RESUMEN El índice de selectividad es una forma de evaluar el efecto selectivo de un herbicida para un cultivo determinado mediante la observación de sus efectos sobre el cultivo y las malezas. El objetivo fue obtener el índice de selectividad del herbicida indaziflam en el cultivo de caña de azúcar IACSP95-5000 en función de cinco malezas en dos texturas de suelo diferentes. El experimento se realizó en un invernadero en Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. Los tratamientos consistieron en dosis de indaziflam (0; 12,5; 25; 50; 100; 200; 400; 800 y 1,600 g ai ha-1), aplicadas en pre-emergencia de la caña de azúcar y de las malezas Urochloa decumbens, Urochloa plantaginea, Digitaria horizontalis, Panicum maximum y Rottboellia cochinchinensis. En suelo franco arenoso, 25 g de ia ha-1 proporcionaron un control del 100% para todas las malezas. En suelo arcilloso, para D. horizontalis la reducción del 90% en la masa seca total (ED90) se obtuvo a 25 g ai ha-1, para R. cochinchinensis a 193 g ai ha-1, para U. plantaginea a 152 g ai ha-1, para P. maximum a 124 g ia ha-1, y para U. decumbens a 94 g ia ha-1. Indaziflam fue selectivo para IACSP95-5000 caña de azúcar en ambos suelos, con 10% de reducción de masa seca (ED10) a 137 g ia ha-1 para suelo con textura franco arenosa y 353 g ia ha-1 para suelo arcilloso. El índice de selectividad fue superior a 1 para todas las malezas en suelo arcilloso. No fue posible obtener el índice de selectividad para suelos franco arenosos debido a la susceptibilidad de las malezas al herbicida.

ABSTRACT Selectivity index is a way of assessing the discrimination of herbicide to a given crop by observing its effects on the crop and the weeds. The aim was to obtain the selectivity index of indaziflam herbicide to sugarcane cultivar IACSP95-5000 as a function of five weed species in two soils textures. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The treatments consisted of indaziflam doses (0; 12.5; 25; 50; 100; 200; 400; 800 and 1,600 g of the active ingredient (ai) ha-1), applied in pre-emergence of the sugarcane and of the weeds Urochloa decumbens, Urochloa plantaginea, Digitaria horizontalis, Panicum maximum and Rottboellia cochinchinensis. In sandy loam soil, a 100% control for all weeds was provided at 25 g ai ha-1. In clay soil, for D. horizontalis the 90% reduction in total dry mass (ED90) was obtained at 25 g ai ha-1, for R. cochinchinensis at 193 g ai ha-1, for U. plantaginea at 152 g ai ha-1, for P. maximum at 124 g ai ha-1, and for U. decumbens at 94 g ai ha-1. Indaziflam was selective to IACSP95-5000 in both soils, with 10% of reduction in dry mass (ED10) at 137 g ai ha-1 for soil with a sandy loam texture and 353 g ai ha-1 for clay soil. The selectivity index was higher than 1 for all weeds in clay soil. It was not possible to obtain the selectivity index for sandy loam soil due to species susceptibility to the herbicide.

RESUMEN El metsulfurón se usa ampliamente para el manejo de malezas, sin embargo, el efecto residual en los cultivares de soja STS es desconocido. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto residual del herbicida metsulfurón en los cultivares de soja BMX Garra RR2/STS y M 6410 IPRO (no-STS). El metsulfurón se aplicó a una dosis de 2,4 g i.a. ha-1, en la pre-siembra de soja. El diseño experimental fue completamente aleatorio en un esquema factorial de 2x5 con cuatro repeticiones (primer factor: dos cultivares de soja - STS y no-STS y segundo factor: 5 períodos entre la aplicación y la siembra de soja - 0, 15, 30, 45 y 60 días). A los 7, 14, 21 y 28 días después de la siembra se realizó una evaluación de emergencia de las plántulas de soja, a los 28 días, se evaluó la altura y la masa seca de la parte aérea. Los promedios de altura para el cultivar STS fueron más altos que los valores del cultivar no-STS. La masa seca promedio de las plantas de soja fue mayor en el cultivar STS a los 0, 15 y 30 días entre la aplicación y la siembra. No se observaron diferencias entre los cultivares por los periodos de 45 y 60 días, para el promedio de masa seca. El cultivar de soja BMX Garra RR2/STS fue potencialmente tolerante para la aplicación previa a la siembra del metsulfurón. El cultivar de M 6410 IPRO (no-STS) tuvo su desarrollo inicial afectado por la aplicación de metsulfurón en preemergencia; sin embargo, la aplicación de metsulfurón de 60 días fue más segura y, por lo tanto, se recomienda realizar la aplicación de herbicida en ese intervalo de tiempo.

ABSTRACT Metsulfuron is widely used for weed management; however, the residual effect on STS soybean cultivars is unknown. The objective of this work was to evaluate the residual effect of the herbicide metsulfuron on the BMX Garra RR2/STS and M 6410 IPRO (non-STS) soybean cultivars. The herbicide metsulfuron was applied at a rate of 2.4 g a.i. ha-1, in pre-planting of soybean plants. The design was completely randomized in a 2×5 factorial scheme with four replications (first factor: two soybean cultivars - STS and no-STS; second factor: five periods between metsulfuron application and soybean sowing - 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days). At 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after sowing (DAS), an emergency evaluation of the soybean seedlings was performed; at 28 DAS, height and dry mass of the shoot were evaluated. The height averages for the STS cultivar were higher than the values of the no-STS cultivar. The average dry mass of soybean plants was higher in the STS cultivar at 0, 15, and 30 days between application and sowing. No differences were observed between the cultivars for the periods of 45 and 60 days, for average dry mass. The BMX soybean cultivar Garra RR2/STS was potentially tolerant for the pre-sowing application of the herbicide metsulfuron. The cultivar of M 6410 IPRO (non-STS) was affected in its initial development by the metsulfuron application during the pre-emergence stage; however, the 60-day metsulfuron application was safer, and therefore, it is recommended to perform the herbicide application in that interval.

RESUMO: Há poucas informações sobre a eficácia e seletividade de sulfonilureias, isoladas e associadas ao glifosato, na soja tolerante ao glifosato e às sulfonilureias. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia no controle de plantas daninhas e seletividade de sulfonilureias, isoladas e em associação com o glifosato, em pós-emergência (V4) de soja RR2/STS. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em áreas localizadas nos municípios de Piracicaba, São Paulo (SP), Brasil (experimento I) e Palotina, Paraná (PR), Brasil (experimento II). Os tratamentos foram compostos pela aplicação dos herbicidas sulfometurom, clorimurom, halossulfurom, etoxissulfurom e glifosato, isolados e em associação, no cultivar BMX Garra RR2/STS. O experimento I foi realizado com o foco principal na avaliação da eficácia no controle de plantas daninhas; ao passo que o experimento II se concentrou principalmente na avaliação da seletividade dos herbicidas. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados sintomas de injúria, controle de plantas daninhas e variáveis relacionadas ao desempenho agronômico. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Sulfonilureias associadas ao glifosato foram eficazes no controle de plantas daninhas e seletivas para o cultivar de soja BMX Garra RR2/STS. A associação sulfometurom + clorimurom + glifosato apresentou potencial fitotóxico para o cultivar BMX Garra RR2/STS.

ABSTRACT: There is little information on the efficacy and selectivity of sulfonylureas, isolated and in association with glyphosate, in glyphosate and sulfonylurea-tolerant soybeans. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of weed control and selectivity of sulfonylureas, isolated and in association with glyphosate, at post-emergence (V4) of RR2/STS soybean. The experiments were conducted in the in areas located in Piracicaba City, São Paulo State (SP), Brazil (experiment I) and Palotina City, Paraná State (PR), Brazil (experiment II). Treatments were composed of application of the herbicides sulfometuron, chlorimuron, halosulfuron, ethoxysulfuron and glyphosate, isolated and in association, in the BMX Garra RR2/STS cultivar. Experiment I was conducted focusing on the evaluation of the efficacy of weed control; whereas experiment II focused mainly on the evaluation of herbicide selectivity. The experimental design was the randomized complete block, with four replications. Crop injury, weed control, and variables related to agronomic performance were evaluated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, and the means of the treatments were compared with the Tukey test. Sulfonylureas in association with glyphosate were effective in weed control and selective for the BMX Garra RR2/STS soybean cultivar. The sulfometuron + chlorimuron + glyphosate association presented phytotoxic potential for the BMX Garra RR2/STS cultivar.

ABSTRACT The aim was to evaluate the selectivity and weed control of herbicides atrazine, nicosulfuron, mesotrione and tembotrione, applied alone and associated, in post-emergence of maize. Were carried out two experiments, one in the field in a randomized complete block design with four replications and eleven treatments, the second in greenhouse in a completely randomized design, with four replications and ten treatments. The treatments were composed of isolated and associated herbicides. Treatments were applied V4 stage of plants. For first experiment, crop injury and control evaluations were performed, as well as variables related to agronomic performance (plant height, ear insertion height, prolificacy index, yield and mass of 1,000 grains) and mass of weeds. For second experiment, evaluations of crop injury, height, diameter and dry mass of plants were performed. The lower yield for experiment one was verified in the treatment where only mesotrione was applied, which was attributed to the lower control of monocotyledons weeds. Crop injury were observed at 21 DAA in both experiments, but not exceeding 7.5%. All treatments were considered selective to maize. The herbicides atrazine, nicosulfuron, mesotrione and tembotrione, at associations, were effective in the weed control, except the association atrazine + mesotrione.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio evaluó el uso de diferentes fertilizantes foliares asociados, y no asociados con metribuzina, sobre la productividad de zanahoria. Los experimentos se realizaron en dos ciclos de cultivo con un arreglo factorial 2×4 de los tratamientos. El primer factor fue la ausencia y presencia de la metribuzina (0 y 288 g ha-1 i.a.) y el segundo factor fueron los fertilizantes foliares: FertiG, FertiB, sacarosa y sin aplicación. En el primer ciclo de producción, el rendimiento comercial aumentó en la asociación de FertiG y metribuzina, la relación bifurcación/descarte total disminuyó cuando se aplica los fertilizantes foliares junto con la metribuzina. La metribuzina sola disminuyó la productividad total y la relación producción comercial/rendimiento total en el primer ciclo, sin embargo el estrés se mitigó cuando se aplicó FertiG. En el segundo ciclo, la metribuzina sola o asociada a FertiG aumentó la productividad comercial. El FertiB disminuyó la relación bifurcación/descarte total. La metribuzina sola o asociada con FertiG y FertiB obtuvieron resultados similares en la relación producción comercial/rendimiento total en el ciclo 2. FertiG atenúa satisfactoriamente el estrés causado por la metribuzina a las plantas de zanahoria con un impacto positivo en la productividad comercial del cultivo de zanahoria.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the use of different foliar fertilizers, associated or not associated with metribuzin, in terms of carrot yield. The experiments were carried out over two crop years with treatments in a 2×4 factorial scheme. The first factor was the absence or presence of metribuzin (0 and 288 g ha-1 a.i.) and the second factor was the foliar fertilizers: FertiG, FertiB, sucrose and no application. In crop year 1, the commercial yield increased with FertiG with metribuzin, and the forked/total discard ratio decreased when the foliar fertilizers were applied together with metribuzin. The isolated metribuzin decreased the total yield and the commercial/total yield ratio in crop year 1; however, the stress was attenuated when FertiG was applied. In crop year 2, the metribuzin, isolated or associated with FertiG, increased the commercial yield. The FertiB decreased the forked/total discard ratio. The metribuzin, isolated or associated with FertiG, and FertiB obtained similar results for the commercial/total yield ratio in crop year 2. FertiG satisfactorily attenuated the stress caused by metribuzin in the carrot plants, with a positive effect on the commercial yield of the carrot crop.

RESUMO Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar os efeitos da associação micorrízica na interferência de Bidens pilosa, Urochloa decumbens e Eleusine indica sobre a cultura da soja em duas condições: a) plantas competindo sem contato entre raízes de outra espécie b) com contato entre raízes. Aos 60 dias após o plantio, foram feitas avaliações do crescimento, acúmulo de nutrientes e colonização micorrízica da soja e plantas daninhas. O contato entre as raízes de plantas de soja e das espécies daninhas aumentou os efeitos negativos da interferência para ambas às espécies, com menor crescimento e acúmulo de nutrientes. Com a individualização das raízes, maior competição estabeleceu-se pelos recursos do solo até os 60 dias de convivência entre cultura e espécie competidoras. Em competição com a soja, B. pilosa e U. decumbens destacaram-se no acúmulo da maioria dos nutrientes não diferindo de quando cultivadas em monocultivo. O aumento da colonização micorrízica da soja foi de 53, 40 e 33 % quando em competição com U. decumbens, E. indica e B. pilosa, respectivamente. Ocorreu interação positiva para a colonização micorrízica da soja e das plantas competidoras independente da espécie daninha e do contato entre as raízes.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of mycorrhizal association on the interference of Bidens pilosa, Urochloa decumbens and Eleusine indica on soybean culture in two conditions: a) plants competing without contact with roots of another species; b) with contact between roots. At 60 days after planting, growth, nutrient accumulation and mycorrhizal colonization of soybean and weeds were evaluated. The contact between roots of soybean plant and weed species increased the negative interference effects for both species, with less growth and nutrient accumulation. With the individualization of roots, higher competition occurred for soil resources up to 60 days of coexistence between species. In competition with soybean, Bidens pilosa and Urochloa decumbens stood out in accumulation of most nutrients without differing from when cultivated in monocultivation. The increase of the soybean mycorrhizal colonization was 53, 40 and 33% when in competition with Urochloa decumbens, Eleusine indica and Bidens pilosa species, respectively. A positive interaction occurred for soybean mycorrhizal colonization and competing plants irrespective of weed species or root contact.

A presença de plantas daninhas em plantios de eucalipto, especialmente nos dois primeiros anos, pode acarretar grandes prejuízos à produtividade, pois reduz a eficiência de aproveitamento dos recursos de crescimento pela cultura. Assim, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da interferência de plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento inicial de dois clones de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis e a concentração foliar de nutrientes na cultura e nas plantas daninhas. O experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 + 7, sendo dois clones de híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis, identificados como CNB001 e CNB016, em competição com cinco plantas daninhas Urochloa decumbens (capim-braquiária), Ipomoea nil (corda-de-viola), Commelina diffusa (trapoeraba), Spermacoce latifolia (erva-quente) e Panicum maximum (capim-colonião). Adicionalmente, foram cultivados os dois clones de eucalipto e as cinco plantas daninhas em monocultivo como padrão de comparação, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados eucalipto através da altura de plantas, o diâmetro do coleto, o número de ramos, a área foliar, a matéria seca e, o teor foliar de nutrientes do eucalipto, bem como o teor de nutrientes nas folhas das plantas daninhas. O clone CNB001 apresentou crescimento inicial superior ao clone CNB016, no entanto, livre da interferência de plantas daninhas, verificaram-se teores foliares semelhantes para a maioria dos nutrientes em ambos os genótipos. O clone CNB016 mostrou maior sensibilidade à interferência negativa das plantas daninhas que o clone CNB001, sendo seu crescimento inicial mais afetado por Ipomoea nil e a concentração de nutrientes reduzida pelas espécies Panicum maximum, Urochloa decumbens e Commelina diffusa. Panicum maximum apresentou maior interferência com o clone CNB001, enquanto Ipomoea nil pouco influenciou o crescimento e o teor de nutrientes deste híbrido. As plantas daninhas apresentaram elevada capacidade de extrair nutrientes do solo, mesmo em convivência com os clones de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis. A interferência imposta à cultura é dependente da espécie infestante e do genótipo de eucalipto.

The presence of weeds in eucalypt plantations, especially in the first two years, can result in losses of productivity because it reduces the efficiency of growth resource use by the crop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of weed interference in two Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis clones on initial growth and nutrient foliar concentration in the crop and weeds. The experiment was conducted in a factorial 2 x 5 +7 in which it used two clones of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis, identified as CNB001 and CNB016, competing with five weeds Urochloa decumbens, Ipomoea nil, Commelina diffusa, Spermacoce latifolia and Panicum maximum. Also the two eucalypt clones and the five weeds were grown in monoculture as a standard for comparison. It was used a completely randomized design with four replications. The eucalypt initial growth was evaluated by plant height, stem diameter, branches number, leaf area, dry matter and nutrient content in the leaves of eucalyptus. Nutrient concentration in leaves weed also was evaluated. The CNB001 clone showed initial growth upper at the clone CNB016. Free of weed interference both clones presented similar foliar contents for most nutrients. Clone CNB016 was more sensitive to competition with weeds than clone CNB001, being its initial growth most harmed by Ipomoea nil and concentration of nutrients reduced by Panicum maximum, Urochloa decumbens and Commelina diffusa. Panicum maximum showed greater interference with clone CNB001 while Ipomoea nil showed low negative influence in growth and nutrient concentration of crop. The weeds have high ability to extract nutrients from the soil in competition with Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis clones. The interference imposed on the culture is dependent on weed species and eucalypt genotype.

Questões referentes à aplicação de herbicidas em pré-emergência das plantas daninhas na cultura do eucalipto merecem destaque devido ao impacto dessa prática no ambiente, principalmente sobre a atividade microbiana do solo e micro-organismos benéficos, como os fungos micorrízicos e os solubilizadores de fosfatos. Objetivou-se estudar o impacto da aplicação dos herbicidas sulfentrazona, isoxaflutol e oxyfluorfem sobre a colonização micorrízica, biomassa e atividade microbiana de dois solos florestais cultivados com eucalipto. O ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando um solo argiloso e um solo francoarenoso distribuídos em vasos de 12 dm³. O esquema fatorial utilizado foi 4 x 3, sendo três herbicidas (sulfentrazona, isoxaflutol e oxyfluorfem) mais a testemunha e três avaliações (5, 20 e 70 dias após a aplicação - DAA), no delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Após a aplicação dos herbicidas na dose recomendada para a cultura transplantaram-se as mudas do híbrido de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. Avaliaram-se a biomassa microbiana, a taxa respiratória do solo, o quociente metabólico e o potencial de solubilização de fosfato inorgânico aos 5, 20 e 70 DAA. Aos 70 DAA verificou-se a colonização micorrízica e a viabilidade de esporos. Os herbicidas sulfentrazona, isoxaflutol e oxyfluorfem, bem como o tempo decorrido da aplicação afetaram os indicadores microbiológicos de maneira diferenciada. No solo franco-arenoso, o sulfentrazona foi mais prejudicial à biomassa microbiana, à colonização micorrízica e aos micro-organismos solubilizadores de fosfato inorgânico. No solo argiloso, no entanto, a aplicação dos três herbicidas não afetou a biomassa microbiana, mas reduziu a colonização radicular do eucalipto por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e o potencial de solubilização de fosfato inorgânico. O herbicida sulfentrazona se destacou por provocar aumento do número de esporos não viáveis de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nesse solo.

Questions regarding the application of pre-emergence herbicides for control weeds in eucalyptus are noteworthy due to the impact of this practice on the environment, particularly on soil microbial activity and beneficial micro-organisms such as mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate solubilizers. The aim of this research was to study the impact of applying herbicides sulfentrazone isoxaflutole and oxyfluorfen on mycorrhizal colonization, microbial biomass and microbial activity of two forest soils cultivated with eucalyptus. The trial was conducted in a greenhouse using two soils, one clay and sandy loam distributed in 12 dm³ pots. The 4x3 factorial design was used , with three herbicides (sulfentrazone, oxyfluorfen, isoxaflutole) over the untreated control and three assessments (5, 20 and 70 days after application (DAA)), in a completely randomized design with four replications . After herbicide application seedlings of the hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla. We evaluated the microbial biomass of the soil respiration rate, the quotient and the metabolic potential of solubilization of inorganic phosphate at 5, 20 and 70 DAA. At 70 DAA verified the percentage of roots colonized by mycorrhizal fungi and spore viability in the soil. The sulfentrazone, isoxaflutole and oxyfluorfen as well as the time of application affected the microbiological indicators differently. In the sandy loam soil sulfentrazone was more harmful to microbial biomass, mycorrhizal colonization and microorganisms solubilizing inorganic phosphate. In clay soil, however, the application of the three herbicides did not affect microbial biomass, but reduced root colonization of eucalyptus by mycorrhizal fungi and the potential solubilization of inorganic phosphate. The sulfentrazone stood for caused an increase in the number of non-viable spores of mycorrhizal fungi in the soil.

A distribuição e a dissipação dos herbicidas nos solos são processos dinâmicos e únicos para cada relação solo-herbicida. Neste trabalho, a meia-vida do diuron foi determinada em cinco solos (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, Latossolo Vermelho e Latossolo Amarelo), com diferentes valores de pH. As concentrações do diuron foram determinadas em amostras dos referidos solos coletadas em oito épocas (1, 8, 15, 22, 36, 66, 96 e 156 dias após a aplicação do herbicida na dose 3,0kg ha-1). Em uma parte dessas amostras, foi feita a quantificação do diuron por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e, na outra parte, os testes biológicos, visando à confirmação dos resultados das análises cromatográficas. Constatou-se que a persistência do diuron é dependente dos atributos físicos e químicos dos solos. Todavia, a correção do pH do solo favoreceu apenas a degradação do herbicida em solos arenosos com baixo teor de matéria orgânica. A meia-vida do diuron nos solos estudados variou de 40 a 91 após a sua aplicação, sendo maior no solo com maior teor de matéria orgânica. Esses resultados foram confirmados pelos testes biológicos que se mostraram eficientes e complementares às análises cromatográficas.

The distribution and dissipation of herbicides on soils are dynamic and unique processes for each soil-herbicide relation. In this research, the half-life of diuron was determined in five soils (Red-Yellow Latosol, Red Latosol, and Yellow Latosol), with different pH values. Diuron concentrations were determined in samples of each soil collected at eight different times (1, 8, 15, 22, 36, 66, 96 and 156 days after herbicide application at 3.0kg ha-1). Part of each soil sample was used to quantify diuron by high performance liquid chromatography. The other part of soil sample was used to do biological tests in order to confirm the results of chromatographic analysis. It was found that the persistence of diuron is dependent on the physical and chemical soil attributes. However, the correction of soil pH favored only herbicide degradation in sandy soils with low organic matter content. The half-life of diuron in soils ranged from 40 to 91 after its application and it was higher in soil with higher organic matter content. The biological tests confirmed these results and they were efficient and complementary to the chromatographic analysis.