ABSTRACT Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds have attracted great economic interest for their high levels of linoleic and α-linolenic acids. In Brazil, there is a lack of studies on the agronomic characteristics and physiological quality of chia, necessitating research on germination processes and strategies to enhance yield under field conditions. There are no studies assessing the development of seeds with different coat colors in the presence of fungicides. This study aimed to assess the physiological quality of chia seeds as a function of coat color and fungicide treatment. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and six replications. For this, seeds were divided into two groups according to coat color (black and white) and subjected or not to treatment with carboxin + thiram. Germination speed index, germination rate, and shoot length were evaluated in plants sown at 0, 90, and 180 days after seed treatment. Germination rate and speed index differed significantly between coat colors, with white seeds having higher vigor than black seeds. Shoot length, however, differed only for seeds sown on the day of treatment, indicating that treated seeds were more vigorous. Salvia L. L αlinolenic α linolenic acids Brazil conditions fungicides replications this thiram 0 90 18 however vigorous 9 1

ABSTRACT This work aimed at investigating the viability of near infrared spectrometry (NIR), associated with chemometric methods, in order to identify differences at the levels of vigor of naturally and artificially aged soybean seeds. Seeds of six soybean genotypes were analyzed when freshly harvested, after natural aging in storage for eight months, and after artificial aging at the temperature of 41 °C for 96 hours. The seed moisture content, germination potential and vigor were evaluated. Also, there were measured the content of protein, oil and of the fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic. The NIR spectra were obtained from the freeze-dried and grinded seeds. The natural and artificial aging of the seeds promote deterioration at distinct levels, reflecting in differences in seed vigor. The regions of the electromagnetic spectrum between wavelengths of 1000-1200 nm, 1350-1450 nm, 1800-1900 nm and 2300-2400 nm are important to distinguish the levels of quality of the soybean seeds. The contents of oil and protein have a relationship with the physiological quality of the seeds. Also, the most relevant wavelengths for the classification of seed vigor present a relationship with these compounds. NIR spectroscopy, in combination with chemometric methods, presents potential to be used in the classification of soybean seeds regarding their physiological quality. NIR, , (NIR) methods harvested months 4 C 9 hours evaluated Also acids palmitic stearic oleic linolenic freezedried freeze dried 10001200 1000 1200 1000-120 13501450 1350 1450 1350-145 18001900 1800 1900 1800-190 23002400 2300 2400 2300-240 compounds spectroscopy (NIR 1000120 100 120 1000-12 1350145 135 145 1350-14 1800190 180 190 1800-19 2300240 230 240 2300-24 100012 10 12 1000-1 135014 13 14 1350-1 180019 18 19 1800-1 230024 23 24 2300-2 10001 1 1000- 13501 1350- 18001 1800- 23002 2 2300-

ABSTRACT: Seed quality is routinely evaluated in the laboratory through germination and vigor tests. Although efficient, the available test methods have limitations, which are mainly associated with long evaluation times. We aimed to verify whether near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy can categorize soybean seed lots and genotypes into predefined vigor classes based on physiological and biochemical analyses. The classes were defined based on analyses of physiological potential; the antioxidant enzymes activities; and the contents of malonaldehyde, oil and protein. The NIR spectra of individual seeds were obtained, preprocessed, and used for modeling. Classification models using the K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN) method, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were obtained. The low-vigor seeds had higher malonaldehyde and oil contents and, in general, lower antioxidative enzyme activities. The best model to classify the seed quality reached 99% accuracy. The wave-length region from 1,000 to 1,250 nm was the most important for distinguishing the levels of soybean seed quality. ABSTRACT tests efficient limitations times nearinfrared near infrared (NIR potential activities protein obtained preprocessed modeling KNearest K Nearest KNN NN (K-NN method PLSDA, PLSDA PLS DA , (PLS-DA) SVM (SVM lowvigor low general 99 accuracy wavelength wave length 1000 1 000 1,00 1250 250 1,25 (PLS-DA 9 100 00 1,0 125 25 1,2 10 0 1, 12 2

RESUMO: A qualidade das sementes é rotineiramente avaliada em laboratório por meio de testes de germinação e vigor. Embora eficientes, os métodos disponíveis têm limitações, principalmente associadas ao longo tempo de avaliação. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIR) pode categorizar lotes de sementes de soja e genótipos em classes de vigor predefinidas, com base em análises fisiológicas e bioquímicas. As classes foram definidas com base em análises do potencial fisiológico, da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes e dos teores de malonaldeído, óleo e proteína. Os espectros NIR de sementes individuais foram obtidos, pré-processados e utilizados para modelagem. Modelos de classificação utilizando o método K-Vizinhos Mais Próximos (K-NN), Análise Discriminante por Mínimos Quadrados Parciais (PLS-DA) e Máquina de Vetores de Suporte (SVM) foram obtidos. As sementes de baixo vigor apresentaram maiores teores de malonaldeído e óleo e, em geral, menores atividades de enzimas antioxidantes. O melhor modelo para classificar a qualidade das sementes alcançou 99% de precisão. A região de comprimento de onda de 1.000 a 1.250 nm foi a mais importante para distinguir os níveis de qualidade das sementes de soja. RESUMO eficientes limitações avaliação (NIR predefinidas bioquímicas fisiológico proteína obtidos préprocessados pré processados modelagem KVizinhos K Vizinhos KNN, KNN NN , (K-NN) PLSDA PLS DA (PLS-DA SVM (SVM geral 99 precisão 1000 1 000 1.00 1250 250 1.25 (K-NN 9 100 00 1.0 125 25 1.2 10 0 1. 12 2

ABSTRACT: Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a promising tool for optimizing seed analyses quickly and assertively. The aim of this study was to investigate the viability of NIR in association with chemometric methods in classification of soybean seed lots regarding their physiological potential. We evaluated 372 soybean seed lots for vigor and obtained NIR spectra from seed samples. The original spectra were pre-processed by the following methods: Standard Normal Variate (SNV), SNV + 1st and 2nd derivatives, Gap-segment derivative, and Savitzky-Golay for the first- and second-degree derivatives, as well as combinations of the methods. The lots were divided into Class I (≥ 85% germination after accelerated aging) and Class II (< 85% germination after accelerated aging); and the pre-processed spectra were used to build classification models through the following methods: K-nearest neighbors (KNN), Partial Least Squares - Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), Naive Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The PLS-DA model showed greater classification accuracy and kappa, followed by SVM. The lowest accuracy values were obtained for the NB and RF models. The regions between the wavelengths 1,000-1,200 nm and 2,200-2,500 nm were the most important for distinguishing the quality levels of soybean seeds. ABSTRACT Nearinfrared Near infrared (NIR assertively potential 37 samples preprocessed pre processed SNV, , (SNV) st nd derivatives Gapsegment Gap segment derivative SavitzkyGolay Savitzky Golay first seconddegree second degree ≥ ( 85 aging < Knearest K nearest KNN, KNN (KNN) PLSDA, PLSDA PLS DA (PLS-DA) NB, (NB) RF, (RF) SVM . (SVM) kappa 1,0001,200 10001200 1,000 1,200 1 000 200 1,000-1,20 2,2002,500 22002500 2,200 2,500 2 500 2,200-2,50 seeds 3 (SNV 8 (KNN (PLS-DA (NB (RF (SVM 0001 1,0001,20 1000120 1000 1,00 1200 1,20 00 20 1,000-1,2 2002 2,2002,50 2200250 2200 2,20 2500 2,50 50 2,200-2,5 1,0001,2 100012 100 1,0 120 1,2 0 1,000-1, 2,2002,5 220025 220 2,2 250 2,5 5 2,200-2, 1,0001, 10001 10 1, 12 1,000-1 2,2002, 22002 22 2, 25 2,200-2 1,0001 1,000- 2,2002 2,200-

RESUMO: A espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIR) consiste em uma ferramenta promissora para otimização das análises de sementes de forma rápida e assertiva. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar a viabilidade do NIR, associado a métodos quimiométricos, para classificar lotes de sementes de soja quanto ao potencial fisiológico. Foram utilizados 372 lotes de sementes de soja avaliados quanto ao vigor e obtidos espectros NIR das amostras de sementes. Os espectros originais foram submetidos aos métodos de pré-processamento Standard Normal Variate (SNV), SNV + 1ª e 2ª derivadas; Gap-segment derivative; e Savitzky-Golay, pelas derivadas de primeiro e segundo grau, e a combinação entre os métodos. Os lotes foram divididos em Classe I (≥ 85% de germinação após envelhecimento acelerado), Classe II (< 85% de germinação após envelhecimento acelerado) e os espectros pré-processados foram utilizados para a construção de modelos de classificação por meio dos métodos K-nearest neighbors (KNN), Partial Least Squares - Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), Naive Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF) e Support Vector Machine (SVM). O modelo de classificação PLS-DA apresentou maior acurácia e kappa, seguido pelo SVM. Os menores valores de acurácia foram obtidos para os modelos NB e RF. As regiões entre os comprimentos de ondas 1.000-1.200 nm e 2.200-2.500 nm foram as mais importantes para distinguir os níveis de qualidade das sementes de soja. RESUMO (NIR assertiva quimiométricos fisiológico 37 préprocessamento pré processamento SNV, , (SNV) ª Gapsegment Gap segment derivative SavitzkyGolay, SavitzkyGolay Savitzky Golay, Golay Savitzky-Golay grau ≥ ( 85 acelerado, acelerado < préprocessados processados Knearest K nearest KNN, KNN (KNN) PLSDA, PLSDA PLS DA (PLS-DA) NB, (NB) RF (RF SVM . (SVM) kappa 1.0001.200 10001200 1.000 1.200 1 000 200 1.000-1.20 2.2002.500 22002500 2.200 2.500 2 500 2.200-2.50 3 (SNV 8 (KNN (PLS-DA (NB (SVM 0001 1.0001.20 1000120 1000 1.00 1200 1.20 00 20 1.000-1.2 2002 2.2002.50 2200250 2200 2.20 2500 2.50 50 2.200-2.5 1.0001.2 100012 100 1.0 120 1.2 0 1.000-1. 2.2002.5 220025 220 2.2 250 2.5 5 2.200-2. 1.0001. 10001 10 1. 12 1.000-1 2.2002. 22002 22 2. 25 2.200-2 1.0001 1.000- 2.2002 2.200-

Abstract: Creation, adjustments and adoption of tests and tools that help in the prediction of seed storability have been highly demanded. Therefore, this work aimed to analyze the efficiency of different artificial aging times in predicting the performance of soybean seeds after storage, using the GGE biplot method. Seeds of six genotypes were subjected to storage, under refrigerated and non-refrigerated conditions, and artificial aging, being artificially aged for periods of 0, 48, 96 and 144 hours. Seeds freshly harvested and after natural and artificial aging were subjected to germination and vigor tests. The experiments were analyzed separately, using means test, regression analysis and model identity test, and together, using the GGE biplot method. Artificial aging at a temperature of 41 °C for 96 hours has the potential to be used to predict the performance of soybean seeds after eight months of storage. The GGE biplot is a method that can be used as a tool to analyze the relationships between aging environments and visualize the ranking of genotypes regarding the performance of seeds subjected to natural and artificial aging. Abstract Creation demanded Therefore storage nonrefrigerated non conditions 0 48 9 14 separately test together 4 C 1

Resumo: Tem sido altamente requerida a elaboração, ajustes e adoção de testes e ferramentas que auxiliem na predição da armazenabilidade de sementes. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a eficiência de diferentes tempos de envelhecimento artificial na predição do desempenho das sementes de soja após o armazenamento, utilizando-se o método GGE biplot. Sementes de seis genótipos foram submetidas ao armazenamento, sob condição refrigerada e não refrigerada, e envelhecimento artificial, sendo envelhecidas artificialmente pelos períodos de 0, 48, 96 e 144 horas. As sementes recém-colhidas e após o envelhecimento natural e artificial foram submetidas a testes de germinação e vigor. Os experimentos foram analisados separadamente, por meio de teste de médias, análise de regressão e teste de identidade de modelos, e em conjunto, utilizando-se o método GGE biplot. O envelhecimento artificial, à temperatura de 41 °C por 96 horas apresenta potencial para ser utilizado na predição do desempenho de sementes de soja após oito meses de armazenamento. O GGE biplot é um método que pode ser utilizado como ferramenta para analisar as relações entre os ambientes de envelhecimento e visualizar o ranqueamento dos genótipos quanto ao desempenho das sementes submetidas ao envelhecimento natural e artificial. Resumo elaboração disso armazenamento utilizandose utilizando se 0 48 9 14 recémcolhidas recém colhidas vigor separadamente médias modelos conjunto 4 C 1

ABSTRACT This work aims at evaluating and discriminating crambe genotypes regarding tolerance to water deficit by means of morpho-agronomic and physiological traits. The trial was carried out in a greenhouse under a randomized complete block design with four blocks, in a 2 x 8 factorial scheme, being two environments (with and without stress) and eight genotypes (FMS CR 1101, FMS CR 1106, FMS CR 1203, FMS CR 1305, FMS CR 1307, FMS CR 1312 and FMS CR 1326 and cultivar FMS Brilhante). The genotypes were evaluated according to physiological and morpho-agronomic traits. The significance of the mean squares was tested by the F test (P < 0.05) and the genetic parameters were estimated as ratio b between the genetic (CVg) and experimental (CVe) coefficients of variation, broad-sense heritability at genotypic mean level ( h ^ m 2), intraclass correlation (r) and selective accuracy (Ac). In general, water deficit did not cause severe physiological limitations to the plants. Plant height (PH), total dry mass (TDM) and grain yield (GY) were the traits that stood out for presenting the highest estimates of ratio b, h ^ m 2), CVg and r, revealing the possibility of genetic gains with the selection. Nevertheless, after evaluating the performance of genotypes in terms of physiological and morpho-agronomic traits, it was concluded that cultivar FMS Brilhante and inbred lines FMS CR 1326 and FMS CR 1106 had the most favorable traits for the selection, therefore, presenting potential for water deficit tolerance. morphoagronomic morpho agronomic blocks scheme stress 1101 1203 1305 1307 131 132 Brilhante. . Brilhante) P 0.05 005 0 05 (CVg CVe (CVe variation broadsense broad sense 2, , 2) r (r Ac. Ac (Ac) general plants PH, PH (PH) TDM (TDM GY (GY selection Nevertheless 110 therefore 120 130 13 0.0 00 (Ac (PH 11 12 1 0.

RESUMO Um dos principais entraves na produção de quiabo é a dormência física imposta pelo tegumento das sementes. Embora vários métodos de superação de dormência tegumentar tenham sido propostos, pouco se sabe sobre o efeito destes na qualidade fisiológica de sementes. Assim, objetivou-se verificar a eficácia de métodos de superação de dormência (controle - sem tratamento; pré-embebição - embebição das sementes em água a 30 ºC, por 6 h; termoterapia - imersão em água a 60 ºC, por 3 min; calor seco - estufa a 70 ºC, por 5 min; choque térmico - imersão em água a 30 ºC, por 30 min, seguida de 5 ºC, por 24 h; e escarificação em areia - fricção entre as sementes e a areia por 20 min) e analisar seus impactos na qualidade fisiológica de lotes de sementes de quiabo. Após a aplicação dos tratamentos, foram obtidas imagens do tegumento externo das sementes e aferidos o grau de umidade das sementes, primeira contagem de germinação, germinação, emergência, índice de velocidade de germinação e comprimento de plântula. Os tratamentos de pré-embebição, termoterapia e choque térmico removem camadas de células da região da chalaza, permitindo maior absorção de água, mostrando-se efficientes na superação da dormência, sem afetar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Por outro lado, o método do calor seco pode afetar o vigor das sementes de quiabo. propostos Assim objetivouse objetivou controle tratamento préembebição pré ºC h min 7 2 emergência plântula préembebição, embebição, chalaza mostrandose mostrando lado

ABSTRACT One of the main obstacles in the okra production is the physical dormancy imposed by the tegument of the seeds. Although several methods for overcoming tegumentary dormancy have been proposed, little is known about their effect on the physiological quality of seeds. Thus, this study aimed to verify the effectiveness of methods for overcoming dormancy (control - no treatment; pre-soaking - seed soaking in water at 30 ºC, for 6 h; thermotherapy - immersion in water at 60 ºC, for 3 min; dry heat - oven at 70 ºC, for 5 min; thermal shock - immersion in water at 30 ºC, for 30 min, followed by 5 ºC, for 24 h; and sand scarification - friction between seeds and sand for 20 min), as well as to analyze their impacts on the physiological quality of okra seed lots. After the treatments were applied, images of the outer seed coat were obtained and the moisture content of the seeds, first germination count, germination, emergence, germination speed index and seedling length were measured. The treatments of pre-soaking, thermotherapy and thermal shock remove cell layers in the chalaza region, allowing a greater water absorption and showing to be efficient in overcoming dormancy, without affecting the physiological quality of the seeds. On the other hand, the dry heat treatment can affect the vigor of okra seeds. proposed Thus control presoaking pre ºC h min 7 2 , min) lots applied count emergence measured presoaking, soaking, region hand

RESUMO Crambe é uma oleaginosa adequada para vários fins industriais, como a produção de biodiesel, plásticos, borrachas e cosméticos. Há relatos da rusticidade desta espécie e seu potencial para o plantio em ambientes áridos e semi-áridos, onde a escassez de água e salinidade do solo são comuns. Entretanto, estudos sobre a tolerância de sementes a estes estresses e as respostas fisiológicas desencadeadas durante a germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas nessas condições são incipientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a tolerância de sementes de crambe ao déficit hídrico e ao estresse salino durante a germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas, bem como investigar o papel das enzimas antioxidantes na tolerância a essas condições. As sementes foram expostas aos estresses hídrico e salino e seu desempenho foi analisado. Avaliou-se o grau de umidade, taxa de embebição, porcentagem e velocidade de germinação e o potencial hídrico base para a germinação das sementes. Nas plântulas, as seguintes medidas foram realizadas: comprimento da raiz e parte aérea, massa fresca e seca da raiz e parte aérea, teor de água e atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e peroxidase (POX). O déficit hídrico e o estresse salino reduzem a taxa de absorção de água das sementes, a germinação e o crescimento de plântulas. As sementes de crambe apresentam maior tolerância ao estresse salino do que ao déficit hídrico. A absorção do sal e a ação das enzimas antioxidantes SOD e CAT fazem parte do mecanismo de tolerância das sementes de crambe ao estresse salino.

ABSTRACT Crambe is an oilseed plant whose oil is suitable for various industrial purposes, such as production of biodiesel, plastics, rubbers, and cosmetics. There are reports of the rusticity of this species and its potential for growth in arid and semi-arid environments, where water scarcity and soil salinity are common. However, studies regarding the tolerance of its seeds to these stresses and the physiological responses triggered during germination and seedling establishment under these conditions are incipient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of crambe seeds to water deficit and salt stress during germination and early seedling development, as well as to investigate the role of antioxidant enzymes on tolerance to these conditions. The seeds were exposed to water and salt stresses and their performance was analyzed. Seed water content, imbibition rate, percentage and speed of germination, and the base water potential for seed germination were evaluated. In the seedlings, the following measurements were made: root and shoot length, fresh and dry matter of roots and shoots, moisture content, and activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX). Water deficit and salt stress reduce the water uptake rate of the seeds, the germination and growth of seedlings. The crambe seeds had higher tolerance to salt stress than to water deficit. Absorption of salt and the action of the SOD and CAT antioxidant enzymes are part of the tolerance mechanisms of crambe seeds to salt stress.

RESUMO O melhoramento do crambe ainda é incipiente, com poucas cultivares de interesse. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: i) avaliar a divergência entre 10 genótipos de crambe, por meio de características morfoagronômicas e de qualidade, utilizando análises multivariadas e; ii) estimar parâmetros genéticos relativos a essas características. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, e os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análises multivariadas e de avaliação genética. Os genótipos diferiram significativamente entre si quanto a altura de planta (ALT), diâmetro do caule (DC), número de ramos por planta (NR), altura do primeiro ramo produtivo (ARP), massa de 1000 grãos (M1000), produtividade de grãos (PROD) e de óleo (PO). O coeficiente de variação revelou boa precisão experimental (4,29 a 13,81%). As médias de PROD (1936,94 kg/ha) e de PO (660,10 kg/ha) foram elevadas. As características apresentaram altas estimativas de herdabilidade em nível de médias de progênies (h2 > 73,65). A análise de cluster revelou cinco grupos de genótipos. PROD foi a característica com maior contribuição (22,31%) para a diversidade entre os genótipos, seguida por ARP, NR e DC. Os genótipos 2 e 4 podem ser utilizados como genitores em cruzamentos futuros, pois são promissores na obtenção de populações segregantes.

ABSTRACT Crambe’s breeding is still incipient, with few cultivars of interest. The aims of the present study were: i) to evaluate the divergence between 10 genotypes of crambe, through morphoagronomic and quality traits, using multivariate analyses; and ii) to estimate genetic parameters related to these traits. The trial was conducted in a greenhouse, and the experimental data were submitted to multivariate analysis and genetic evaluation. The genotypes differed significantly among them for plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), number of branches per plant (NB), height of the first productive branch (HPB), mass of 1000 grains (M1000), grain yield (YIELD) and oil productivity (OIL). The experimental coefficient of variation revealed good precision (4.29 to 13.81%). The averages of YIELD (1936.94 kg/ha) and OIL (660.10 kg/ha) were high. The traits presented high estimates of broad-sense heritability on a mean genotype basis (h2 > 73.65). The cluster analysis revealed five clusters of genotypes. YIELD showed the greatest contribution (22.31%) to the diversity among the genotypes, followed by HPB, NB and SD. Genotypes 2 and 4 can be used as parents at future crosses, as they are promising in obtaining segregant populations.

A seleção assistida por marcadores (SAM) permite identificarlinhagens resistentes com base em alelos de marcadores genéticos ligados aocaráter, o que reduz o número de linhagens avaliados fenotipicamente, uma daslimitações ao desenvolvimento de cultivares resistentes ao nematoide de cistoda soja (NCS). Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência demicrossatélites próximos a QTLs de resistência ao NCS, nos grupos de ligação (GL) G e A2 da soja, na seleção de genótipos resistentes em populaçõesoriginadas do cruzamento entre as cultivares Vmax e CD201. O QTL do GL A2 nãofoi detectado em 'Vmax' (derivada da PI 88788). A SAM por microssatélites do GLG foi eficiente na seleção de famílias F6:7 resistentes emoderadamente resistentes à raça 3 do NCS. Os microssatélites Sat_168, Satt309e Sat_141 apresentaram eficiência de seleção maior que 93%.

Resistant lines can be identified by marker-assisted selection(MAS), based on alleles of genetic markers linked to the resistance trait. This reduces the number of phenotypically evaluated lines, one of the limitations in the development of cultivars with resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN).This study evaluated the efficiency of microsatellites near quantitative traitloci (QTL) for SCN resistance, in the linkage groups (LG) G and A2 of soybean, for the selection of resistant genotypes in populations originated from crosses between the cultivars Vmax and CD201. The QTL of LG A2 was not detected in 'Vmax' (derived from PI 88788). In MAS, the microsatellites of LG G were efficient in selecting F6:7 families with resistance and moderate resistance to SCN race 3. The selection efficiency of the microsatellites Sat_168, Satt309 and Sat_141 was greater than 93%.