Abstract The objective of this work was to estimate the relative yield that maximizes the profitability of the soybean crop in rotation with flood-irrigated rice. For this, 13 high-yield areas (from 2.6 to 5.2 ha) in lowland soybean-rice systems in Southern Brazil were selected before sowing. The calculation of production costs included seeds, seed treatment, fertilizers, lime, pesticides, irrigation, land, operational outsourcing, labor, and fuel consumption. The observed yield was transformed into relative yield by multiplying the quotient of the observed yield by the yield potential estimated by the CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean model. Water productivity was calculated as the ratio between the observed yield and available water during the crop cycle. Yield potential ranged from 6.1 to 7.4 Mg ha−1, whereas relative yield ranged from 45.3 to 101.2%. In addition, costs ranged from US$564.86 to US$1,122.86 per hectare, and profitability from US$767.18 to US$3,149.75 per hectare. The highest profitability of the soybean crop in rotation with flood-irrigated rice occurs with a relative yield between 67 and 84%. floodirrigated flood irrigated 1 highyield high 26 2 6 2. 52 5 5. ha soybeanrice sowing seeds treatment fertilizers lime pesticides irrigation land outsourcing labor consumption CSMCROPGROSoybean CSM CROPGRO Soybean model cycle 61 6. 74 7 4 7. ha1 ha−1 453 45 3 45. 1012 101 101.2% addition US56486 US 564 86 US$564.8 US112286 122 US$1,122.8 hectare US76718 767 18 US$767.1 US314975 149 75 US$3,149.7 84 84% ha− 10 101.2 US5648 56 8 US$564. US11228 12 US$1,122. US7671 76 US$767. US31497 14 US$3,149. 101. US564 US$564 US1122 US$1,122 US767 US$767 US3149 US$3,149 US56 US$56 US112 US$1,12 US76 US$76 US314 US$3,14 US5 US$5 US11 US$1,1 US7 US$7 US31 US$3,1 US$ US1 US$1, US3 US$3, US$1 US$3

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a produtividade relativa que maximiza a rentabilidade da lavoura de soja rotacionada com arroz irrigado por inundação. Para tanto, 13 áreas (de 2,6 a 5,2 ha) de alta produção em sistemas soja-arroz, em terras baixas, na região Sul do Brasil foram selecionadas antes da semeadura. O cálculo dos custos de produção incluiu sementes, tratamento de sementes, fertilizantes, calcário, defensivos agrícolas, irrigação, terra, operações terceirizadas, mão de obra e consumo de combustível. A produtividade observada foi transformada em produtividade relativa, ao se multiplicar o quociente da produtividade observada pelo potencial produtivo estimado pelo modelo CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean. A produtividade hídrica foi calculada como a razão entre a produtividade observada e a água disponível durante o ciclo da cultura. O potencial de produtividade variou de 6,1 a 7,4 Mg ha−1, enquanto a produtividade relativa variou de 45,3 a 101,2%. Além disso, os custos variaram de US$564,86 a US$1.122,86 por hectare, e a rentabilidade de US$767,18 ha−1 a US$3.149,75 por hectare. A maior rentabilidade da lavoura de soja em rotação com arroz irrigado por inundação ocorre com produtividade relativa entre 67 e 84%. tanto 1 26 2 6 2, 52 5 5, ha sojaarroz, sojaarroz arroz, soja-arroz baixas semeadura sementes fertilizantes calcário agrícolas irrigação terra terceirizadas combustível CSMCROPGROSoybean. CSMCROPGROSoybean CSM CROPGRO Soybean. Soybean CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean cultura 61 6, 74 7 4 7, ha1 453 45 3 45, 1012 101 101,2% disso US56486 US 564 86 US$564,8 US112286 122 US$1.122,8 hectare US76718 767 18 US$767,1 ha− US314975 149 75 US$3.149,7 84 84% 10 101,2 US5648 56 8 US$564, US11228 12 US$1.122, US7671 76 US$767, US31497 14 US$3.149, 101, US564 US$564 US1122 US$1.122 US767 US$767 US3149 US$3.149 US56 US$56 US112 US$1.12 US76 US$76 US314 US$3.14 US5 US$5 US11 US$1.1 US7 US$7 US31 US$3.1 US$ US1 US$1. US3 US$3. US$1 US$3

RESUMO: A descompactação do solo é uma alternativa para o cultivo da soja em áreas de arroz, mas pode afetar o desenvolvimento do arroz irrigado em rotação. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito remanescente da escarificação do solo realizada antes do cultivo da soja, sobre o uso da água de irrigação, o rendimento de grãos e parâmetros operacionais da semeadura do arroz, realizada na safra seguinte. A escarificação do solo foi feita no mês de setembro de 2017, anteriormente à soja na safra 2017/18 e o experimento de arroz foi conduzido na safra 2018/19. Os tratamentos foram:escarificação e não escarificação do solo. A escarificação aumentou a macroporosidade, a microporosidade e a porosidade total e diminuiu a densidade do solo. O cultivo do arroz reduziu a macroporosidade e aumentou a microporosidade. Não se observou influência do manejo de escarificação do solo sobre os parâmetros operacionais na semeadura do arroz. O solo escarificado necessitou 5,3 % a mais de água para irrigação do arroz, em relação ao solo não escarificado. Conclui-se que a escarificação do solo antes do cultivo da cultura da soja tem efeito remanescente em arroz na safra seguinte, mantendo maior porosidade do solo em relação à área não escarificada e elevando a quantidade de água necessária para irrigação do arroz cultivado na sequência. Não se verificou interferência da escarificação em parâmetros operacionais da semeadura e sobre o rendimento de grãos do arroz.

ABSTRACT: Soil decompaction is an alternative for soybean cultivation in rice areas, but it can affect the growth of irrigated rice in rotation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of soil deep tillage performed before soybean cultivation on rice irrigation water, grain yield, and operational parameters of rice sowing carried out in the following crop season. Soil scarification was implemented in September 2017, prior to soybean crop season in the 2017/18 crop, and the rice experiment was conducted in the 2018/19 season. Treatments were: soil with scarification and soil without scarification. Deep tillage decreased soil density and increased macroporosity, microporosity, and total porosity. Rice cultivation decreased macroporosity and increased microporosity. Soil scarification management had no influence on operational parameters in rice sowing. Soil with scarification required 5.3% more water for rice irrigation than soil without deep tillage. In conclusion, soildeep tillage before the cultivation of soybean crop has effects on rice in thefollowing crop season, maintaining greater soil porosity in relation to the non-deep tillage area and increasing the amount of water needed for irrigation of rice cultivated in the sequence. Deep tillage did not affect sowing operational parameters and rice grain yield.

ABSTRACT Irrigated rice cultivation is an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. Among the main greenhouse gases, there are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, with the emission of each gas varying according to the management of the crop, cultivar and irrigation management. In this context, the present study aimed to quantify the partial global warming potential (pGWP) measured by CH4 and N2O emissions in conventional and hybrid cultivars under two irrigation management, as well as the relation with grain yield (pGWP/Y). For this, a field experiment was conducted during the 2016/17 and 2017/18 crop seasons, with an experimental design of randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement (2×4), with four replications using water and rice cultivars. The water was managed through permanent and intermittent irrigation, with one conventional cultivar (IRGA 424 RI) and three hybrid cultivars (XP 113, Titan CL and Lexus CL). The pGWP can be reduced by up to 18% depending on the cultivar used and 11.8% through the adoption of intermittent irrigation management. More than 90% of the pGWP is due to methane emission, and the management actions of the rice crop should be directed towards the mitigation of this gas. In relation to the pGWP/Y index, the cultivar XP 113 had presented the best results.

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper was to evaluate the quality of water drained after the use of the knife-roller (an implement used to incorporate rice residues after harvest), the partial global warming potential (pGWP) and straw decomposition as a result of postharvest field management of irrigated rice. The experiments were conducted during the 2018 and 2019 offseason and the treatments consisted of several water drainage periods (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days) after a field pass with a knife-roller. In addition, a nonflooded harvest treatment without straw management was included. Analysis of drainage water three days after a pass with the kniferoller showed a reduction in total soluble solids by 94% compared to zero days. Nitrogen and soluble phosphorus were not influenced by the treatments. However, potassium levels increased as the drainage period increased, which is related to the period between harvest and drainage. As the electrical conductivity is influenced by the concentration of ions, it showed the same response curve as the potassium levels and, for pH, there were small oscillations influenced by the temperature. The total CH4 emission and the pGWP were higher when the water depth remained for a longer period. However, the N2O emissions were higher in the absence of soil submersion. Water should be drained three days after a pass with the knife-roller in order to reduce potassium loss and suspended solids as well as pGWP. The use of the knife-roller accelerated the process of straw decomposition in relation to the unmanaged straw treatment.

RESUMO: O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de mecanismos sulcadores da semeadora sobre características físicas do solo, crescimento de plantas e produtividade de soja em área de terras baixas com presença de camada compactada. Para isso, foi conduzido um experimento na área de várzea da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, durante as safras agrícolas 2015/16 e 2016/17. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições e quatro tratamentos, sendo eles: Haste sulcadora (HS) a 0.23 m de profundidade; HS a 0.13 m; Disco duplo a 0.07 m e Microcamalhão+HS a 0.12 m. A utilização da HS a 0.23 m possibilitou o aumento da macroporosidade e a redução da resistência à penetração mecânica do solo nas camadas de 0-0.1 e 0.1-0.2 m de profundidade na linha de semeadura. A semeadura com HS a 0.23 m e Microcamalhão+HS a 0.12 m viabilizam melhor desenvolvimento das plantas de soja em área de terras baixas compactada (maior nodulação, índice de área foliar e crescimento radicular), bem como maior produtividade de grãos.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of seeder furrow opening mechanisms on soil physical characteristics, plant growth, and soybean yield in lowland areas with the presence of compacted layer near the surface. An experiment was conducted in the lowland experimental area of the Federal University of Santa Maria-RS, Brazil, during the 2015/16 and 2016/17 growing season. The experimental design was a randomized block with five replications and four treatments: Planter using shank (S) at 0.23 m depth; S at 0.13 m; Planter using double disk at 0.07 m depth and Raised-bed + S at 0.12 m depth. The use of S at 0.23 m depth allowed reduction of penetration resistance and increase of soil macroporosity in the layers 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m depth in the seeding row. Sowing with S at 0.23 m depth and Raised-bed + S at 0.12 m depth allowed a better development of soybean plants in compacted irrigated rice area (higher nodulation, leaf area index and root growth), as well as higher grain yield.

ABSTRACT The residue of imidazolinone herbicides in soil can be detrimental to soybean cultivation in rotation with Clearfield® rice. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the ryegrass phytoremediation capacity on the imazapyr+imazapic residue in the soil in two soil moisture conditions in the off-season, and the effect on soybean growth in the next growing season. Two experiments were conducted between 2016 and 2017 in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. It was used the randomized block design in a 3 × 2 factorial. The first factor being the residue in the soil of 0, 210 and 420 g c.p.·ha–1 of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazapyr+imazapic(525 + 175 g a.i.·kg–1) applied to rice in the 2015/2016 growing season, and the second factor being the presence or absence of ryegrass in the off-season. One experiment was conducted under soil moisture above 70% of field capacity in the off-season, and the other under ambient condition of soil moisture. The soil residue of the application of 420 g c.p.·ha–1 of the imazapyr+imazapic herbicides performed129 days before planting caused phytotoxicity and reduced dry matter of ryegrass under high soil moisture condition in the off-season in irrigated rice areas. Soybean, when planted 359 days after application, has its initial root and shoot growth affected by the residue of 210 and 420 g c.p.·ha–1 rates in high soil moisture condition in the off-season, regardless of ryegrass cultivation during the same period. However, grain yield is not affected.

ABSTRACT Rice varieties from the Clearfield® system may present different tolerance levels to imidazolinone herbicides in function of application rate. The objective of this research was to evaluate the phytotoxicity of different rates of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazapyr+imazapic applied on two tolerant irrigated rice varieties. The experiment was carried out in 2015/16 and 2016/17 growing seasons. A randomized complete block design was used in a factorial 2x6 with five replications. The factor A was composed by the tolerant rice varieties Guri INTA CL and IRGA 424 RI, and the factor B by rates of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazapyr+imazapic (525+175 g a.i. kg-1) of 0, 140, 210, 280, 350, and 420 g c.p. ha-1. In the first growing season, it was observed maximum phytotoxicity of 8.5% while in the second the highest percentage was 13%. The number of stems m-2, plant height, shoot dry matter, SPAD index, and grain yield were not influenced (p≥0.05) by herbicide rates. The application of the formulated mixture of the herbicides imazapyr+imazapic causes low initial phytotoxicity to the tolerant rice varieties Guri INTA CL and IRGA 424 RI up to three times the recommended rate, not influencing their grain yield.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a suficiência amostral para estudos de impacto ambiental sobre a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em arrozais irrigados (Oryza sativa L.). Amostragens de solo foram realizadas com auxílio de coletor cilíndrico, nos anos agrícolas 2007/08 e 2012/13. As amostras foram triadas e os espécimes identificados até o nível de família. Os dados foram submetidos à análise da curva do coletor e os índices de diversidade de Shannon e equabilidade de Pielou foram calculados para o total de amostras e o número de amostras definido pela curva do coletor, em cada ano amostral. Considerando o método de amostragem verificado no presente trabalho, indica-se um mínimo de 12 réplicas para se obter o maior número de famílias sem perda de informação, quando em estudos de impacto ambiental sobre a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em área de cultivo de arroz irrigado.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the sample sufficiency in environmental impact studies on the benthic macroinvertebrate community in irrigated rice fields (Oryza sativa L.). Soil samplings were conducted with a cylindrical collector in the agricultural years of 2007/08 and 2012/13. Individuals were sorted out and identified up to family level. Data were analyzed through the collector curve, Shannon's Diversity and Pielou's Evenness Index were calculated for the total number of samples and the number of samples defined by the collector curve in each year. Considering the results observed in this study, we indicate a minimum of 12 replicates to obtain the largest number of families without loss of information, in environmental impact studies on benthic macroinvertebrate community in irrigated rice fields.