ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to use quantitative traits to estimate the genetic distance among E. pellita provenances and progenies, to inform possible hybridization strategies in a species improvement program. A provenance and progeny test with 118 progenies from seven provenances was evaluated. The following quantitative traits were measured at seven years of age: diameter at breast height (DBH); height; and individual volume. The data were submitted to REML/BLUP analysis to obtain the predicted genetic value (BLUP). From this, the Mahalanobis (D²) genetic distance was estimated for provenances and progenies, which were then grouped by Tocher’s method, the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA), and principal component analysis (PCA). In total, 29 divergent groups were obtained among progenies based on Tocher’s method, which showed greater reliability according to the cophenetic correlation coefficient than UPGMA. The opposite was found between provenances, where the results for UPGMA demonstrated greater clustering reliability. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), the M. Ray and Tully provenances were the most similar, while Connl. A and Orchard were the most divergent. Height was the most important trait in estimating genetic distance. The results obtained offer important insights for breeding programs; with this information, crosses can be designed between contrasting individuals among and within provenances to obtain E. pellita hybrids, validating the possible heterotic groups identified through the genetic distance and grouping methods.

Abstract Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil are expanding toward the northern and mid-western regions of the country. The objective of the present study was to select clones adapted to the local conditions, with a focus on the Cerrado region. Three clonal experiments were conducted in the municipalities of Catalão, Corumbá-de-Goiás, and Luziânia, in Goiás State, with 109 genotypes of eucalypts. The experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design with single-tree plots and 29 blocks. Diameter at breast height and total height of all trees were measured four years after planting, for use in the estimation of wood volume for each genotype. The genotype × environmental interaction was significant and predominantly (74%) complex. The genotypic correlation among environments was moderate (< 0.47), indicating that clones should be selected for specific sites. However, some clones performed relatively well across all environments, such as clones CCL21, CCL30, AEC144, CCL07, and CCL35.

Ultimamente é comum as políticas públicas de desenvolvimento econômico considerarem também a proteção ambiental. Mas elas se mostram pouco eficazes se construídas sem a participação popular. Essa falta de participação deriva de relações sociais de poder, desconfiança nas instituições e percepção distorcida de problemas ambientais. A solução é somar as contribuições de todos os segmentos envolvidos desde o início da elaboração de políticas ambientais.

It has lately been common practice that public policies for economic development take environmental protection into consideration. However, they have shown to be ineffective if formulated without popular participation. This lack in participation derives from social power relations, mistrust in institutions and a distorted perception of environmental problems. The solution is to consider the contributions of all stakeholders right from the beginning where environmental policies are formulated.

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a eficiência de isolados de rizobactérias sobre o enraizamento e crescimento de clones de eucalipto sob diferentes condições de propagação clonal. Os resultados evidenciaram que os incrementos em enraizamento e em biomassa radicular variaram de acordo com o isolado de rizobactéria e o clone de eucalipto, não sendo observado efeito deletério em nenhuma das combinações testadas. O ganho médio no enraizamento e biomassa radicular foi de 20,4 e 73,0%, respectivamente. Para enraizamento, o isolado mais promissor foi o S2 e na biomassa radicular, os isolados S1 e S2.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of rhizobacteria isolates in increasing rooting and growth of eucalyptus clones under different conditions of clonal propagation. Increments of both rooting and root biomass varied according to the combination rhizobacterium isolate - eucalyptus clone, and no harmful effect was observed in any of the tested combinations. Average increase in rooting was 20.4% and in root biomass was 73.0%. Isolate S2 was the most effective in increasing rooting, whereas isolates S1 and S2 most effectively increased root biomass.

Com vistas ao desenvolvimento de um produto biológico à base de rizobactérias promotoras do crescimento de plantas, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a compatibilidade e o efeito da mistura de isolados de rizobactérias pré-selecionados na indução do enraizamento e crescimento de clones de eucalipto. A compatibilidade entre os isolados de rizobactérias foi determinada por antibiograma nos meios de cultivo de Kado e Heskett e em meio B de King, enquanto o efeito da mistura de isolados foi avaliado por meio da aplicação dos isolados, individualmente ou em misturas, em substrato de enraizamento, empregando-se a mesma proporção de inóculo dos co-inoculantes. Em 64% das possíveis combinações entre dois isolados, não se constataram reações de incompatibilidade. Os isolados VC2 e CIIb foram os mais compatíveis. De forma geral, não se observou sinergia entre misturas de isolados compatíveis, assim como também não ocorreu, geralmente, redução na eficiência da mistura de isolados incompatíveis.

Isolates of rhizobacteria that induced both rooting and growth of eucalyptus clones were previously selected. To assist developing a biological product based on those isolates, the compatibility among them and the effect of mixture of isolates were evaluated. The compatibility among rhizobacteria isolates was assessed by antibiograms in both Kado & Heskett and King B culture media, whereas the effect of isolate mixtures was evaluated by applying the isolates, either alone or mixed but always in the same proportions, in rooting substrate. No antagonism between isolates was observed in 64% of the possible combinations of two isolates. Isolates VC2 and CIIb were the most compatible. In general, it was observed no synergistic interaction in mixture of compatible isolates, as well as no efficiency reduction in mixture of incompatible isolates.

Neste trabalho, testaram-se 107 rizobactérias, isoladas da rizosfera de mudas de clones de eucalipto, quanto ao seu potencial como promotoras de enraizamento de estacas e miniestacas de eucalipto, em substrato à base de casca de arroz carbonizada e vermiculita (1:1). Estacas e miniestacas foram plantadas em tubetes cônicos contendo substrato tratado e não tratado (testemunha) e foram mantidas sob nebulização intermitente de água a 26-28ºC. Aos 35 dias, avaliou-se a porcentagem média de estacas enraizadas e a massa seca do sistema radicular. Dez isolados destacaram-se como indutores de enraizamento e crescimento, propiciando ganhos de até 110% e de 250%, respectivamente. Esses isolados também foram eficientes no enraizamento de miniestacas, cujos ganhos variaram de acordo com o clone e isolado testado. Os maiores incrementos obtidos no enraizamento de estacas foram superiores aos observados para miniestacas. Em geral, quanto menor o índice de enraizamento do clone, maior foi o ganho médio obtido com a inoculação. Apenas os isolados 3918 (código R98) e MF4 (código R87) foram capazes de produzir ácido indol-acético (AIA) in vitro, em quantidades equivalentes a 0,7 e 0,67 µg/ml de suspensão, respectivamente. Quando comparados ao tratamento de miniestacas em ácido indol butírico (AIB), estes isolados promoveram incrementos significativos na porcentagem de enraizamento e na massa seca do sistema radicular de miniestacas.

A total of 107 rhizobacterial isolates, obtained from the rhizosphere of eucalypt clones were tested as rooting inducers of cuttings and mini-cuttings planted in substrate composed of carbonized rice husk and vermiculite (1:1). Cuttings and mini-cuttings were planted in conical plastic tubes containing treated and untreated (control) substrate and kept under intermittent mist irrigation at 26-28ºC. After 35 days, rooting percentage and dry root matter of cuttings were evaluated. Ten isolates capable of providing gains of up to 110% in root formation and up to 250% in root biomass over non-inoculated control cuttings were selected. Gains in rooting varied according to clone and isolate tested. The greatest gains were obtained for the mini-cuttings exhibiting the lowest rooting efficiency. Among the ten isolates tested, only 3918 (code R98) and MF4 (code R87), produced 3-indole-acetic acid in vitro, at concentrations of 0.7 and 0.67 µg ml-1, respectively. Significant increases in rooting and root dry matter of cuttings grown on rhizobacteria-inoculated substrate were found when compared to untreated or indole-butyric acid (IBA) treated mini-cuttings.

Atualmente, a produção de mudas de Eucalyptus, em larga escala, é realizada pela miniestaquia, sob condições controladas. Todavia, ainda hoje não existe um critério técnico para determinar a idade ótima das mudas para plantio, o que pode refletir negativamente sobre a qualidade, sobretudo do sistema radicular, e, conseqüentemente, grandes perdas podem ocorrer no campo. Assim, o presente trabalho estabeleceu um critério técnico com base nas curvas de velocidade de crescimento e no intercepto entre as curvas de incremento corrente diário e incremento médio diário das variáveis altura, biomassa radicular e da parte aérea. Em virtude da restrição de volume explorável pelo sistema radicular, constataram-se reduções significativas na velocidade de crescimento das mudas que devem ser plantadas, preferencialmente, com 80 (clone A) a 100 (clone B) dias de idade, uma vez que mudas mais velhas sofrem redução na velocidade de crescimento e tendem a desenvolver problemas de malformação radicular. As implicações da baixa qualidade do sistema radicular residem na mortalidade de plantas, principalmente em períodos menos favoráveis, e na conseqüente influência na operação de replantio, bem como na realização dos testes clonais e na maior suscetibilidade das plantas aos estresses do ambiente.

Presently, mass vegetative propagation of Eucalyptus is carried out by mini-cuttings, under controlled conditions. Despite the advances of this technique, there is no criterion to determine the optimum age of the cuttings for planting, which can reflect negatively on the quality, mainly on the root system, and consequently losses may occur in the field. Hence, in the present work was established a technical criteria based on the growth speed curves and intercrossing of daily current increasing curves and daily average increasing for the variables height, root, stem and shoot biomass. Due to the restriction of exploitable volume by the root system, significant reductions in the growth speed of cuttings were found, and they must be planted preferentially from 80 (clone A) to 100 (Clone B) days of age, once older cuttings undergo a reduction in the growth speed and tend to develop root malformation problems. The implications of the low quality of the root system are the mortality of plants in the field, mainly in less favorable periods, and the consequent influence on the replanting operation, as well as on the clonal tests and a greater susceptibility of plants to environment stresses.

O efeito de rizobactérias promotoras do crescimento foi avaliado sobre a produção de biomassa radicular, número de miniestacas por minicepa e produtividade de minijardins clonais (número de miniestacas x porcentagem de enraizamento) de eucalipto, em viveiro. Com exceção do clone 57, em todos os demais testados foi observado incremento da biomassa radicular, com média igual a 53, 52 e 69%, respectivamente, nos clones 129, 1274 e 7074. Em geral, verificaram-se diferenças significativas em produção de miniestacas, mas não no índice de produtividade. O isolado S1 destacou-se quanto à produção de miniestacas, com incrementos que variaram de 11 a 23% para os clones 129 e 1274, respectivamente. Para o clone 7074, o incremento médio foi de 15%. Os resultados indicam claramente que rizobactérias podem ser utilizadas para maximizar a propagação vegetativa do eucalipto, por estaquia.

The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria was evaluated for root biomass of cuttings, number of mini-cuttings per mini-stump and productivity of mini-clonal hedges (number of mini-cuttings x rooting percent) of eucalyptus in the nursery. Except for clone 57, all other showed increase in root biomass, with an average of 53, 52 and 69% for clones 129, 1274, and 7074 respectively. In general, significant differences were found for mini-cutting production, but not for the productivity index (number of mini-cuttings x rooting percent). Isolate S1 had a substantial effect on the production of mini-cuttings, with increases varying from 11 to 23% for clones 129 and 1274 respectively. For clone 7074, the average increase was 15%. The results clearly indicated that rhizobacteria could be employed to maximize the vegetative propagation of eucalyptus by cutting.