Abstract Brazil’s public healthcare system (SUS) offers specialized oral health services to Brazilians, but the productivity of specialists, such as Pediatric Dentists, has not been characterized. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize the outpatient dental procedures (ODPs) carried out by Pediatric Dentists within the SUS. An epidemiological study with an ecological, longitudinal, retrospective, and quantitative approach was conducted. The ODPs carried out by Pediatric Dentists within the SUS were characterized based on type of procedure, complexity level, and circumstance (urgent or elective). Data were analyzed using a descriptive and analytical approach, considering a significance level of 5%, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (the 2020-2022 years were not included in secondary analyses). In the last 15 years, 29,234,972 ODPs were carried out by Pediatric Dentists within the SUS. Clinical procedures were the majority (55.4%), significantly more frequent than all other types of procedures (all p <0.05). Among these, restorative and periodontal procedures were the most common (30.7% and 21.0%, respectively). From 2008 to 2019, excluding COVID-19 pandemic years, the trend over the last 15 years was constant for all types of procedures (all p >0.05). In addition, low complexity ODPs were the majority (90.1%), significantly more frequent than medium (9.7%) and high complexity procedures (0.1%) (both p <0.05). At last, most ODPs were not characterized by circumstance in the outpatient production reports (96.9%). Therefore, it was possible to conclude that Pediatric Dentists carried out diverse ODPs within the SUS over the past 15 years, although there was a dominant pattern of type and complexity. Brazils Brazil s (SUS Brazilians specialists Therefore (ODPs ecological longitudinal retrospective conducted procedure urgent elective. elective . elective) 5 5% COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 20202022 2020 2022 2020-202 analyses. analyses analyses) 1 29234972 29 234 972 29,234,97 55.4%, 554 55.4% , 55 4 (55.4%) <0.05. 005 <0.05 0 05 <0.05) these 30.7% 307 30 7 (30.7 210 21 21.0% respectively. respectively respectively) 200 2019 >0.05. >0.05 >0.05) addition 90.1%, 901 90.1% 90 (90.1%) 9.7% 97 9 (9.7% 0.1% 01 (0.1% both 96.9%. 969 96.9% 96 (96.9%) COVID1 COVID- 2020202 202 2020-20 2923497 2 23 29,234,9 55.4 (55.4% 00 <0.0 30.7 3 (30. 21.0 20 201 >0.0 90.1 (90.1% 9.7 (9.7 0.1 (0.1 96.9 (96.9% 202020 2020-2 292349 29,234, 55. (55.4 <0. 30. (30 21. >0. 90. (90.1 9. (9. 0. (0. 96. (96.9 20202 2020- 29234 29,234 (55. <0 (3 >0 (90. (9 (0 (96. 2923 29,23 (55 < ( > (90 (96 292 29,2 (5 29,

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a provisão de retratamentos endodônticos não-cirúrgicos nos serviços odontológicos públicos do Brasil entre 2008 e 2022. Foi construída uma série temporal com esse propósito. Os números anuais de retratamentos endodônticos não-cirúrgicos foram obtidos do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do Brasil e ajustados a cada 100.000 habitantes para obter a incidência entre 2008 e 2022. A comparação da incidência entre tipos de dentes, a estimativa da tendência temporal e a avaliação dos impactos relacionados à pandemia da COVID-19 foram realizadas com um nível de significância de 5%. Neste período, foram realizados 1.270.182 retratamentos endodônticos não-cirúrgicos. Foi observada uma incidência maior entre os dentes unirradiculares (328/100.000) quando comparados aos dentes birradiculares (183/100.000) e com três ou mais raízes (112/100.000) (p <0,05). As incidências anuais apresentaram uma tendência significativamente decrescente nos últimos 15 anos para todos os tipos de dentes (p <0,05), além de exibirem um padrão altamente correlacionado de variação temporal (p <0,05). Ademais, não houve influência nesse resultado ao remover o período entre 2020 e 2022 (todas as tendências temporais permaneceram decrescentes). No entanto, a incidência mensal foi significativamente menor no primeiro, segundo e terceiro ano após o início da pandemia de COVID-19 (p <0,05). A provisão de retratamentos endodônticos não-cirúrgicos nos serviços odontológicos públicos do Brasil experimentou uma queda dramática nos últimos 15 anos, incluindo após a pandemia da COVID-19. nãocirúrgicos cirúrgicos 200 propósito 100000 100 000 100.00 COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 5 5% 1270182 1 270 182 1.270.18 nãocirúrgicos. cirúrgicos. 328/100.000 328100000 328 (328/100.000 183/100.000 183100000 183 (183/100.000 112/100.000 112100000 112 (112/100.000 p <0,05. 005 <0,05 . 0 05 <0,05) <0,05, , Ademais 202 todas decrescentes. decrescentes decrescentes) entanto primeiro COVID19. 19. 20 10000 10 00 100.0 COVID1 COVID- 127018 27 18 1.270.1 328/100.00 32810000 32 (328/100.00 183/100.00 18310000 (183/100.00 112/100.00 11210000 11 (112/100.00 <0,0 2 1000 100. 12701 1.270. 328/100.0 3281000 3 (328/100.0 183/100.0 1831000 (183/100.0 112/100.0 1121000 (112/100.0 <0, 1270 1.270 328/100. 328100 (328/100. 183/100. 183100 (183/100. 112/100. 112100 (112/100. <0 127 1.27 328/100 32810 (328/100 183/100 18310 (183/100 112/100 11210 (112/100 < 12 1.2 328/10 3281 (328/10 183/10 1831 (183/10 112/10 1121 (112/10 1. 328/1 (328/1 183/1 (183/1 112/1 (112/1 328/ (328/ 183/ (183/ 112/ (112/ (328 (183 (112 (32 (18 (11 (3 (1 (

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the provision of non-surgical endodontic retreatments in Brazil's public dental services from 2008 to 2022. A time series was outlined for this purpose. The annual numbers of non-surgical endodontic retreatments were retrieved from the Brazilian National Outpatient Information System and adjusted per 100,000 inhabitants to obtain the incidence between 2008 and 2022. Comparison of the incidence between types of teeth, temporal trend estimation, and evaluation of the COVID-19 pandemic-related impacts were conducted with a significance level of 5%. In this timeframe, 1,270,182 non-surgical endodontic retreatments were carried out. A higher incidence was observed among single-rooted teeth (328/100,000) when compared to double-rooted (183/100,000) and multi-rooted teeth (112/100,000) (p <0.05). The annual incidences showed a significantly decreasing trend over the last 15 years for all types of teeth (p <0.05), as well as demonstrated a highly correlated pattern of temporal variation (p <0.05). In addition, there was no influence on this outcome when removing the period between 2020 and 2022 (all temporal trends remained decreasing). However, the monthly incidence was significantly lower in the first, second, and third years after the COVID-19 pandemic onset (p <0.05). The provision of non-surgical endodontic retreatments in Brazil's public dental services has experienced a dramatic decline over the past 15 years, including after the COVID-19 pandemic. nonsurgical non surgical Brazils Brazil s 200 purpose 100000 100 000 100,00 estimation COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 pandemicrelated related 5 5% timeframe 1270182 1 270 182 1,270,18 out singlerooted single rooted 328/100,000 328100000 328 (328/100,000 doublerooted double 183/100,000 183100000 183 (183/100,000 multirooted multi 112/100,000 112100000 112 (112/100,000 p <0.05. 005 <0.05 . 0 05 <0.05) <0.05, , addition 202 decreasing. decreasing) However first second 20 10000 10 00 100,0 COVID1 COVID- 127018 27 18 1,270,1 328/100,00 32810000 32 (328/100,00 183/100,00 18310000 (183/100,00 112/100,00 11210000 11 (112/100,00 <0.0 2 1000 100, 12701 1,270, 328/100,0 3281000 3 (328/100,0 183/100,0 1831000 (183/100,0 112/100,0 1121000 (112/100,0 <0. 1270 1,270 328/100, 328100 (328/100, 183/100, 183100 (183/100, 112/100, 112100 (112/100, <0 127 1,27 328/100 32810 (328/100 183/100 18310 (183/100 112/100 11210 (112/100 < 12 1,2 328/10 3281 (328/10 183/10 1831 (183/10 112/10 1121 (112/10 1, 328/1 (328/1 183/1 (183/1 112/1 (112/1 328/ (328/ 183/ (183/ 112/ (112/ (328 (183 (112 (32 (18 (11 (3 (1 (

Resumo Pacientes ortodônticos geralmente desenvolvem desmineralização e apresentam lesões de cárie após seis meses de tratamento. Procedimentos minimamente invasivos têm sido o objetivo na prática odontológica moderna. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do ClinproTM XT selante ionomérico, ao redor do bráquete, com relação a rugosidade superficial do esmalte e a severidade da lesão induzida. Vinte pré-molares foram submetidos a colagem de bráquetes e indução experimental de desmineralização e divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: GI - verniz fluoretado (Colgate Duraphat®); GII - Selante Ionomérico (ClinproTM XT). O tratamento foi aplicado ao redor dos bráquetes. A rugosidade da superfície dos espécimes foi analisada, antes do tratamento e 12 semanas após o tratamento por microscopia confocal a laser e severidade da lesão de mancha branca por dispositivo de fluorescência a laser. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon e Mann-Whitney, a 5% de significância. A taxa de redução da lesão foi calculada. A severidade da desmineralização diminuiu tanto no GI (p = 0,005) quanto no GII (p = 0,019). Os níveis de rugosidade superficial do esmalte diminuíram no GI e GII, assim como o percentual de rugosidade, sendo mais expressivo no grupo ClinproTMXT (85,09%). Colgate Duraphat® e Clinpro™ XT reduziram a severidade da desmineralização e diminuíram a rugosidade superficial do esmalte. O selante ionomérico Clinpro™ XT foi superior na redução percentual de rugosidade. moderna bráquete induzida prémolares pré molares grupos Duraphat Duraphat®) XT. . XT) analisada 1 MannWhitney, MannWhitney Mann Whitney, Whitney Mann-Whitney 5 significância calculada p 0,005 0005 0 005 0,019. 0019 0,019 019 0,019) 85,09%. 8509 85,09% 85 09 (85,09%) Clinpro 0,00 000 00 001 0,01 01 850 85,09 8 (85,09% 0,0 85,0 (85,09 0, 85, (85,0 (85, (85 (8 (

Abstract Orthodontics patients usual develop demineralization and present cavity caries lesions after six months. Minimally invasive procedures have been the goal in modern dental practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ClinproTMXT Varnish, on the enamel surface roughness and severity of white spot lesions. Twenty premolars were submitted to bond brackets and experimental induction of demineralization and randomly divided into 2 groups: GI - fluoride varnish (Colgate Duraphat®); GII - Ionomeric Sealant (ClinproTMXT Varnish). The treatment was applied around the brackets. The surface roughness of specimens was analyzed, before treatment and 12 weeks after treatment by laser confocal microscopy, and the severity of the white spot lesion was by laser fluorescence device. The data were analyzed by non-parametric Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney Test, at 5% significance, roughness percentage reduction was performed. The severity of demineralization decreased in both, GI (p = 0.005) and GII (p = 0.019). Enamel superficial roughness levels decreased in GI and GII. As well as the roughness percentage, being more expressive in the ClinproTMXT Varnish group (85,09%). Colgate Duraphat® or Clinpro™ XT Varnish reduced the severity of the demineralization and decreased the superficial roughness on the enamel. The Clinpro™ XT Varnish was superior to superficial roughness on enamel. months practice groups Duraphat Duraphat®) Varnish. . Varnish) 1 microscopy device nonparametric non parametric MannWhitney Mann Whitney Test 5 significance performed both p 0.005 0005 0 005 0.019. 0019 0.019 019 0.019) 85,09%. 8509 85,09% 85 09 (85,09%) Clinpro 0.00 000 00 001 0.01 01 850 85,09 8 (85,09% 0.0 85,0 (85,09 0. 85, (85,0 (85, (85 (8 (

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a ativação de gelatinases na junção dentina-esmalte (DEJ) e na dentina subjacente de dentes permanentes após a radioterapia experimental nas modalidades convencional e hipofracionada. Os terceiros molares recém-extraídos (n = 15) foram divididos em três grupos de radioterapia experimental: controle, convencional (CR) e hipofracionada (HR) (n = 5 por grupo). Após a exposição in vitro à radiação ionizante, seguindo protocolos padronizados para cada modalidade, um substrato gelatinoso foi incubado nas fatias de dente (n = 10 por grupo). A ativação das gelatinases foi medida por zimografia in situ, expressa em unidades arbitrárias de fluorescência (mm2) de três regiões do dente: cervical, cúspide e fossa. A intensidade da fluorescência foi comparada entre os protocolos de radioterapia e as regiões do dente em cada protocolo, considerando um nível de significância de 5%. Considerando todas as regiões do dente, a intensidade de fluorescência do grupo CR foi maior do que a dos grupos HR e controle, tanto no DEJ quanto na dentina subjacente (p <0,001). Além disso, a intensidade da fluorescência foi maior na dentina subjacente quando comparada à DEJ em todos os grupos (p <0,001). Considerando cada região do dente, uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre CR e HR foi observada apenas na região da fossa da dentina subjacente (p <0,001). Também foram observadas correlações significativas e positivas entre as intensidades de fluorescência no DEJ e na dentina subjacente (p <0,001). A radioterapia experimental influenciou a ativação das gelatinases, assim como a exposição ao protocolo convencional pode desencadear uma maior ativação das gelatinases quando comparada ao hipofracionamento, tanto no DEJ quanto na dentina subjacente. dentinaesmalte esmalte (DEJ recémextraídos recém extraídos n 15 controle (CR (HR grupo. . grupo) ionizante modalidade 1 situ mm2 mm (mm2 cervical 5% p <0,001. 0001 <0,001 0 001 <0,001) disso hipofracionamento (mm 000 <0,00 00 <0,0 <0, <0 <

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the activation of gelatinases in dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) and underlying dentin of permanent teeth after experimental radiotherapy in conventional and hypofractionated modalities. Newly extracted third molars (n = 15) were divided into three experimental radiotherapy groups: control, conventional (CR), and hypofractionated (HR) (n = 5 per group). After in vitro exposure to ionizing radiation, following standardized protocols for each modality, a gelatinous substrate was incubated on the tooth slices (n = 10 per group). Activation of gelatinases was measured by in situ zymography, expressed in arbitrary fluorescence units (mm2) from three tooth regions: cervical, cuspal, and pit. Fluorescence intensity was compared among radiotherapy protocols and tooth regions in each protocol, considering a significance level of 5%. Considering all tooth regions, the fluorescence intensity of the CR group was higher than the HR and control groups, both in DEJ and underlying dentin (p <0.001). In addition, the fluorescence intensity was higher in underlying dentin when compared to DEJ in all groups (p <0.001). Considering each tooth region, a statistically significant difference between CR and HR was only observed in the pit region of underlying dentin (p <0.001). Significant and positive correlations between fluorescence intensities in DEJ and underlying dentin were also observed (p <0.001). Experimental radiotherapy influenced the activation of gelatinases, as well as exposure to the conventional protocol can trigger a higher activation of gelatinases when compared to hypofractionated, both in DEJ and underlying dentin. dentinenamel enamel (DEJ modalities n 15 CR, , (CR) (HR group. . group) radiation modality 1 zymography mm2 mm (mm2 cervical cuspal 5% p <0.001. 0001 <0.001 0 001 <0.001) addition (CR (mm 000 <0.00 00 <0.0 <0. <0 <

Abstract Dental caries is an important Public Health issue. However, the treatment of this disease in tertiary dental care requires further investigation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate caries-related hospital morbidity in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) from 2008 to 2022. An ecological study was conducted with secondary data on caries-related Hospital Admission Authorizations (AIH) and in-hospital dental procedures (IDP). Data were collected nationwide and statistical analysis was performed with a significance level (p) of 5%. In the last 15 years, 3,474 caries-related AIH and 63,657 IDP were approved within SUS. There was a significant upward trend in the number of caries-related AIH (p = 0.018) and a stationary trend in the number of caries-related IDP (p = 0.841). Moreover, from 2008 to 2022, R$ 1,160,843.09 was allocated for caries-related AIH. Hospital mortality was 0.29% (10 deaths), and 75.1% were elective inpatient admissions. Among SUS users, adults constituted the majority (49%), with a higher frequency of males (59.8%) and whites (46.2%). The most frequent type of caries-related IDP was restoration of permanent teeth (55.3%). Nonetheless, during the COVID-19 pandemic years, significant reductions in caries-related AIH and IDP within the SUS were observed (all p <0.05). Thus, within the SUS, caries-related tertiary dental care has shown a specific pattern over the last 15 years, including an increase in hospitalizations and a high number of in-hospital dental procedures, especially before the COVID-19 pandemic onset. issue However investigation Therefore cariesrelated related (SUS 200 2022 (AIH inhospital IDP. . (IDP) 5 5% 1 years 3474 3 474 3,47 63657 63 657 63,65 0.018 0018 0 018 0.841. 0841 0.841 841 0.841) Moreover R 116084309 160 843 09 1,160,843.0 029 29 0.29 10 (1 deaths, deaths , deaths) 751 75 75.1 admissions users 49%, 49 49% (49%) 59.8% 598 59 8 (59.8% 46.2%. 462 46.2% 46 2 (46.2%) 55.3%. 553 55.3% 55 (55.3%) Nonetheless COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 all <0.05. 005 <0.05 05 <0.05) Thus onset 20 202 (IDP 347 47 3,4 6365 6 65 63,6 0.01 001 01 084 0.84 84 11608430 16 1,160,843. 02 0.2 ( 7 75. 4 (49% 59.8 (59.8 46.2 (46.2% 55.3 (55.3% COVID1 COVID- 00 <0.0 34 3, 636 63, 0.0 08 0.8 1160843 1,160,843 0. (49 59. (59. 46. (46.2 55. (55.3 <0. 116084 1,160,84 (4 (59 (46. (55. <0 11608 1,160,8 (5 (46 (55 < 1160 1,160, 116 1,160 11 1,16 1,1 1,

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a resposta do tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo de camundongos isogênicos expostos à Biodentine™ e ao Trióxido Mineral Agregado (MTA). Métodos: Um total de 120 camundongos foram divididos em 4 grupos e 3 períodos experimentais diferentes (7, 21 e 63 dias): Biodentine™ (Septodont, Saint Maur des Fosses, França); Pro-Root MTA (Dentsplay, Tulsa, EUA); óxido de zinco eugenol (Biodinâmica Química e Farmacêutica LTDA., Ibiporã, PR - Brasil); e controle negativo - Sham. Após os períodos experimentais, análises microscópicas descritivas, semiquantitativas e quantitativas do processo inflamatório foram analisadas nos cortes de H&E e ainda, foi realizada a avaliação da expressão gênica de Il10, Infg, Il6, Il1r1 e Tnf (qRT-PCR). Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio do teste do qui-quadrado e da análise de variância (ANOVA) two-way, seguido do pós-teste de Bonferroni (nível de significância de 5%). Resultados: Na análise microscópica observou-se discreto infiltrado inflamatório, com predomínio de macrófagos esparsos e polimorfonucleares, leve fibrose tecidual, cápsula fibrosa regular e com calcificações distróficas, em todos os grupos que receberam os materiais (Biodentine ™ e Pro-Root MTA). Paralelamente, todos os materiais modulam a expressão gênica das diferentes citocinas e receptores avaliados. Conclusão: Pro-Root MTA e Biodentine™ mostraram compatibilidade tecidual, inflamação mediada, com aumento do tecido fibroso e produção de citocinas pró- e antiinflamatórias.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the subcutaneous connective tissue response of isogenic mice exposed to tricalcium silicate (Biodentine) and aggregated mineral trioxide (ProRoot MTA). A total of 120 mice were divided into 4 groups in 3 different experimental periods (7, 21 and 63 days): Biodentine; Pro-Root MTA; zinc oxide-eugenol and; Negative control - Sham. After the experimental periods microscopic descriptive, semi-quantitative and quantitative analysis of the inflammatory process were analyzed on H&E sections and evaluation of the gene expression of Il10, Infg, Il6, Il1r1 and Tnf (qRT-PCR) were performed. The data obtained were analyzed using the chi-square test and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Bonferroni post-test (5% significance level). Results: In the microscopic analysis, a slight inflammatory infiltrate was observed, with a predominance of sparse macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells, slight tissue fibrosis, regular fibrous capsule and with dystrophic calcifications, in all groups that received the materials (Biodentine and Pro-Root MTA). In parallel, all materials modulated the gene expression of the different cytokines and receptors evaluated. Conclusion: Pro-Root MTA and Biodentine showed a tissue compatibility, mediated inflammation, with increased fibrous tissue and production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the periapical healing following root canal treatment in teeth with apical periodontitis (in vivo) and the cytotoxic potential of root canal sealers in vitro. Material and Methods: Apical periodontitis was induced in 60 dogs' teeth and root canals were filled with Sealapex (40 roots), EndoREZ (40 roots), intracanal dressing (20 roots), or left untreated (20 roots). After 30 and 90 days, histopathological analyses were made. In vitro, J774.1 macrophages were stimulated with root canal sealers extracts, cytotoxicity was assessed using lactate dehydrogenase assay, and qRT-PCR was used to analyze TNF-α gene expression. Results: In vivo, smaller apical periodontitis and lower inflammatory cell infiltrate were found in teeth treated with Sealapex compared to EndoREZ. In vitro, EndoREZ was cytotoxic and induced TNF-α gene expression by macrophages differently from Sealapex. Conclusion: Sealapex allowed improved tissue repair following root canal treatment in teeth with apical periodontitis compared to EndoREZ. Synthesis of TNF-α induced by LPS was enhanced by EndoREZ, whereas Sealapex prevented pro-inflammatory gene expression.

Abstract: In this study, we evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and psychosocial impacts among Brazilian pediatric dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study with primary data collection was carried out using an online structured questionnaire. Data were submitted to descriptive analysis by using absolute and relative frequencies. A chi-square test was used for association analysis and log-linear regression models to estimate the prevalence ratio (5%). The population comprised mostly women and knowledge regarding COVID-19 was satisfactory (above 80% in most items). N95 masks and faceshields were used, albeit 64.22% reported difficulty in providing dental care to children due to the need for extra Personal Protective Equipment. Thirty eight percent provided urgency/emergency dental care, 59.78% performed invasive procedures, 59.56% used high speed handpieces, 8.44% started using cariostatics, and 6.22% introduced the use of chemomechanical caries removal agents. Fear for the future (PR = 1.21) and use of medications (for anxiety, depression, or insomnia) increased (PR = 1.16) among the ones who had wage losses. Brazilian pediatric dentists have knowledge about COVID-19, and attitudes in their clinical routines changed due the pandemic. Financial life was harmed and a negative impact of the pandemic in psychosocial aspects of workers was found.

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic led to changes in academic teaching and dental education, but the impact on dental professors’ mental health and quality of life remains poorly understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of social distancing and online teaching related to COVID-19 on the quality of life and anxiety of Brazilian dental professors. This was a cross-sectional study conducted from August 2020 to October 2020. Three instruments were used in an online version: a questionnaire about personal data, academic information and online teaching activities, the Generalized Anxiety Disorders 7 (GAD7) scale, and the Abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-bref) scale. All instruments were sent by e-mail, social media, and messaging apps to private and public universities and professors. Of the 318 responses, 187 (58.8%) were from female professors. Moreover, lack of good internet access and adequate place for online teaching, difficulties in producing teaching materials, and housework roles had a significant impact on the quality of life and anxiety scores (all p-values < 0.05). Also, Brazilian dental professors who declared that they would make greater efforts if the activities were face-to-face had significantly worse quality of life and anxiety scores, and female professors had significantly higher anxiety scores (all p-values < 0.05). These results provide evidence of a negative effect of social distancing and online teaching activities related to COVID-19 outbreak on the health-related quality of life and mental health of Brazilian dental professors.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a modulação dos macrófagos M1 e M2 após estímulos com diferentes materiais utilizados durante o tratamento endodôntico. Em cultura de células de macrófagos derivados da medula óssea de camundongos machos C57BL/6 wild-type (WT), após a exposição à cinco cimentos endodônticos: AH Plus, Sealapex Xpress, Endosequence BC Sealer, BioRoot RCS e pasta à base de hidróxido de cálcio foi realizada a análise da expressão gênica dos marcadores para macrófagos M1 e M2 por qRT-PCR (Cxcl10, CxCL9, iNOS, Arg1, Chil3, Retnla e MRC1) e quantificação de citocinas por Luminex® (GM -CSF, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β e TNF-α). Para valores normais, foi utilizado o teste ANOVA, seguido do pós-teste de Tukey. Para valores não normais, foi utilizado o teste de Kruskall-Wallis. BioRootTM RCS e EndoSequence BC SealerTM estimularam maior expressão de marcadores para macrófagos M1, enquanto a pasta à base de hidróxido de cálcio estimulou expressão mais baixa desses marcadores gênicos. Para o marcador de proteínas para M2, BioRootTM RCS apresentou a maior estimulação, enquanto a pasta à base de hidróxido de cálcio também apresentou menor estimulação. Concluiu-se que os materiais obturadores avaliados aumentaram a expressão genética de marcadores pró- e anti-inflamatórios: TNF-α e IL-10 respectivamente. Os demais marcadores pró inflamatórios mostraram diferenças em relação aos materiais obturadores. No entanto, esse processo não induziu a polarização da resposta inflamatória, resultando em um macrófago híbrido.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the M1 and M2 macrophage modulation after stimuli with different materials used during endodontic treatment. In bone marrow-derived macrophage cell culture, from males C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice, gene expression analysis of markers to M1 and M2 macrophages was performed by qRT-PCR (Cxcl10, CxCL9, iNOS, Arg1, Chil3, Retnla and MRC1) and cytokine quantification by Luminex® (GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) after exposure to the five endodontic sealers: AH Plus, Sealapex Xpress, Endosequence BC Sealer, BioRoot RCS and a calcium hydroxide-based paste. For normal values, ANOVA test was used, followed by Tukey post-test. For non-normal values, the Kruskall-Wallis test was used. BioRootTM RCS and EndoSequence BC SealerTM stimulated the highest expression of markers for M1 macrophages, while calcium hydroxide-based paste stimulated the lowest expression of these gene markers. For M2 protein markers, BioRootTM RCS presented the highest stimulation while calcium hydroxide-based paste also presented the lowest stimulation. It was concluded that all the evaluated filling materials increased the genetic expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers: TNF-α and IL-10 respectively. The others proinflammatory mediators showed differences against the filling materials. However, this process did not induce the inflammatory response polarization, resulting in a hybrid macrophage.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo in vivo foi avaliar o efeito da irrigação do canal radicular por pressão apical negativa e por pressão positiva na expressão de moléculas que são indicativas de diferenciação celular com fenótipo mineralizador em dentes de cães com rizogênese incompleta e lesão periapical. Um total de 30 dentes (60 raízes) foi distribuído em 3 grupos (n=20): EndoVac, Convencional e Controle. Após 30 dias, foram realizados os procedimentos histotécnicos de rotina e os cortes foram submetidos à técnica de imunohistoquímica para marcação de Osteopontina (OPN), Fosfatase Alcalina (ALP) e para o fator de transcrição RUNX2 nas regiões apical e periapical das raízes. Foi realizada uma análise semi-quantitativa da imunomarcação positiva e a intensidade da expressão foi classificada em ausente (0), leve (1), moderada (2) ou intensa (3). Os dados por escores foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e pelo pós-teste de Dunn, e o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. A imunumarcação para RUNX2 revelou que no grupo pessão negativa houve marcação significativamente mais intensa (p<0,05), em comparação ao grupo controle. Com relação à expressão de OPN, não foi possível observer diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (p>0,05). Após análise da imunomarcação para ALP, foi observado diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (p<0,05), e o grupo pressão negativa demonstrou uma marcação siginificativamente mais intensa do que o grupo controle. Os resultados do presente estudo in vivo permitiram concluir que a irrigação por pressão apical negativa apresenta potencial mineralizador em dentes com ápice aberto e lesão periapical.

Abstract The objective of this in vivo study was to assess the effect of the root canal irrigation by negative and positive apical pressure on the expression of molecules that are an indicative of cell differentiation with mineralizing phenotype in teeth of dogs with incomplete rhizogenesis and induced periapical lesion. A total of 30 teeth (60 roots) were distributed into 3 groups (n=20): EndoVac®, Conventional and Control. After 90 days, the routine histotechnical procedures were performed and the sections were submitted to immunohistochemical technique for the staining of osteopontin (OPN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the RUNX2 transcription factor in the apical and periapical regions of the roots. A semi-quantitative analysis of the positive immunostaining was performed and the intensity of the expression was classified in absent (0), mild (1), moderate (2), or intense (3). Scores data were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and Dunn post-test, and the significance level was set at 5%. RUNX2 immunostaining revealed that in the negative pressure group there was a significantly stronger (p<0.05) immunostaining in comparison to the control group. Regarding the OPN expression, it was not possible to detect a statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). After analyzing ALP immunostaining, a statistically significant difference was observed between the groups (p<0.05), and the negative pressure group showed a markedly stronger mark immunostaining than the control group. The results of the present in vivo study allowed concluding that negative apical pressure irrigation presents mineralizing potential in immature teeth with apical periodontitis.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta subcutânea do tecido conjuntivo de camundongos isogênicos após o implante de diferentes cimentos à base de ionômero de vidro (EQUIA® Forte Fil, EQUIA® Fil e Ketac ™ Universal Aplicap ™). Oitenta e sete camundongos isogênicos BALB/c foram alocados em 12 grupos, 9 como grupos experimentais (Ketac, E. Fil e E. Forte aos 7, 21 e 63 dias) e 3 controles (tubos de polietileno vazios aos 7, 21 e 63 dias). Após os períodos experimentais, o tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo ao redor do material implantado foi removido e submetido ao processamento histotécnico e coloração com hematoxilina e eosina. Uma descrição histopatológica da reação tecidual envolvendo cada material e uma análise semi-quantitativa da fibrose e infiltrado inflamatório foram realizadas. Além disso, foi realizada a mensuração da espessura do tecido granulomatoso em contato com cada material. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente (α=0,05) pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do pós-teste de Dunn. Inicialmente, a fibrose não foi diferente entre todos os materiais testados (p>0,05), mas foi diferente aos 21 dias, com o grupo controle apresentando o estágio mais avançado de fibrose. Aos 63 dias, o grupo EQUIA® Forte Fil apresentou o estágio mais avançado de fibrose, comparado ao grupo EQUIA® Fil (p<0,05). O infiltrado inflamatório não foi diferente entre os materiais testados em nenhum período experimental (p>0,05). A espessura do tecido granulomatoso foi maior no grupo E. Forte, comparado ao controle em todos os períodos. Todos os cimentos à base de ionômero de vidro apresentaram compatibilidade tecidual, de acordo com os parâmetros avaliados.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the subcutaneous connective tissue response of isogenic mice after implantation of different glass ionomer-based cements (EQUIA® Forte Fil, EQUIA® Fil and Ketac™ Universal Aplicap™). Eighty-seven isogenic BALB/c mice were allocated in 12 groups, 9 were considered as experimental groups (Ketac, E. Fil and E. Forte at 7, 21 and 63 days) and 3 controls (empty polyethylene tubes at 7, 21 and 63 days). After the experimental periods, the subcutaneous connective tissue surrounding the implanted material was removed and subjected to histotechnical processing and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. A histopathological description of the tissue reaction surrounding each material and a semi-quantitative analysis of collagen fiber formation and inflammatory infiltrate were performed. Additionally, the thickness of the granulomatous tissue in contact with each material was measured. Data were analyzed statistically (α=0.05) by the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn post-test. Initially, the collagen fiber formation was not different among all the tested materials (p>0.05) but was different at 21 days with the control group presenting the most advanced stage of collagen fiber formation. At 63 days, EQUIA® Forte Fil group showed the most advanced stage of collagen fiber formation, compared to EQUIA® Fil group (p<0.05). The inflammatory infiltrate was not different among the tested materials in any experimental period (p>0.05). The thickness of the granulomatous tissue was greater in the E. Forte group, compared to control in all periods. All glass ionomer-based cements showed tissue compatibility, according to the evaluated parameters.

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the effects of dietary restriction on the growth plate and long bone tissue in growing rats. Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to two groups: Control (Con) and Diet-restricted (Res). After weaning, the Res rats were offered 50% of the chow ingested by the control (ad libitum food intake). The animals were subdivided into two subgroups with follow-ups up to 56 or 70 days. After euthanasia, the growth plate of tibias was analyzed by histomorphometry, micro-computed tomography, and mechanical test. The trabecular and compact bones were evaluated by histomorphometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and micro-computed tomography (μCT). Real-time PCR was used to analyze gene expression. Results: Although dietary restriction did not alter gene expression, several phenotypic changes were seen in the growth plate; i.e., decrease in volume, reduction in total area and height, decrease in the area ossified zones, mechanical weakening, reduction in mass of trabecular and cortical bone, lower bone density, deterioration of the trabecular and cortical microarchitecture, and trabeculae with lower collagen deposition. Conclusion: Dietary restriction had severe detrimental effects on the growth plate and trabecular and cortical bone.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the effects of food restriction on fracture healing in growing rats. Methods: Sixty-eight male Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: (1) Control and (2) Dietary restriction. After weaning the dietary restricted animals were fed ad libitum for 42 days with 50% of the standard chow ingested by the control group. Subsequently, the animals underwent bone fracture at the diaphysis of the right femur, followed by surgical stabilization of bone fragments. On days 14 and 28 post-fracture, the rats were euthanized, and the fractured femurs were dissected, the callus was analyzed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, micro-computed tomography, histomorphometry, mechanical tests, and gene expression. Results: Dietary restriction decreased body mass gain and resulted in several phenotypic changes at the bone callus (a delay in cell proliferation and differentiation, lower rate of newly formed bone and collagen deposition, reductions in bone callus density and size, decrease in tridimensional callus volume, deterioration in microstructure, and reduction in bone callus strength), together with the downregulated expression of osteoblast-related genes. Conclusion: Dietary restriction had detrimental effects on osseous healing, with a healing delay and a lower quality of bone callus formation.

Abstract Objectives Enamel demineralization is among the main topics of interest in the orthodontic field. Self-ligating brackets have been regarded as advantageous in this aspect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the break homeostasis in the oral environment and the levels of microorganisms associated with dental caries among the different types of brackets. Material and Methods Twenty patients received two self-ligating brackets: In-Ovation®R, SmartClipTM, and one conventional GeminiTM. Saliva was collected before bonding (S0), 30 (S1) and 60 (S2) days after bonding. One sample of each bracket was removed at 30 and 60 days for the in situ analysis. Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization was employed to evaluate the levels of microbial species as-sociated with dental caries. Data were evaluated by nonparametric Friedman and Wilcoxon tests at 5% significance level. Results The salivary levels of L. casei (p=0.033), S. sobrinus (p=0.011), and S. sanguinis (p=0.004) increased in S1. The in situ analyses showed alteration in S. mutans (p=0.047), whose highest levels were observed to the In-Ovation®R. Conclusions The orthodontic appliances break the salivary homeostasis of microorganisms involved in dental caries. The contamination pattern was different between self-ligating and conventional brackets. The In-Ovation®R presented worse performance considering the levels of cariogenic bacterial species.