The objective of this study was to apprehend the structuring elements of the teaching habitus of bachelor professors who work at the Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Minas Gerais (IFMG). Predominantly qualitative research. Case study. Subjects: 12 bachelor professors without a degree in education. Data collection: interviews and classroom observations. Theoretical framework: habitus, field, and capital from Pierre Bourdieu's Field Theory, and the teaching habitus, an inflection of habitus. Organization and data analysis: through the possibilities of Content Analysis. Results: apprehend the structuring elements of the teaching habitus of professionals who work in Professional and Technological Education (PTE) allowed us to make a discovery that could be a turning point in considering the "formative" characteristics of these professionals, bearing in mind the specificity of this level of education, professional capital. However, professional capital requires further scrutiny as it impacts institutional issues across the entire spectrum of teacher education and practice in Brazilian PTE, not only those offered by IFMG.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue comprender los elementos estructurantes del habitus docente de profesores licenciados que trabajan en el Instituto Federal de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología de Minas Gerais (IFMG). Investigación predominantemente cualitativa. Estudio de caso. Participantes: 12 profesores licenciados sin formación en pedagogía. Recopilación de datos: entrevistas y observación de clases. Fundamentación teórica: habitus, campo y capital de la Teoría General del Campo de Pierre Bourdieu y el habitus docente, una inflexión del habitus. Organización y análisis de datos: a través de las posibilidades del Análisis de Contenido. Resultados: comprender los elementos estructurantes del habitus docente de profesionales que trabajan en Educación Profesional y Tecnológica (EPT) nos permitió hacer un hallazgo que puede ser un punto de inflexión para pensar en las características "formativas" de estos profesionales, considerando la especificidad de este nivel educativo, el capital profesional. Sin embargo, el capital profesional requiere un mayor escrutinio, ya que afecta a cuestiones institucionales de amplio espectro en el ámbito de la formación y desempeño de profesores en todo el sistema de EPT brasileño, no solo el ofrecido por el IFMG.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi apreender estruturantes do habitus professoral de professores bacharéis que atuam no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Minas Gerais (IFMG). Pesquisa predominantemente qualitativa. Estudo de caso. Sujeitos: 12 professores bacharéis sem formação em licenciatura. Coleta de dados: entrevista e observação de aulas. Fundamentação teórica: habitus, campo e capital da Teoria Geral do Campo em Pierre Bourdieu e habitus professoral, uma inflexão do habitus. Organização e análise dos dados: por meio das possibilidades da Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: apreender estruturantes do habitus professoral  de profissionais, professoras e professores, que atuam na Educação Profissional e Tecnológica (EPT), nos possibilitou um achado que pode ser  um divisor de águas para se pensar as características “formativas” dos respectivos profissionais, tendo em vista a especificidade desse nível de ensino, o capital profissional.  Mas, o capital profissional exige mais escrutíneos, pois ele interfere em questões institucionais de largo espectro do âmbito da formação e atuação de docentes para toda a EPT brasileira e não apenas a oferecida no e pelo IFMG.

ABSTRACT The Job Shop scheduling problem has been extensively studied in the last decades due to its importance and computational complexity. However, a large part of the papers address the static and deterministic version of the problem. This work presents an integration of a simulation model with an optimization method in order to solve the dynamic job shop scheduling problem. The proposed model integration is accomplished using out-of-process components, through the ActiveX Automation technology and the Visual Basic for Application, in which a simple Genetic Algorithm runs as a free-standing application. Results of the proposed method were compared with some common dispatching rules and showed that the proposed approach the scheduling problem efficiently. Moreover, the solutions generated by GA are less sensitive to variations in demand, which is quite significant in such environments.

RESUMEN El problema de programación de la producción en ambientes job shop ha sido ampliamente estudiado en las últimas décadas debido a su importancia y complejidad computacional. Sin embargo, una gran parte de los trabajos abordan la versión estática y determinista del problema. En este trabajo se presenta la integración de un modelo de simulación con un método de optimización para resolver el problema de programación dinámica con demanda estocástica. La integración del modelo propuesto se logra utilizando componentes fuera de proceso, a través de la tecnología ActiveX Automation y Visual Basic for Application, en la que un Algoritmo Genético simple se ejecuta como una aplicación autónoma. Los resultados del© método propuesto se compararon con algunas normas comunes de expedición y muestran que el método de optimización y simulación pueden resolver el problema de programación eficientemente. Además las soluciones generadas por el AG son menos sensibles a las variaciones de la demanda, lo que es muy significativo en estos entornos.

Abstract: Background: There have been no studies to date on the frequency and reactivity of aanti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (anti-MDA-5) in samples from the Brazilian population with dermatomyositis. Objectives: To analyze this autoantibody in the Brazilian population. Methods: This was a single-center cross-sectional study in which 131 consecutive adult patients (109 dermatomyositis and 22 clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis) with active disease were evaluated from 2000 to 2016. Analysis of the anti-MDA-5 autoantibody was performed by ELISA. Results: The presence of this autoantibody was observed in 14.7% and 22.7% of patients with dermatomyositis and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis, respectively. In the case of dermatomyositis, the autoantibody was associated less frequently with Raynaud’s phenomenon and periungual hyperemia (P<0.05). In clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis, the presence of this autoantibody was not associated statistically with any demographic, clinical, laboratory, or imaging characteristics. Study limitations: The cross-sectional study design did not allow establishing a temporal correlation between anti-MDA-5 autoantibody and various study variables. In addition, pulmonary function tests were not performed in the patients. Conclusions: The frequency of anti-MDA-5 autoantibody was comparable to that of other populations with dermatomyositis, but with a different reactivity than described in the literature. In addition, there was a phenotypic variability between our patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis and those described in the literature. Further studies are needed to confirm the current study’s findings and elucidate this autoantibody’s reactivity in Brazilians with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.

Resumo: Analisa-se o engendramento de uma face da violência da escola, tendo em vista a produção da violência em espaço escolar. Pesquisa bibliográfica quanti-qualitativa. Fontes: 77 dissertações e 15 teses produzidas no Brasil (2007 a 2012). Coleta e organização dos dados: Análise de Conteúdo. Fundamentação base: Bernard Charlot e Pierre Bourdieu. Resultados: as fontes apontaram que professores brasileiros são protagonistas na constituição da violência da escola, contribuindo para a produção da violência em espaço escolar. Os alunos são as principais vítimas dessa violência. O professor sofre menos violência física e verbal do que o aluno. A violência simbólica é a mais usada pelo professor contra o aluno. A escola também usa desse expediente.

Abstract: The school violence engendering is partially analyzed, considering the violence production in the school environment. This is a bibliographic research with quantitative and qualitative approach. Sources: 77 theses and 15 dissertations carried out in Brazil (2007 to 2012). Data collection and organization: Content Analysis. Main reference: Bernard Charlot and Pierre Bourdieu. Results: the sources showed that Brazilian teachers participate effectively in the school violence engendering, contributing to violence production in the school environment. The students are the main victims. The teacher is less affected by physical and verbal violence. The symbolic power is the most perpetrated by the teacher against the student. The school also plays a major role in it.

As fraquezas prejudicam a organização, impedindo-a de atingir seus objetivos. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar, através da análise SWOT e classificar pelo Diagrama Causa e Efeito, quais são as fraquezas mais comuns relacionadas à área de Tecnologia da Informação (TI) em organizações localizadas na Grande São Paulo, Brasil. O método de pesquisa foi exploratório com abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas, analisando-se 33 empresas. Obteve-se como resultados que os principais pontos fracos comuns a essas empresas estão relacionados principalmente as categorias: ‘Mão de Obra’, ‘Gerenciamento’, ‘Materiais’, ‘Financeiro’ e ‘Relacionamento com o Cliente’. Embora a amostra seja insuficiente para generalização, são apresentadas algumas das principais fraquezas que geralmente são encontradas, precisam ser resolvidas e contempladas no Planejamento Estratégico de TI dessas organizações. Os resultados reafirmam também o que é apresentado na literatura sobre o assunto.

Weaknesses undermine the organization, preventing it from achieving its goals. This research aims to identify, through the SWOT analysis and to classify by Cause and Effect Diagram, what are the most common weaknesses related to Information Technology (IT) in organizations located in Greater São Paulo, Brazil. The research method was exploratory with qualitative and quantitative approaches, analyzing 33 companies. The main weaknesses common to these companies are mainly related to the categories: ‘Workforce’, ‘Management’, ‘Materials’, ‘Financial’ and ‘Customer relations’. Although the sample is insufficient for generalization, some of the main weaknesses that are usually found are presented. These need to be resolved and addressed in the IT Strategic Planning of these organizations. The results also reaffirm what is presented in the literature on the subject.

Las debilidades perjudican a la organización, impidiéndole alcanzar sus objetivos. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar, a través del Matriz Análisis DAFO y clasificar por el Diagrama Causa y Efecto, cuáles son las debilidades más comunes relacionadas al área de Tecnología de la Información (TI) en 33 organizaciones ubicadas en la Grande São Paulo, Brasil. Se utilizó un método de investigación exploratorio y de abordaje cualitativo y cuantitativo. Las principales debilidades comunes encontradas están relacionadas con las categorías: ‘Mano de obra’, ‘Gestión’, ‘Materiales’, ‘Finanzas’ y ‘Relaciones con el cliente’. Aunque la muestra es insuficiente para ser susceptible de generalización, se han presentado algunas de las principales debilidades que se encuentran en las encuestas, que deben ser resueltas y que deben ser parte de Planeamiento Estratégico de TI. Los resultados refuerzan lo que se presenta en la literatura sobre el tema.

Abstract: Background: There are scarce studies in the literature about hyaluronic acid in systemic autoimmune myopathies. Objectives: To analyze the serum level of hyaluronic acid in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Methods: Cross-sectional study, single-center, that evaluated hyaluronic acid in 18 dermatomyositis and 15 polymyositis (Bohan and Peter criteria), newly diagnosed, with clinical and laboratory activity, with no previous drug treatment. The patients were also age-, gender- and ethnicity-matched to 36 healthy individuals. The hyaluronic acid was analyzed by ELISA/EIA kit anti-hyaluronic acid. Results: There was a higher serum level of hyaluronic acid in patients with autoimmune myopathies, in relation to control group (P<0.05). Moreover, the serum level of this glycosaminoglycan was higher in dermatomyositis, when compared to polymyositis. Both groups were comparable with regard to demographic, clinical and laboratory data, except for the presence of skin lesions in the first group. Study limitations. The presence of hyaluronic acid in cutaneous lesions, particularly of patients with dermatomyositis, was not analyzed neither quantified. In addition, due to disease rarity and the establishment of strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, there was a small sample in the present study. Conclusions: As an example of others systemic autoimmune diseases, it is possible that the hyaluronic acid is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune myopathies, and particularly when associated with cutaneous lesions.

OBJETIVO: O autoanticorpo anti-PM/Scl foi descrito em pacientes com escleromiosite. No entanto, há escassos estudos avaliando sua prevalência e reatividade em dermatomiosite (DM) e polimiosite (PM). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, num único centro, que avaliou o autoanticorpo anti-PM/Scl em 85 DM e 32 PM, sem síndrome de sobreposição, no período entre 2000 e 2016. Os dados clínicos e os exames complementares foram revisados a partir de registros médicos eletrônicos com informações pré-parametrizadas. RESULTADOS: A média de idade dos pacientes com DM e PM foi, respectivamente, de 41,1 e 42,8 anos. A presença de anti-PM/Scl foi observada em 5 (5,9%) DM e 2 (6,3%) pacientes com PM. Dois desses pacientes também possuíam o anticorpo anti-Ku. As manifestações clínicas relevantes desses 7 pacientes foram sintomas constitucionais (100% dos casos), envolvimento muscular (100%), pulmonar (85,7%) e articular (71,4%), "mãos mecânicas" (85,7%), fenômeno de Raynaud (85,7 %) e hiperqueratose plantar (85,7%). Os 7 pacientes apresentaram recidivas da atividade da doença, mas, no final do presente estudo, 5 apresentaram resposta clínica completa e 2 remissões completas da doença. CONCLUSÃO: Há uma baixa freqüência do autoanticorpo anti-PM/Scl em pacientes com DM e PM. Além disso, os pacientes com este autoanticorpo apresentam um padrão semelhante de manifestações para a síndrome da antisintetase.

OBJECTIVE: The anti-PM/Scl autoantibody has been described in patients with scleromyositis. However, there are scant studies evaluating its prevalence and reactivity in dermatomyositis and polymyositis. METHOD: A cross-sectional, single center study evaluating the anti-PM/Scl autoantibody in 85 dermatomyositis and 32 polymyositis patients, without overlapping syndrome, was conducted between 2000 and 2016. Clinical data and complementary examinations were reviewed from electronic medical records with pre-parameterized information. RESULTS: The mean age of dermatomyositis and polymyositis patients was 41.1 and 42.8 years, respectively. The presence of anti-PM/Scl was observed in 5 (5.9%) dermatomyositis and 2 (6.3%) polymyositis patients. Two of these patients also had the anti-Ku antibody. The relevant clinical manifestations of these 7 patients were constitutional symptoms (100% of cases), muscular (100%), pulmonary (85.7%) and joint (71.4%) involvement, "mechanic hands" (85.7%), Raynaud phenomenon (85.7%) and plantar hyperkeratosis (85.7%). The 7 patients had relapses of disease activity, but at conclusion of the present study, 5 had complete clinical response and 2 complete remission of the disease. CONCLUSION: There is a low frequency of the anti-PM/Scl autoantibody in dermatomyositis and polymyositis patients. In addition, patients with this autoantibody exhibit a similar pattern of manifestations to that of antisynthetase syndrome.

Abstract Background: Different inflammatory cells (i.e., CD4, CD8, CD20 and CD68) are involved in pathogenesis of DM muscle. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess and compare these inflammatory cell phenotyping in muscle samples of treatment naive juvenile and adult patients with dermatomyositis. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, in which 28 untreated juvenile and 28 adult untreated dermatomyositis patients were included. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on serial frozen muscle sections. Inflammatory cell phenotyping was analyzed quantitatively in endomysium, perimysium, and perivascular (endomysium and perimysium) area. Results: Mean age at disease onset was 7.3 and 42.0 years in juvenile and adult dermatomyositis, respectively. Both groups had comparable time duration from symptom's onset to biopsy performance. CD4 and CD8 positive cells distributions were similar in both groups in all analyzed area, except for more predominance of CD4 in perimysium at juvenile muscle biopsies. The CD20 and CD68 positive cells were predominantly observed in adult muscle biopsy sections, when compared to juvenile samples, except for similar distribution of CD20 in perivascular endomysium, and CD68 in perimysium. Conclusions: These data show that the differences between juvenile and adult dermatomyositis may be restricted not only to patients' age, but also to different inflammatory cell distribution, particularly, in new-onset disease. Further studies are necessary to confirm the present study data and to analyze meaning of the different inflammatory cell phenotyping distribution finding in these both diseases.

Abstract Background: Until now, there are few studies evaluating serum levels of angiogenic cytokines in dermatomyositis (DM). Therefore, the aims of the present study were: (a) to analyze systematically and simultaneously serum levels of angiogenin (ANG), angiopoietin (ANGPT)-1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)- 1 and - 2, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA and -BB in DM; (b) to correlate the serum level of these cytokines with the DM clinical and laboratory features. Methods: This is a cross sectional study, in which 48 patients with DM aged 18 to 45 years were gender-, age- and ethnicity-matched with 48 healthy individuals (control group). The serum levels of cytokines analyses were performed by multiplex immunoassay. The parameters of DM activity were based on the scores established by the International Myositis Assessment & Clinical Studies Group. Results: The mean ages, gender frequencies and ethnicities were comparable between the patients with DM and the control group. A significantly higher serum FGF-1 and FGF-2 levels (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively), lower VEGF and PDGF-AA levels (P = 0.009 and P = 0.022), and comparable ANG, ANGPT-1 and PDGF-BB levels were observed in DM patients compared to controls. There was a tendency for cytokines (with the exceptions of VEGF and PDGF-BB) to correlate positively with the DM activity parameters, whereas FGF-2 correlated inversely. Moreover, FGF-1 strongly correlated with DM cutaneous manifestations. Conclusions: The present data provide the relevance of different serum angiogenic cytokines in patients with DM. Additional studies will be needed to validate the data obtained in this work.

RESUMO Introdução: É frequente na prática médica encontrar achados histológicos com aspectos dentro da normalidade em biópsias musculares de pacientes com dermatomiosite (DM) ou polimiosite (PM). Isso se deve ao fato de, por exemplo, o infiltrado inflamatório ocorrer em focos. Objetivos: Avaliar os aspectos morfológicos e o infiltrado inflamatório em diversos níveis histológicos, bem como correlacionar esses achados com os dados clínicos, laboratoriais e terapêuticos dos pacientes. Métodos: Estudo transversal no qual foram avaliadas biópsias musculares de 34 pacientes (DM e PM). Para cada bloco de biópsia muscular/paciente, foram realizados três níveis de cortes histológicos (I, II e III), com intervalos de 400 µm entre os níveis adjacentes (I × II e II × III). Foram analisados semiquantitativamente os seguintes parâmetros entre os níveis adjacentes: características das fibras musculares, tecido conjuntivo, vasos e presença de infiltrado de células inflamatórias. Resultados: O tempo entre a realização da biópsia muscular e o início de sintomas dos pacientes com DM e PM foi, respectivamente, de 5,5 e 3,5 meses. Todos os parâmetros histológicos analisados variaram entre os níveis e não se correlacionaram com os dados demográficos, clínicos, laboratoriais e terapêuticos pré-biópsia muscular (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Nossos resultados reforçam a importância de avaliar diferentes níveis de cortes histológicos de um mesmo bloco de biópsia muscular com o objetivo de minimizar eventuais resultados falso negativos. Além disso, os dados evidenciam que, além do infiltrado inflamatório, os demais parâmetros histológicos analisados também ocorrem em focos, justificando a dissociação entre esses parâmetros e a clínica dos pacientes.

ABSTRACT Introdution: It is frequent in medical practice to have findings with normal aspects in histological muscle biopsies from patients with dermatomyositis (DM) or polymyositis (PM). This happens because, for example, the inflammatory infiltrate occurs in foci. Objectives: To evaluate the morphological and histological inflammatory infiltrate in various histological section levels. In addition, to correlate these findings with patients’ clinical, laboratory and therapeutic data. Methods: Cross-sectional study in which muscle biopsies from 34 patients were evaluated (DM and PM). From each muscle/patient biopsy block, three levels of histological sections were made (I, II, III) with 400-µm interval between adjacent levels (I × II, and II × III). Semi-quantitative analyses were performed in the following parameters between the adjacent levels: muscle fiber features, conjunctive tissue, vessels, presence of inflammatory cell infiltration. Results: Time spans between muscle biopsy and symptom onset of DM and PM patients were 5.5 and 3.5 months, respectively. All histological parameters analyzed varied between levels and did not correlate with the demographic, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic data before muscle biopsy (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our results stress the importance of evaluating different levels of histological sections from the same muscle biopsy block, in order to minimize possible false-negative results. In addition, the data reinforce that besides the inflammatory infiltrate, the other histological parameters analyzed also occur in foci, justifying the dissociation between these parameters and clinical patients.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the frequency of metabolic syndrome in young adult female dermatomyositis patients and its possible association with clinical and laboratory dermatomyositis-related features and serum adipocytokines. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 35 dermatomyositis patients and 48 healthy controls. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the 2009 Joint Interim Statement. RESULTS: Patient age was comparable in the dermatomyositis and control groups, and the median disease duration was 1.0 year. An increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome was detected in the dermatomyositis group (34.3% vs. 6.3%; p=0.001). In addition, increased serum adiponectin and resistin levels were noted in contrast to lower leptin levels. In dermatomyositis patients, adipocytokine levels were correlated with the levels of total cholesterol, low-density cholesterol, triglycerides and muscle enzymes. A comparison of dermatomyositis patients with (n=12) and without (n=23) syndrome metabolic revealed that adipocytokine levels were also correlated with age, and that dermatomyositis patients with metabolic syndrome tended to have more disease activity despite similar adipocytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent in young adult female dermatomyositis patients and is related to age and disease activity. Moreover, increased serum adiponectin and resistin levels were detected in dermatomyositis patients, but lower serum leptin levels were observed.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é mostrar os tipos de violência cometidos por professores que foram testemunhados e/ou vivenciados por futuros professores durante sua história de escolarização. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quanti-qualitativa cuja forma é descritivo-analítica. A coleta, organização e análise de dados foram procedidas por meio da Análise de Conteúdo (BARDIN, 1977). A conceituação foi triangulada a partir de Bernard Charlot, Pierre Bourdieu e do Relatório do Núcleo de Estudos da Violência da Universidade de São Paulo (NEV/USP) (CARDIA, 2012). Os sujeitos são 12 alunos que, em 2011, cursavam a licenciatura em Pedagogia na Faculdade de Ciências e Letras - Campus de Araraquara - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP). A grande maioria do grupo de sujeitos afirmou ter testemunhado ou vivenciado violência por parte de professores durante sua formação básica. Segundo esses sujeitos, os tipos de violência mais recorrentes são de natureza simbólica. Eles frequentaram, não igualmente, o sistema público de ensino e o sistema privado. A violência, sobretudo simbólica, ocorreu nos dois sistemas de ensino. Portanto, trata-se de um fenômeno que atinge diferentes frações de classes. Levando em conta que os sujeitos deste estudo são futuros professores, estabeleceu-se relação com a noção de "ciclo de abusos" e "produção da cultura da violência", tendo em vista o futuro exercício docente do grupo em questão. Busca-se, aqui, compreender a complexidade do fenômeno da violência em meio escolar e não estabelecer um jogo entre culpados e inocentes. Tampouco estabelecer estigmas indissociáveis, ou não, sobre a violência da escola.

The purpose of this research is to show the types of violence committed by teachers that were experienced and/or witnessed by future teachers during their schooling history. It's a quantitative and qualitative research. The collection, organization, and analysis of data proceeded from Content Analysis (BARDIN, 1977) and the construction of Bernard Charlot and Pierre Bourdieu's works and specific literature on the theme. The subjects are 12 students that attended the Pedagogy undergraduate program in 2011 at the Faculty of Science and Arts of the city of Araraquara in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The data shows that the majority of the group of individuals claimed to have witnessed or experienced violence by teachers during their basic training. According to them, among the most recurring types of violence are those of symbolic nature. They attended, not equally, the public system and the private system. This enabled pointing out that violence, especially symbolic violence, occurred in both school systems. Therefore, this is a phenomenon that affects different fractions of social classes. Considering that the participants of this research are future teachers, it was established a relation with the notion of 'cycle of abuse', since there is a high possibility of them practicing the teaching function.

A proposição é a seguinte: há que se ter dois espaços distintos de formação docente, um é a sala de aula da universidade e o outro, a sala de aula da escola para a qual o formando está se preparando. Trata-se de mostrar por que os saberes, teoria e prática, pertencentes a essas duas instâncias de formação são inexoravelmente distintos e, por essa razão, exigem lugares e formas diferentes para serem ensinados e aprendidos. Contudo, a natureza diferente de um e de outro não interfere na genética indissociável de ambos. Ao se apresentar um lugar específico para se aprender a teoria e outro, para se aprender a prática, mostra-se à constituição do habitus professoral e a do habitus estudantil, que constituem as categorias operacionais da proposição. É exatamente nesse quesito que reside a particularidade deste estudo. A base empírica foi constituída com reflexões realizadas no Brasil, a partir dos anos de 1990, sobre o tema: Como se aprende para ensinar na sala de aula. A fundamentação utilizada nesta formulação são noções extraídas das ideias de Bourdieu (1983a; 1983b; 1983c; 1989; 1992; 1996).

The proposition is as follows: it is necessary to have two distinct spaces for teacher training, one being the university classroom and the other, the school classroom, this being the workplace for which the undergraduate is preparing. The goal is to show why these two bodies of knowledge, one of theory and the other of practice, belong to two separate training fields; these are inexorably distinct; for this reason, they require different places and methods in order to be taught and learned. However, their different natures do not interfere with the unified blueprint ("inseparable genetics") that underpins both. When introducing a specific place for learning the theory and another for learning the practice, it is possible to show the constitution of teacher's habitus and student's habitus, that constitute the operational categories of the proposition. It is exactly in this sense that the particularity of this study resides. The empirical base was constituted with reflections realised in Brazil, starting from 1990, on the theme: How does one learn to teach in the classroom. The theoretical basis chosen for this formulation was based on some notions arising from the ideas of Bourdieu (1983a; 1983b; 1983c; 1989; 1992; 1996).

Três cumarinas, 5-metoxipsoraleno, xantiletina e (-)-marmesina, foram isoladas no extrato etanólico do cerne da planta amazônica Brosimum potabile. Suas estruturas foram determinadas a partir das análises por RMN e por comparação com dados espectroscópicos da literatura. As análises das frações hexânicas por CG/EM sugeriram a presença de (1-metilpentil)-benzeno; α,α-dimetil-4-(1-metiletil)-benzenometanol; 1-metil-3,5-bis(1-metiletil)-benzeno; urs-12-eno; cola-5,22-dien-3β-ol; colesta-4,6-dien-3β-ol; (9Z)-octadecenoato de sitosterila; colesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol; colesta-4,6,22-trien-3-ona e colesta-4,22-dien-3-ona. Dados de RMN de outras frações hexânicas indicaram a presença de 3β-acetóxi-lup-12,20(29)-dieno; 3β-acetóxi-olean-12-eno; 3β-acetóxi-urs-12-eno e adian-5-eno. Todos esses compostos foram identificados pela primeira vez em B. potabile.

Three coumarins, 5-methoxypsoralene, xanthyletin, and (-)-marmesin, have been isolated from the ethanolic extract of the stem of the Amazonian plant Brosimum potabile. The structures were determined on the basis of NMR analyses and by comparison with spectroscopic data in the literature. The analysis of the hexane fractions by GC-MS in EIMS mode suggested the presence of (1-methylpentyl)-benzene; α,α-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-benzenemethanol; 1-methyl-3,5-bis(1-methylethyl)-benzene; urs-12-ene; chola-5,22-dien-3β-ol; cholesta-4,6-dien-3β-ol; sitosteryl 9(Z)-octadecenoate; cholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol; cholesta-4,6,22-trien-3-one; and cholesta-4,22-dien-3-one. NMR data of other hexane fractions indicated the presence of 3β-acetoxy-lup-12,20(29)-diene; 3β-acetoxy-olean-12-ene; 3β-acetoxy-urs-12-ene; and adian-5-ene. All these compounds are first described in B. potabile.

Most of the snakebite incidents in the Amazon region involve Bothrops atrox, whose venom presents the most potent edematogenic and necrotic activities in the genus. This work describes the studies of isolation of the chemical constituents and antiedematogenic activity of the species Peltodon radicans (Lamiaceae), which is used in the treatment of snakebites and scorpion stings in the region. The extracts presented aliphatic hydrocarbons, 3beta-OH,beta-amirin (1), 3beta-OH,alpha-amirin (2), beta-sitosterol (3), stigmasterol (4), ursolic acid (5), 2alpha,3beta,19alpha-trihydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid (tormentic acid, 6), methyl 3beta-hydroxy,28-methyl-ursolate (7), sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8), and stigmasterol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (9). The flower extracts presented the higher antiedematogenic activity. This is the first report on the study of the flowers, stem, and roots of this plant.