para melhor compreensão da dinâmica do binômio mãe-filho e na qualidade na assistência à família.

Abstract This study aimed to determine the presence and association of possible mental disorders diagnoses in primary care pregnant women and newborns’ conditions. This is a longitudinal study with pregnant women (18-39 years), in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, attended at primary care facilities in the metropolitan region of São Paulo (February to August/2014). The following tools were used: sociodemographic questionnaire; Mental Disorders in Primary Care Assessment tool; and an interview with information and mother´s perception of the behavior of newborns. Of the 300 pregnant women interviewed, 76 had possible diagnosis of mental disorders, 46 women had depression/dysthymia and 58 anxiety/panic symptoms. Low birth weight and prematurity was observed in 14 and 19 newborns, respectively, and there was no association with the probable diagnosis of mental disorders; the possible presence of mental disorders was associated with the mother’s perception of newborns behavior. Pregnant women attended at low risk prenatal care showed relevant frequency of mental disorders; thus, the identification of these changes during pregnancy can also contribute to a better understanding of the mother-and-child dynamics and in the quality of family care.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a presença e a associação entre diagnósticos prováveis de transtornos mentais em gestantes da atenção básica e condições dos recém-nascidos. Estudo longitudinal com gestantes (18 a 39 anos), no segundo e terceiro trimestres da gravidez, assistidas na atenção básica da região Metropolitana de São Paulo (fevereiro a agosto/2014). Foram aplicados: questionário sociodemográfico, instrumento para Avaliação de Transtornos Mentais na Atenção Primária e entrevista sobre informações e percepção do comportamento do recém-nascido. Das 300 gestantes entrevistadas, 76 apresentaram diagnóstico provável de transtorno mental, sendo que 46 apresentavam sintomas de depressão/distimia e 58, ansiedade/pânico. Observou-se baixo peso ao nascer e prematuridade em 14 e 19 dos recém-nascidos, respectivamente, e não foi verificada associação com diagnósticos prováveis de transtorno mental; a presença destes associou-se com a percepção materna de alterações no comportamento do recém-nascido. Gestantes em acompanhamento de pré-natal de baixo risco apresentam frequência relevante de transtornos mentais, logo, a identificação dessas alterações na gestação pode colaborar para melhor compreensão da dinâmica do binômio mãe-filho e na qualidade na assistência à família.

Abstract This study aimed to determine the presence and association of possible mental disorders diagnoses in primary care pregnant women and newborns’ conditions. This is a longitudinal study with pregnant women (18-39 years), in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, attended at primary care facilities in the metropolitan region of São Paulo (February to August/2014). The following tools were used: sociodemographic questionnaire; Mental Disorders in Primary Care Assessment tool; and an interview with information and mother´s perception of the behavior of newborns. Of the 300 pregnant women interviewed, 76 had possible diagnosis of mental disorders, 46 women had depression/dysthymia and 58 anxiety/panic symptoms. Low birth weight and prematurity was observed in 14 and 19 newborns, respectively, and there was no association with the probable diagnosis of mental disorders; the possible presence of mental disorders was associated with the mother’s perception of newborns behavior. Pregnant women attended at low risk prenatal care showed relevant frequency of mental disorders; thus, the identification of these changes during pregnancy can also contribute to a better understanding of the mother-and-child dynamics and in the quality of family care.

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar a adequação na prescrição de concentrado de hemácias (CH) por pediatras em diferentes setores de um hospital pediátrico. Método: Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo onde avaliamos 837/990 fichas de requisição de CH para crianças e adolescentes (0 a 13 anos), preenchidas entre janeiro de 2007 e abril de 2015 pelos médicos pediatras do pronto-socorro (PS), da enfermaria e da unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Excluíram-se as transfusões realizadas em portadores de anemia crônica, crianças com hemorragia aguda e requisições incompletas. Resultados: Gatilho, volume prescrito e subtipo de concentrado de hemácias foram adequados em 532 (65,3%), 460 (58,8%) e 805 (96,2%) das transfusões, respectivamente. Quando foi considerado o quadro clínico, a adequação foi maior em comparação à prescrição pelo valor isolado da hemoglobina (70,9% vs. 41%). A UTI teve o maior percentual de acerto no gatilho (343 [71,6%]; p<0,001) e o PS, no volume prescrito (119 [66,1%]; p=0,020). A inadequação mais comum, em relação ao volume, foi a prescrição acima da recomendação (> 15 mL/kg, 309 [36,9%]). Foram solicitados 32 subtipos de CH e nenhum estava de acordo com as indicações atuais. Conclusão: Os resultados obtidos mostram que a transfusão de CH aconteceu de forma mais adequada quando a situação clínica era levada em conta na solicitação. Houve uma tendência à prescrição de volumes elevados e de subtipos de hemácias não justificados segundo os protocolos atuais. É necessário melhorar o ensino de hemoterapia na graduação e residência médica.

Summary Objective: To verify the adequacy of red blood cell (RBC) prescription to pediatric patients in different sectors of a pediatric hospital. Method: A retrospective study was conducted including 837/990 RBC transfusion requisition forms for children and adolescents (0 to 13 years old) filed in between January 2007 and April 2015 by the pediatricians of the emergency room (ER), infirmary ward and intensive care unit (pICU). Transfusion requisition forms belonging to patients with chronic anemia or acute hemorrhage, as well as incompletes requisition forms, were excluded. Results: Trigger, prescribed volume and subtype of RBC concentrates were adequate in 532 (65.3%), 460 (58.8%) and 805 (96.2%) of the transfusions, respectively. When the clinical picture was considered, prescription adequacy was higher compared to the use of the hemoglobin level alone (70.9% vs. 41%). The pICU had the highest correct trigger percentage (343 [71.6%]; p<0.001) while the ER showed more often adequate prescribed volumes (119 [66.1%]; p=0.020). The most common inadequacy regarding volume was that of prescriptions above the recommendation > 15 mL/kg found in 309 cases (36.9%). Thirty-two (32) RBC subtypes were requested and none were consistent with current recommendations. Conclusion: The results obtained in our study showed that RBC transfusion occurred more appropriately when the clinical picture was taken into account at request. There was a tendency to prescribe higher volumes and RBC subtypes without the justification of current protocols. Hemotherapic teachings at undergraduate level and medical residency must be improved.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a espessura do complexo médio-intimal da carótida (CMIC) e os biomarcadores do metabolismo lipídico associados ao risco cardiovascular (RC) em pais de pacientes com ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) e verificar associação com gênero. Método: Estudo transversal prospectivo e controlado com 29 ATM heterozigotos e 14 controles saudáveis. Foram realizados exames bioquímicos e a espessura do CMIC por ultrassonografia. Resultados: A média da medida do CMIC nos ATM heterozigotos foi de 0,72± 0,1 mm (mínimo: 0,5 mm e máximo: 1,0 mm). Observou-se elevado percentual de valores acima do percentil 75 em relação ao referencial populacional (16 [76,2%]), sem diferença estatisticamente significante entre o gênero feminino e o masculino (11/15 [73,3%] vs. 5/6 [83,3%]; p=0.550). A comparação entre os ATM heterozigotos e os controles, estratificados por gênero, mostrou que, nos ATM heterozigotos, as mulheres tinham maiores concentrações de HDL-c em comparação aos homens, e valores mais elevados de PCR-us em relação às mulheres controle. Nos ATM heterozigotos, estratificando segundo gênero, a correlação entre HDL-c e PCR-us foi inversamente proporcional e mais forte entre as mulheres, com tendência à significância estatística. Conclusão: Os ATM heterozigotos não diferiram dos controles em relação aos biomarcadores estudados relacionados ao RC. Entretanto, a maioria deles apresentou aumento na espessura do CMIC, preditor independente de morte, risco para infarto do miocárdio e AVC, quando comparado ao referencial para a mesma faixa etária. Esse achado sugere RC nos ATM heterozigotos e aponta para a necessidade de monitoramento da espessura do CMIC e de orientações nutricionais.

Summary Objective: To evaluate the carotid intima-media complex (CIMC) thickness and lipid metabolism biomarkers associated with cardiovascular risk (CR) in parents of patients with ataxia-telangiectasia and verify an association with gender. Method: A cross-sectional and controlled study with 29 ATM heterozygotes and 14 healthy controls. Biochemical tests and CIMC thickness measurement were performed. Results: The mean CIMC measurement in heterozygous ATM was 0.72 ± 0.1 mm (minimum: 0.5 mm and maximum: 1.0 mm). Noticed high percentage of amounts above 75 percentile compared to the population referential (16 [76.2%]), without any significant statistical differences between the female and the male gender (11/15 [73.3%] vs. 5/6 [83.3%]; p=0.550). The comparison between heterozygous and controls, stratified by gender, showed that in heterozygous ATMs, women had higher concentrations of HDL-c compared to men, as well as higher values of hs-CRP in relation to the control women. In heterozygous ATMs, stratified by gender, the correlation between HDL-c and hs-CRP was inversely proportional and stronger among women, with a tendency to statistical significance. Conclusion: Heterozygous ATMs did not differ from controls in relation to the biomarkers studied related to CR. However, most of them presented increased CIMC, independent predictor of death, risk for myocardial infarction and stroke, compared to the referential for the same age group. This finding suggests CR in the heterozygous ATM and shows to the need to monitor CIMC thickness and nutritional orientations.

Resumo Objetivos: descrever os valores do colesterol não HDL (NHDL-c) e a frequência de história cardiovascular familiar precoce (HDCV familiar) em crianças eutróficas e pré-púberes. Analisar a associação entre o NHDL-c e o HDCV familiar e possíveis associações com outros fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Método: estudo transversal com 269 escolares (6-10 anos) pré-púberes e com índice de massa corporal normal (+1DP<IMC>-2DP). Dados coletados: HDCV familiar; peso e estatura, circunferência abdominal e pressão arterial sistêmica; perfil lipídico (colesterol total – CT, HDL-c, triglicérides e LDL-c), cálculo do NHDL-c (CT-HDL-c, ponto de corte 145 mg/dL) e resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR). Resultados: observaram-se valores elevados de NHDL-c em 10 (3,7%) e presença de HDCV familiar precoce em 46 (17,1%) crianças. Houve fraca associação entre HDCV familiar e NHDL-c (Cramer’s-V-test = 0,120; p=0,050). Entre as crianças com NHDL-c ≥145 mg/dL, quatro (40%) tinham HDCV familiar. A presença de HDCV familiar não se associou com as variáveis estudadas. As variáveis que se associaram de forma independente com o NHDL-c ≥145 mg/dL foram HOMA-IR (OR=1,7; IC95% 1,1-2,6) e pressão arterial diastólica (OR=1,1; IC95% 1,02-1,2). Conclusão: os valores de NHDL-c se associaram com pressão arterial e resistência insulínica. HDCV familiar não se associou com outros fatores de risco clássicos para DCV, embora a frequência encontrada tenha sido quase cinco vezes superior à de NHDL-c elevado.

Summary Objective: To describe the values of non-HDL cholesterol (NHDL-c) and the frequency of a family history of early cardiovascular disease (family HCVD) in healthy prepubescent children. Analyze the association between NHDL-c and family HCVD, and possible associations with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Method: Cross-sectional study including 269 prepubescent (aged 6-10 years) schoolchildren with a normal body mass index (+1SD<BMI>-2SD). Data collected: Family HCVD; weight and height, waist circumference and systemic blood pressure; lipid profile (total cholesterol TC, HDL-c, triglycerides and LDL-c), NHDL-c calculation (CT-HDL-c, cut-off = 145 mg/dL) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Results: High levels were found for NHDL-c in 10 (3.7%) of these schoolchildren, and family early HCVD was found in 46 (17.1%) of them. There was a weak association between family HCVD and NHDL-c (Cramer’s-V-test = 0.120; p=0.050). Among the children with NHDL-c≥145 mg/dL, 4 (40%) have family HCVD. The presence of family HCVD was not associated with the variables being studied. The variables independently associated with NHDL-c ≥ 145 mg/dL were: HOMA-IR (OR=1.7; 95CI 1.1-2.6) and diastolic blood pressure (OR=1.1; 95CI 1.02-1.2). Conclusion: NHDL-c values were associated with blood pressure and insulin resistance. Family HCVD was not associated with other classic risk factors for CVD, even though the frequency found was five times higher than that of high NHDL-c.

Objetivo: avaliar as práticas relacionadas à alimentação complementar de lactentes, com ênfase nas papas principais, e verificar a concordância com as recomendações atualmente adotadas no Brasil. Métodos: por meio de estudo transversal, foram avaliados os aspectos da alimentação complementar de 404 lactentes saudáveis entre 4 e 9 meses de vida (São Paulo, Recife e Curitiba). Coletaram-se dados sociodemográficos de antecedentes e hábitos alimentares. As mães descreveram três receitas (preparações) que costumam utilizar nas papas principais. Os achados foram comparados ao preconizado pela Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 6,9±1,6 meses. Cerca de 241 lactentes (59,6%) permaneciam em aleitamento materno. Entre os que recebiam outro tipo de leite, 193 dos 368 (52,4%) recebiam leite de vaca integral, e 151 dos 368 (41%), fórmulas infantis ou de seguimento para lactentes. Em relação às receitas de papas salgadas relatadas pelas mães, foi possível observar que 30 e 60% delas continham leguminosas e carnes, respectivamente. Os piores percentuais de adequação na alimentação, em geral, foram observados para uso de leite de vaca e adição de açúcar, achocolatado e cereais em mamadeiras; 79 e 80,5% das famílias entrevistadas adotavam essas práticas. Conclusão: o abandono precoce do aleitamento materno exclusivo/predominante e a prática de uma dieta de transição inadequada têm mostrado um quadro de consumo quantitativa e qualitativamente inapropriado, com riscos de acarretar graves problemas nutricionais nas faixas etárias posteriores, como anemia e hipovitaminose A, ou excessos de nutrientes, como obesidade, diabete e dislipidemias.

Objective: to evaluate the complementary feeding practices for infants, focusing on the main pureed baby foods, and verify adherence to the guidelines adopted in Brazil. Methods: through cross-sectional study, aspects of complementary feeding of 404 healthy infants between 4 and 9 months of age (São Paulo, Curitiba and Recife) were evaluated. Socio-demographic data, history and food habits were collected. Mothers described three recipes (preparations) usually used in key baby foods. The findings were compared with those recommended by the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics. Results: the average age was 6.9±1.6 months. Among infants, 241/404 (59.6%) were still breastfeeding. Among those who received another type of milk, 193/368 (52.4%) received whole cow's milk, while 151/368 (41.0%) drank infant or follow-on formulas. Regarding baby food recipes salted reported by mothers, it was seen that 30% and 60% contained meat and vegetables, respectively. The percentages less suitable for feeding in general were observed for use of cow's milk and added sugar, chocolate and cereal in feeding bottles; 79% and 80.5% of the families interviewed would adopted such practices. Conclusion: the early termination of exclusive/predominant breastfeeding and the practice of an inadequate transition diet have shown a picture of quantitatively and qualitatively inadequate feeding, with the risk of causing serious nutritional problems in later ages, such as anemia and vitamin A deficiency, or excess of nutrients, leading to obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemias.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o metabolismo ósseo e a densidade mineral óssea (DMO) em mulheres adultas pós-derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 48 mulheres submetidas a DGYR há três anos e 41 saudáveis. Dados obtidos: índice de massa corporal (IMC), atividade física, consumo alimentar e DMO da coluna lombar, colo e fêmur total. Dosagem de cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, albumina, fosfatase alcalina, telopeptídeo-C (CTX), paratormônio (PTH), 25-hidroxivitamina D (25OHD), osteocalcina e cálcio urinário. RESULTADOS: Maiores alterações no grupo DGYR observadas nos níveis de osteocalcina (p < 0,001), CTX (p < 0,001) e PTH (p < 0,001). Deficiência de 25OHD foi a mais frequente no grupo DGYR (p = 0,010). Deficiência/insuficiência de 25OHD associou-se com hiperparatiroidismo secundário (p = 0,025). Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação à DMO. A ingestão de energia (p = 0,036) e proteína (p = 0,004) foi maior no grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Em mulheres pós-DGYR, encontraram-se alta frequência de deficiência de vitamina D, hiperparatireoidismo secundário e elevação nos marcadores de remodelação óssea, sem alteração na DMO quando comparado com o grupo controle não obeso.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate bone turnover markers and bone mineral density (BMD) in women after Roux-en-Y (RYGB) gastric bypass. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 48 women post-RYGB after three years, and 41 healthy women were evaluated. Evaluations: body mass index (BMI); physical activity; food intake; serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, alkaline phosphatase, C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), intact parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), osteocalcin, urinary calcium and BMD. RESULTS: Significantly higher levels were observed for osteocalcin (p < 0.001), CTX (p < 0.001), and PTH (p < 0.001) in the RYGB group when compared with the control group; 25OHD deficiency/insufficiency was more frequent in the RYGB group (p = 0.010), even after adjusted for nutritional status, and it was associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism (p = 0.025); there was no difference in BMD between the groups. Energy (p = 0.036) and protein intake (p = 0.004) were lower in the RYGB group. CONCLUSION: Patients submitted to RYGB showed a significantly higher frequency of vitamin D deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and increase in bone remodeling markers, with no difference in BMD status.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as práticas e o consumo alimentar de lactentes saudáveis de três metrópoles do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Por meio de estudo prospectivo, analisaram-se registros alimentares de 7 dias consecutivos de amostra intencional, por cotas e ponderada, das cidades de Curitiba, São Paulo e Recife, de 179 lactentes saudáveis, entre 4 e 12 meses, que não se encontravam em aleitamento materno (AM) exclusivo. As mães receberam orientação verbal e escrita, por nutricionista, visando a uniformização da anotação do registro alimentar. Para o cálculo de ingestão, utilizou-se o Programa de Apoio à Nutrição (NutWin). RESULTADOS: A mediana de idade dos lactentes foi de 6,8 meses (4,0-12,6 meses). Observou-se que 50,3% já não recebiam AM. Destes, 12,0 e 6,7% dos menores e maiores de 6 meses, respectivamente, utilizavam fórmulas infantis em substituição ao leite materno. A maioria dos lactentes, portanto, recebia leite de vaca integral. A diluição da fórmula infantil foi correta em apenas 23,8 e 34,7% das crianças menores e maiores de 6 meses, respectivamente. Em relação à alimentação complementar, observou-se que a mediana de idade foi de 4 meses para sua introdução e de 5,5 meses para a alimentação da família. Verificou-se elevada inadequação quantitativa na ingestão de micronutrientes para lactentes de 6 a 12 meses que não recebiam AM, destacando-se as de zinco (75%) e ferro (45%). CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo mostrou elevada frequência de práticas e consumo alimentar inadequados em lactentes muito jovens. É possível que essas práticas levem a aumento no risco de desenvolvimento futuro de doenças crônicas.

OBJECTIVE: To assess feeding practices and dietary intake of healthy infants in three Brazilian municipalities. METHODS: By means of a prospective study, we analyzed the food record of 7 consecutive days of an intentional sample (quota and weighted sampling) of 179 healthy infants, aged between 4 and 12 months, from the municipalities of Curitiba, São Paulo, and Recife, who were not being exclusively breastfed. Mothers received oral and written information provided by a nutritionist with the purpose of standardizing the feeding data. The computer program NutWin was used to calculate the dietary intake. RESULTS: The median of the infants' age was 6.8 months (4.0-12.6 months). We found that 50.3% of the infants were no longer being exclusively breastfed. Of these, 12.0 and 6.7% among the infants younger and older than 6 months, respectively, were fed with infant formulae instead of breast milk. Therefore, most infants received whole cow's milk. Infant formula dilution was correct in only 23.8 and 34.7% of the infants younger and older than 6 months old, respectively. With regards to complementary feeding, we found that the median age was 4 months for its introduction and 5.5 months for the introduction of family diet. There was high quantitative inappropriateness of micronutrient intake for infants between 6 and 12 months old who were not exclusively breastfed, mainly in terms of zinc (75%) and iron (45%). CONCLUSION: The present study showed a high frequency of inappropriate feeding practices and dietary intake in very young infants. These practices may lead to an increased risk of development of chronic diseases in the future.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a presença de lipodistrofia clínica em crianças com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida e relacioná-la com o esquema antirretroviral utilizado, alterações do perfil lipídico e resistência insulínica. MÉTODOS: Por meio de estudo transversal, foram avaliadas 30 crianças e adolescentes (mediana de idade = 9,1 anos) com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, no período entre 2004 e 2005. As avaliações clínico-laboratoriais incluíram: classificação da infecção pelo HIV, medidas antropométricas (peso e estatura), glicemia e insulina séricas e perfil lipídico (LDL-c, HDL-c, triglicérides). A lipodistrofia foi definida por parâmetros clínicos. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado na análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes recebiam terapia antirretroviral regularmente (mediana de tempo de uso = 28,4 meses), 80% utilizavam três drogas em associação (terapia fortemente ativa) e 30% usavam inibidores de protease. Lipodistrofia e dislipidemia foram observadas em 53,3 e 60% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Crianças que utilizavam terapia fortemente ativa com inibidor de protease apresentaram maior percentual de lipodistrofia mista, com diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao grupo com terapia fortemente ativa sem inibidor de protease e ao grupo sem terapia fortemente ativa (44,4 versus 16,7%; p = 0,004). Não se observou diferença estatisticamente significante entre presença de lipodistrofia e gênero, idade (> 10 anos), alterações do perfil lipídico e resistência insulínica. CONCLUSÕES: A elevada prevalência de dislipidemia e lipodistrofia verificada nas crianças com síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, mostrando relação com o esquema antirretroviral empregado, pode significar um risco elevado para o desenvolvimento futuro de complicações, especialmente as cardiovasculares.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the presence of clinical lipodystrophy in children with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and to relate it to the antiretroviral regimen employed, to changes in lipid profile and to insulin resistance. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that evaluated 30 children and adolescents (median age = 9.1 years) with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome during 2004 and 2005. The following clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed: classification of HIV infection, anthropometric measurements (weight and height), serum glycemia, serum insulin and lipid profile (LDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides). Lipodystrophy was diagnosed using clinical parameters. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: All of the patients were taking antiretroviral therapy regularly (median duration of 28.4 months); 80% were on three drugs in combination (highly active therapy) and 30% were on protease inhibitors. Lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia were observed in 53.3 and 60% of the patients, respectively. Children on a highly active therapy regimen with protease inhibitors exhibited a higher percentage of mixed lipodystrophy; the difference between these children and the group on highly active therapy without protease inhibitors and the group not on a highly active therapy was statistically significant (44.4 vs. 16.7%; p = 0.004). There was no statistically significant association between the presence of lipodystrophy and sex, age (> 10 years), changes to the lipid profile or insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated prevalence of dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy observed among children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which exhibited a relationship with the antiretroviral regimen employed, may represent an increased risk for future complications, in particular cardiovascular problems.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o diagnóstico nutricional, o perfil lipídico, os níveis pressóricos e a medida de cintura em pré-escolares. Pretende-se ainda verificar se a medida de cintura está associada com índices antropométricos usuais no diagnóstico nutricional, perfil lipídico e pressão arterial em crianças obesas e eutróficas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 65 pré-escolares de baixo estrato socioeconômico, em escola municipal de Santo André. As avaliações clínico-laboratoriais consistiram em: medida de PA (Task Force, 1996), peso (P) e estatura (E) expressos como escore z (OMS, 1995) e IMC (índice de massa corpórea); níveis séricos de triglicérides, colesterol total e frações (VLDL-c, HDL-c, LDL-c) (Kwiterowich e AHA). Análise estatística: Teste exato de Fisher e correlação. RESULTADOS: Observamos alto porcentual de inadequação da PA e lipídios séricos, independentemente da condição nutricional. A medida de cintura mostrou correlação positiva e significante com IMC e ZPE (r = 0,87 e r = 0,83; p < 0,001, respectivamente). Visando ao estudo do poder diagnóstico da cintura, utilizando-se como ponto de corte o percentil 75 da amostra dessa medida, tendo como padrão o ZPE, observou-se acurácia de 89,1%, especificidade de 87,2%, sensibilidade de 70,6%, e valores preditivos (+) 66,7% e (-) 66,7%. Não houve correlação significativa entre a cintura e o perfil lipídico e níveis pressóricos. CONCLUSÕES: A medida de cintura mostrou relação direta com os índices antropométricos habitualmente usados e não funcionou na faixa etária pré-escolar como preditor de risco cardiovascular.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anthropometric data, blood lipid levels, blood pressure (BP) and waist circumference (WC) in preschool children. To relate WC with blood lipid levels and BP in obese and non-obese children. METHODS: In a transversal study we investigated 65 preschool children of low socioeconomic level in Santo André, São Paulo. The evaluation consisted of BP measurement (Task Force, 1996), weight (W), height (H) expressed as z score (WHO,1995) and body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, total and fractions of cholesterol blood levels (Kwiterovich and AHA). Statistical analysis: Fisher test and correlations. RESULTS: We observed high BP and lipid levels unrelated to nutritional status. WC was significantly and positively correlated to BMI and ZWH (r = 0,87 and r = 0,83, respectively). Using as a cut-off 75 percentile of WC we found an accuracy of 89,1% with 87,2% specificity and 70,6% sensitivity and predictive value (+) 66,7% and (-) 66,7%. There was no relationship between WC and lipid and BP levels. CONCLUSIONS: WC showed direct correlation with anthropometric indexes commonly used and in preschool children wasn’t predictor of cardiovascular risk.