Abstract Glued laminated timber (glulam) beams manufactured with glued steel bars can achieve improvements in their mechanical performance and the effects of the arrangement of steel bars in the cross-section are of technological interest. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical behavior of beams with symmetric reinforcements (compression and tension zones) and beams with asymmetric reinforcements (compression zone), under loading imposed at the serviceability limit state. To achieve this goal, glulam beams with reinforcement ratios ranging from 0.5% to 4% were simulated using the finite element method. When compared to the nonreinforced beams it was found for the deflections that the asymmetric reinforcements provided reductions of up to 31.5% and the cases with symmetric reinforcements were more efficient, with deflection reductions of up to 45%. In comparison to the symmetric arrangement of the bars, the asymmetric distribution provided a reduction of up to 10.5% in the normal stress of the glulam beam compression zone. The asymmetrically arranged reinforcement effectively contributed to increasing the stiffness of the beam and was more efficient in reducing normal stresses in the compressive zone, thus preventing the initial yielding of the wood. (glulam crosssection cross section interest zones zone , zone) state goal 05 0 5 0.5 4 method 315 31 31.5 45 45% 105 10 10.5 wood 0. 3 31. 1 10.

Resumo As vigas de madeira lamelada colada (MLC) fabricadas com barras de aço coladas podem alcançar melhorias no seu desempenho mecânico e os efeitos da disposição das barras de aço na seção transversal são de interesse tecnológico. Esta pesquisa objetivou a avaliação do comportamento mecânico de vigas com reforços simétricos (zonas de compressão e de tração) e vigas com reforços assimétricos (zona de compressão), sob condições de carregamento impostas ao estado limite de serviço. Portanto, vigas de MLC com taxas de reforço variando de 0,5% a 4% foram simuladas pelo método dos elementos finitos. Em relação às vigas sem reforços, as flechas das vigas reforçadas assimetricamente resultaram até 31,5% menores e, as vigas com reforços simétricos foram mais eficientes, cuja redução das flechas foi de até 45%. Comparativamente ao arranjo simétrico das barras, a distribuição assimétrica proporcionou uma redução de até 10,5% na tensão normal da zona de compressão da MLC. A armadura disposta de forma assimétrica contribuiu efetivamente para o aumento da rigidez da viga e foi mais eficiente na redução das tensões normais na zona compressiva, evitando com isso o escoamento inicial da madeira. (MLC tecnológico zonas tração compressão, , compressão) serviço Portanto 05 0 5 0,5 4 finitos 315 31 31,5 eficientes 45 45% 105 10 10,5 compressiva 0, 3 31, 1 10,

ABSTRACT The technology provided by greenhouses is essential for protecting crops sensitive to bioclimatic adversities and for improving agricultural production indexes. However, the need to know the exact interaction between the flexible coating and the structure under wind action has motivated new studies. The objective was to perform an in-depth review of the scientific and technological advances regarding methodologies to obtain parameters related to wind actions that are essential for the structural safety of greenhouses. This study showed the relevance of experimental methods; however, the limitations of the study are diverse, as field experiments require the construction and modifications of a prototype, which demand time and financial resources. Experiments in wind tunnels with models on a reduced scale have contributed significantly, as it allows to control the wind flow; however, in plastic-covered greenhouses, discrepancies occur due to the impossibility to represent the aeroelasticity of the construction. Modeling via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has proven to be a solution for extrapolating limitations in experimental methods by facilitating changes in the construction model and wind flow. In addition to pure turbulence models, studies on hybrid turbulence models (Scale-Resolving Simulation) must be deepened to obtain greater accuracy of pressure coefficients. The complexity of the subject and the need for new contributions to plastic-covered greenhouse projects are a reality, which outlines a promising horizon for research development in the rural construction sector. indexes However indepth depth however diverse prototype resources significantly flow plasticcovered plastic covered CFD (CFD ScaleResolving Scale Resolving Simulation coefficients reality sector

Resumo O uso de fibras sintéticas como reforço em madeira lamelada colada (MLC) tem a finalidade de melhorar o desempenho mecânico de vigas, alterando o mecanismo de ruptura de frágil para dúctil. Este artigo tem por objetivo investigar resultados experimentais de flexão estática de vigas MLC reforçadas com fibras sintéticas e comparar com resultados obtidos tanto por método analítico quanto por numérico com o auxílio do software Ansys ® . As vigas de MLC foram produzidas com Pinus elliottii, uma espécie de madeira de baixa resistência, colada com adesivos de emulsão polimérica de isocianato (EPI) e reforçadas com tecido de fibras sintéticas de Vectran ® posicionado na face inferior da viga. Este tipo de fibra ainda não é largamente utilizado para reforço estrutural. Foi realizado ensaio de flexão a três pontos com carregamento no regime elástico das vigas de MLC. Os resultados obtidos mostram aproximações aceitáveis do deslocamento vertical e tensões normais devido à flexão da viga com reforço de oito camadas de tecido sintético, ambos a favor da segurança, além do expressivo aumento de rigidez da viga ao se introduzir o reforço de fibras de Vectran ® . (MLC dúctil elliottii resistência EPI (EPI estrutural sintético segurança

Abstract Synthetic fibres applied as reinforcement in glued laminated timber (glulam) intend to increase the mechanical performance of beams, changing the brittle to ductile mechanical behaviour of wooden beams. This paper investigates the experimental results of glulam beams reinforced with synthetic fibre subjected to bending and compares them with those obtained by both an analytical method and the numerical method using the Ansys® software. Glulam beams were produced with a low-grade strength class wood species (Pinus elliottii) glued with an adhesive of emulsion isocyanate polymeric and reinforced with Vectran® synthetic fibres, positioned on the bottom of the beam. This type of fibre is not yet widely used for structural reinforcement. A three-point bending test was performed for loading in the elastic regime of the glulam beams. The results obtained indicate acceptable approximations of vertical displacements and normal stresses due to the bending of the beam with eight layers of synthetic fabric, both favourable to structural safety, in addition to the significant increase in stiffness of glulam with the introduction of Vectran® fibre reinforcement. (glulam Ansys software lowgrade low grade Pinus elliottii Vectran threepoint three point fabric safety

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the properties of Hevea brasiliensis wood wastes for production structural pieces of glued laminated (glulam) timber. Three trees with age close to 25 years and diameter at breast height (DBH) higher than 500 mm were obtained. The basic density of the wood were quantified, as well as the stiffness and the strength in static bending, shear strength and parallel compression to grain and hygroscopic equilibrium moisture. The beams of glulam were evaluated according to the modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and delamination. Due to the bending properties MOR (75.14 MPa) and MOE (8166.79 MPa), as well as the shear strength (12.29 MPa) obtained, was concluded by the suitability of the rubber wood for the production of glulam beams. The composite beams presented values of MOR (75.14 MPa) and MOE (8166.79 MPa) compatible with species traditionally used in the production of glulam beams. The adhesive bond quality was verified by the delamination test, presenting delamination of 4.95 %, indicating its use for internal and external environments.

ABSTRACT Background: There is a high prevalence of subacromial syndrome among patients with shoulder pathology, where the pain and tendency to chronification are some of its most important characteristics. This is why it is necessary to objectively interact with the quality of life of the subject. The main goal was to determine if there are differences between subacromial patients and asymptomatic patients regarding quality of life. Methods: Transversal study carried out in the Talavera Integrated Area during the months of November 2016 to March 2017. Participated a total of 92 subjects, 46 were symptomatic mating by age and sex with an asymptomatic sample and without joint pathology of the same size and health area. In both cases, the EQ-5D questionnaire was administered. The prevalence was calculated from the waiting list of traumatology physiotherapy in the year 2015. The SPSS statistical program was used, applying the T-test and the chi-square. Results: The EQ-5D questionnaire obtained a standardized mean of 0.70 in the subacromial syndrome and 0.85 in the asymptomatic population (P=0,0001). The prevalence of impingement subacromial within shoulder pathology was 39.19%. Conclusions: Subacromial syndrome has a high prevalence within the shoulder pathology in the Rehabilitation Service and significantly interferes in the quality of life related to the health of the subject.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: Existe una alta prevalencia del síndrome subacromial dentro de los pacientes con patología de hombro, en el cual el dolor y la tendencia a la cronificación son alguna de sus características más importantes. Por ello es necesario objetivar su interacción con la calidad de vida del sujeto. El objetivo principal del estudio fue determinar si existían diferencias en la calidad de vida entre sujetos con síndrome subacromial y asintomáticos. Sujetos y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el Área Integrada de Talavera de la Reina (Toledo), durante los meses de noviembre de 2016 a marzo de 2017. Participaron un total de 92 sujetos, de los que 46 eran sintomáticos, apareándose por edad y sexo con una muestra asintomática y sin patología articular del mismo tamaño y área de salud. En ambos casos se les administró el cuestionario EQ-5D. La prevalencia se calculó a partir de la lista de espera de fisioterapia traumatológica del año 2015. Se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS, empleándose la prueba T y la chi-cuadrado. Resultados: El cuestionario EQ-5D obtuvo una media estandarizada de 0,70 en el síndrome subacromial y de 0,85 en la población asintomática (p=0,0001). La prevalencia del impingement subacromial dentro de la patología de hombro fue del 39,19%. Conclusiones: El síndrome subacromial tiene una alta prevalencia dentro de la patología de hombro en el Servicio de Rehabilitación e interfiere significativamente en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud del sujeto.

ABSTRACT Background: There is a high prevalence of subacromial syndrome among patients with shoulder pathology, where the pain and tendency to chronification are some of its most important characteristics. This is why it is necessary to objectively interact with the quality of life of the subject. The main goal was to determine if there are differences between subacromial patients and asymptomatic patients regarding quality of life. Methods: Transversal study carried out in the Talavera Integrated Area during the months of November 2016 to March 2017. Participated a total of 92 subjects, 46 were symptomatic mating by age and sex with an asymptomatic sample and without joint pathology of the same size and health area. In both cases, the EQ-5D questionnaire was administered. The prevalence was calculated from the waiting list of traumatology physiotherapy in the year 2015. The SPSS statistical program was used, applying the T-test and the chi-square. Results: The EQ-5D questionnaire obtained a standardized mean of 0.70 in the subacromial syndrome and 0.85 in the asymptomatic population (P=0,0001). The prevalence of impingement subacromial within shoulder pathology was 39.19%. Conclusions: Subacromial syndrome has a high prevalence within the shoulder pathology in the Rehabilitation Service and significantly interferes in the quality of life related to the health of the subject.

RESUMEN Fundamentos: Existe una alta prevalencia del síndrome subacromial dentro de los pacientes con patología de hombro, en el cual el dolor y la tendencia a la cronificación son alguna de sus características más importantes. Por ello es necesario objetivar su interacción con la calidad de vida del sujeto. El objetivo principal del estudio fue determinar si existían diferencias en la calidad de vida entre sujetos con síndrome subacromial y asintomáticos. Sujetos y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el Área Integrada de Talavera de la Reina (Toledo), durante los meses de noviembre de 2016 a marzo de 2017. Participaron un total de 92 sujetos, de los que 46 eran sintomáticos, apareándose por edad y sexo con una muestra asintomática y sin patología articular del mismo tamaño y área de salud. En ambos casos se les administró el cuestionario EQ-5D. La prevalencia se calculó a partir de la lista de espera de fisioterapia traumatológica del año 2015. Se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS, empleándose la prueba T y la chi-cuadrado. Resultados: El cuestionario EQ-5D obtuvo una media estandarizada de 0,70 en el síndrome subacromial y de 0,85 en la población asintomática (p=0,0001). La prevalencia del impingement subacromial dentro de la patología de hombro fue del 39,19%. Conclusiones: El síndrome subacromial tiene una alta prevalencia dentro de la patología de hombro en el Servicio de Rehabilitación e interfiere significativamente en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud del sujeto.

RESUMO Os tijolos e blocos cerâmicos são empregados em larga escala nas construções das alvenarias de vedação ou estruturais, proporcionando condições adequadas de conforto ao ambiente interno. Na fabricação desses elementos cerâmicos há necessidade de se excluir as peças com defeitos, originados da não conformidade das dimensões, das falhas no processo de queima ou quebras. O simples descarte dessas peças com defeito em aterros gera custos de remoção e impactos ambientais, bem como o desperdício de um material que contém suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas inerentes. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, sob os aspectos da resistência à compressão e econômicos, a viabilidade do emprego de agregados oriundos do resíduo de tijolos cerâmicos na dosagem de concreto para produção de blocos maciços para pavimentação e para alvenaria. Para tanto, foram triturados tijolos cerâmicos, em moinho de martelos e elaboradas misturas de concreto com substituição dos agregados (miúdo e graúdo). O desempenho mecânico dos blocos produzidos foi avaliado por ensaio à compressão simples e a viabilidade econômica para implantação do processo de aproveitamento dos resíduos foi analisada para cenários com um horizonte de cinco anos, utilizando o fluxo de caixa para calcular o retorno do investimento inicial. Os resultados mostraram que os blocos produzidos com a substituição de 80% do agregado miúdo apresentaram um elevado desempenho mecânico e comprovada viabilidade econômica. Com base nestes resultados, conclui-se que a produção de blocos para pavimentação e alvenaria é uma solução viável para o aproveitamento e destino dos resíduos da indústria cerâmica.

ABSTRACT Bricks and ceramic blocks are widely used in constructions of structural and non-structural masonry, providing adequate conditions of comfort to the indoor environment. The manufacture of these ceramic products implies discarding of damaged elements, due to non-conformity of dimensions, failures in the process of burning or breaking. The simple disposal of these pieces in landfills generates removal costs and environmental impacts, as well as the waste of material that still contains valuable physical and mechanical properties. In this context, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the viability of using aggregates from the ceramic brick residue in the concrete dosage to produce solid blocks for paving and masonry, concerning their compressive strength and the economics aspects. For this purpose, ceramic bricks were grounded in hammer mills to elaborate concrete mixtures with replacement of aggregates (fine and coarse). The mechanical performance of these blocks was evaluated by using a compression test as well as the economic feasibility of the waste recovery process in a five-year horizon for different scenarios. The results indicate that blocks produced with substitution of 80% of fine aggregate presented a high mechanical performance and economic viability. It is concluded that production of blocks for paving and masonry is a viable solution for the recovery and destination of waste from the ceramic industry.

ABSTRACT Widely disseminated in both national and international scenarios, greenhouses are agribusiness solutions which are designed to allow for greater efficiency and control of the cultivation of plants. Bearing this in mind, the construction of greenhouses should take into consideration the incidence of wind, and other such aspects of comfort and safety, and ensure they are factored into the design of structural elements. In this study, we evaluated the effects of pressure coefficients established by the European standard EN 13031-1 (2001) and the Brazilian standard ABNT (1988), which are applicable to the structures of greenhouses with flat roofs, taking into account the following variables: roof slope, external and internal pressure coefficients and height-span ratio of the structure. Using the ANSYSTM computer program, zones of columns and roof were discretized by the Beam44 finite element to identify the maximum and minimum stress portions connected to the aerodynamic coefficients. With this analysis, we found that, in the smallest roof slope (a equal to 20°), the frame stress was quite similar for standards adopted. On the other hand, for the greatest inclination (a equal to 26°), the stress was consistently lower under the Brazilian standard. In view of this, we came to the conclusion that the differences between stresses when applying both standards were more significant at the higher degrees of height-span ratio and roof slope.

Wood is a material of great applicability in construction, with advantageous properties to form various structural systems, such as walls and roof. Most of the roof structural systems follow models that have remained unchanged for a long time. A roof modular system in distinguished materials is proposed: reforested wood (Pine), oriented strand board (OSB) and roof tiles made of recycled long-life packaging material in order to be applied in rural construction. In this alternative, besides the benefit of giving destination packages with long-life thermal comfort, it also highlights the use of reforestated wood being the cultivation of such species that provides incentive for agribusiness. The structural performance of this alternative was evaluated through computer modeling and test results of two modular panels. The analysis is based on the results of vertical displacements, deformations and stresses. A positive correlation between theoretical and experimental values was observed, indicating the model's feasibility for use in roof structures. Therefore, the modular system represents a solution to new architecture conceptions to rural construction, for example, storage construction, cattle handling and poultry, with benefits provided by prefabricated building systems.

Neste trabalho é avaliada a tendência de correlações entre as resistências a compressão paralela e normal às fibras, por meio de ensaios destrutivos normalizados e parâmetros do ensaio do método esclerométrico. Também se fez comparação com o método de ensaio não destrutivo de ultrassom. Três séries de corpos de prova foram extraídas de uma tora de Eucalyptus saligna e ensaiadas na condição de madeira saturada. Dos resultados dos impactos esclerométricos para as três direções anatômicas avaliadas (paralela às fibras, radial e tangencial) foram verificados coeficientes de variação inferiores a 9%. Da análise das tendências de correlações de resistência a compressão com os resultados da esclerometria e ultrassonografia, foram constatados os melhores ajustes para a direção paralela às fibras. Tendo em vista os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que a técnica de esclerometria mostrou-se capaz para identificar a homogeneidade do lote ensaiado, justificando haver possibilidades de aplicações do método à madeira.

In this paper the trend of correlations between compressive strength parallel and perpendicular to fibers is studied, obtained by standard destructive tests, and parameters of the esclerometer tests. For purposes of comparison with other non-destructive ultrasound tests were also carried out. Three series of specimens were taken from a log of Eucalyptus saligna and tested in wood saturated condition. Results of the esclerometer impacts for the three directions evaluated (parallel to fiber, radial and tangential) coefficients of variation less than 9% were observed. From the analysis of trend of correlations of compressive strength with the results of esclerometer and ultrasound, better adjustments for the direction parallel to the fibers were observed. Considering the results, it can be concluded that the esclerometer technique was able to identify the homogeneity of the batch tested, justifying to have possibilities of applications to the timber.

De modo geral, a aplicação racional de materiais de construção requer o desenvolvimento ou aprimoramento de técnicas construtivas. Nesse sentido, a utilização do concreto e da madeira, materiais tradicionais e de grande aceitação em construções rurais, formando estruturas mistas, constitui-se em uma solução viável por apresentar desempenhos estrutural e econômico adequados, bem como boa durabilidade. Particularmente, a efetivação desse sistema estrutural deve ser assegurada por meio de uma ligação na interface dos materiais, podendo ser do tipo discreta (elementos metálicos: parafusos, barras de aço, pregos, etc.) ou contínua (adesivo epóxi). Na construção civil, diversos tipos de aplicações podem ser contemplados com esse sistema estrutural, tais como restaurações ou construções de novas pontes. De fato, em estradas vicinais, existe um grande número de pontes de madeira que necessitam de reformas e também há a necessidade de construção de pontes novas. De maneira geral, as pontes são expostas a condições severas de intemperismo e carregamento, necessitando, desse modo, de estudos cuidadosos para que se possa avaliar com maior precisão os mecanismos da ligação, bem como o comportamento da estrutura mista em toda sua vida útil. Nesse contexto, ao serem analisados, neste artigo, os diversos aspectos que envolvem o desempenho das estruturas mistas em madeira-concreto e também o comportamento mecânico das ligações nessas estruturas, pode-se concluir que essa técnica é viável para construção de pontes das estradas vicinais. Além disso, pesquisas adicionais sobre efeitos de carregamento de longa duração, variações de temperatura e umidade são necessárias para melhorar os modelos de simulações.

In general, the rational application of construction materials requires the development or improvement of building techniques. Thus, the use of concrete and timber, traditional materials largely accepted in rural buildings, making composite structures, constitutes a possible solution for presenting adequate structural and economical performances and durability too. In particular, the effectiveness of this structural system must be assured by a connection at the interface of the materials, and it can be of discrete (metallic elements: screws, steel bars, nails etc) or continuous types (epoxy adhesive). Several kinds of civil construction applications can be contemplated by this structural system, as in restorations or construction of new bridges. In fact, along the vicinal roads, there is a large number of timber bridges that need restorations and there is a need to construct new bridges as well. General speaking, bridges are exposed to severe weather and loading conditions, and, thus, they must be carefully studied, so that the connection mechanisms can be more precisely evaluated, as well as the composite structure behavior during its entire life. In this context, by analyzing the several aspects that involve the performance of the timber-concrete composite structures and, also the mechanical behavior of the connections in these structures, we conclude, in this article, that this construction technique is feasible for bridges in vicinal roads. Further, additional research on the long-term loading effects, temperature and moisture variations, is necessary to improve the simulation models.