ABSTRACT World demand for wood products and the shortage of good quality lumber species are exerting pressure on native forests. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Eremanthus erythropappus crude oil in improving the resistance of Pinus taeda wood to Rhodonia (≈Postia) placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Neolentinus lepideus (brown rot) and Pycnoporus sanguineus (white rot) in accelerated laboratory decay tests. Test samples measured 1.90 × 1.90 × 1.90 cm. Oil was applied to wood surfaces using a brush to obtain nominal retentions of 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg of oil per m3 of wood. After treatment, the samples reached average retentions of 16.25, 28.75, 41.50, and 53.75 kg m-3, respectively, and were submitted to a soil block decay test (accelerated decay test) for 12 weeks. Increased oil retention caused a decline in the mass loss of Pinus taeda wood exposed to the fungi tested. A retention of 16.25 kg m-3 inhibited Rhodonia placenta degradation and prevented other xylophagous fungi attacks. The most severe decay occurred with Rhodonia placenta and the least with Pycnoporus sanguineus. Oil improved Pinus taeda resistance to the decay fungi, indicating that it is useful for treating wood in contact with domestic animals and humans, since it is not toxic to them. forests ≈Postia Postia (≈Postia trabeum brown rot white tests 190 1 90 1.9 cm 15 30 45 6 m treatment 1625 16 25 2875 28 75 28.75 4150 41 50 41.50 5375 53 53.7 m3, 3, 3 respectively weeks tested 16.2 m- attacks humans them 19 9 1. 4 162 2 287 7 28.7 415 5 41.5 537 53. 16. 28. 41.

RESUMO A demanda mundial por produtos madeireiros e a escassez de espécies de madeira de boa qualidade estão pressionando as florestas nativas. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do óleo de candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus) bruto para melhorar a resistência da madeira de Pinus taeda aos fungos apodrecedores Rhodonia (≈Postia) placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Neolentinus lepideus (podridão parda) e Pycnoporus sanguineus (podridão branca) em ensaios de apodrecimento acelerado em laboratório. As amostras tinham dimensões nominais de 1,90 × 1,90 × 1,90 cm. O óleo foi aplicado nas superfícies da madeira com pincel, visando obter retenções nominais de 15; 30; 45 e 60 kg de óleo por m3 de madeira. As amostras após o tratamento atingiram retenções médias de 16,25; 28,75; 41,50; e 53,75 kg m-3, e foram submetidas ao teste solo-bloco (apodrecimento acelerado) durante 12 semanas. O aumento da retenção de óleo provocou redução na perda de massa da madeira de Pinus taeda submetida aos fungos testados. Observou-se que a retenção de 16,25 kg m-3 foi capaz de inibir a degradação do fungo Rhodonia (≈Postia) e prevenir o ataque de outros fungos xilófagos. Os maiores danos foram observados para Rhodonia (≈Postia) e os menores danos para Pycnoporus sanguineus. O óleo conferiu maior resistência à madeira de Pinus taeda aos fungos testados, indicando ser útil para o tratamento de madeiras que ficarão em contato com animais domésticos e seres humanos, uma vez que não é toxico a tais organismos. nativas Eremanthus erythropappus ≈Postia Postia (≈Postia placenta trabeum podridão parda branca laboratório 190 1 90 1,9 cm pincel 15 30 4 6 m 1625 16 25 28,75 2875 28 75 41,50 4150 41 50 5375 53 53,7 m3, 3, 3 solobloco solo bloco semanas testados Observouse Observou se 16,2 m- xilófagos humanos organismos 19 9 1, 162 2 28,7 287 7 41,5 415 5 537 53, 16, 28, 41,

This work aimed to incorporate the active compounds of the jambolan leaf in sunflower seed oil, in order to increase the nutritional quality of the oil. For this purpose, ultrasound-assisted extraction was conducted to establish the process conditions related to temperature, potency, solvent:sample ratio and time to obtain the enriched sunflower seed oil (ESSO). An experimental design was applied to examine the effect of variables (temperature, power, solvent:sample ratio and time) on the extraction mass yield (EMY). The application of maximum temperature, increased power, sample:solvent ratio and time resulted in higher EMY. Maximum theoretical EMY value was 35.16% (60 °C, 100%, 1:12 g mL-1 and 15 min). The characterization of the oils obtained from ESSO and sunflower seed oil (SSO) verified a higher content of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, a large proportion of active compounds, antioxidant activity, content of phytosterols, α-tocopherol and squalene, and induction time for ESSO. purpose ultrasoundassisted ultrasound assisted temperature potency solventsample solvent sample . (ESSO) (temperature power (EMY) samplesolvent 3516 35 16 35.16 60 (6 C °C 100 100% 112 1 12 1:1 mL1 mL mL- min. min min) SSO (SSO flavonoids activity phytosterols αtocopherol α tocopherol squalene (ESSO (EMY 351 3 35.1 6 ( 10 11 1: 35.

In situ transesterification of crambe seeds oil was investigated to produce fatty acid methyl esters using dimethyl carbonate as acyl acceptor and lipase Novozyme 435® as the catalyst. First, the effects of solvent-to-seeds ratio, seed pretreatment, and extraction time were evaluated on the seed oil removal, comparing the results with conventional Soxhlet extraction. Then, the effects of enzyme loading (5 to 30 wt.% based on the oil mass) and reaction time (60 to 540 min) were evaluated on the simultaneous extraction and reaction. The highest oil extraction yield (ca. 26 wt.%) was achieved at the solvent-to-seeds ratio of 6 mL g-1 and 360 min. The oil obtained from seeds that received thermal pretreatment showed a higher concentration of minor compounds. The highest ester content (76.71 wt.%) was obtained with an enzyme loading of 20 wt.%, solvent-to-seeds ratio of 6 mL g-1, for 480 min. The reaction samples showed a predominance of erucate and oleate esters, with identification of the co-products formation (glycerol carbonate and glycerol dicarbonate), and ca. 5 wt.% of acylglycerols. 435 catalyst First solventtoseeds solvent removal Then ( 3 wt wt. mass 60 (6 54 min ca (ca 2 g1 g 1 g- 36 compounds 76.71 7671 76 71 (76.7 g1, 1, 48 coproducts co products dicarbonate, dicarbonate , dicarbonate) acylglycerols 43 76.7 767 7 (76. 4 76. (76 (7

Abstract This study aimed to produce water-soluble oat extract enriched with mango peel flour (MPF) as a source of active compounds and to use this ingredient as a partial substitute for whole milk in Greek yogurt (GY) for its nutritional enrichment. Enriched water-soluble oat extracts (EWSOE) were produced with different concentrations of MPF (0%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) and characterized in relation to pH, titratable acidity, soluble proteins and total phenolics. Three GY formulations were prepared by partially replacing whole milk with EWSOE and the best formulation (in relation to sensory analyzes and phenolics compounds) was selected for storage study, chemical characterization, and sensory acceptance testing. MPF addition increased soluble proteins and total phenolics in EWSOE. GY formulations prepared with EWSOE had similar sensory scores. During storage, GY prepared with EWSOE containing 2% MPF exhibited changes in pH and titratable acidity and a reduction in total phenolics. Color parameters, cholesterol, and fatty acid composition did not change over 21 days of storage. The major fatty acids in GY were oleic and palmitic acids. The selected product had low lactose content (1.2%), achieved satisfactory sensory acceptance in relation to the evaluated attributes, and had lipid (~6.19%) and protein (~3.96%) contents within regulatory requirements. Additionally, EWSOE is a valuable ingredient in GY preparation, offering beneficial nutritional and functional properties. watersoluble water (MPF (GY enrichment (EWSOE 0%, 0 (0% 1 1% 15 5 1.5 2 characterization testing scores parameters cholesterol 1.2%, 12 1.2% , (1.2%) attributes ~6.19% 619 6 19 (~6.19% ~3.96% 396 3 96 (~3.96% requirements Additionally preparation properties 0% (0 1. 1.2 (1.2% ~6.19 61 (~6.19 ~3.96 39 9 (~3.96 ( (1.2 ~6.1 (~6.1 ~3.9 (~3.9 (1. ~6. (~6. ~3. (~3. (1 ~6 (~6 ~3 (~3 ~ (~

Abstract This study evaluated the oil content obtained from andiroba seeds by pressurized n-propane at different conditions of temperature (25, 35, and 45 °C) and pressure (40, 60, and 80 bar), and conventional extraction technique using n-hexane as the solvent. Kinetic extraction curves were fitted using Sovová’s mathematical model. The chemical characterization of the oil was reported as well as the protein content in the extraction by-product. Pressurized extractions conducted at 25 °C provided the highest oil recovery (~45 wt%) from the seeds. The increase in pressure at 25 ºC favored obtaining oil with higher Stigmasterol contents, however, the Squalene content was higher in the oil obtained at 40 bar. The oils with the highest concentration phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were obtained at 80 bar. Extraction with n-propane provided oils with higher levels of phenolic compounds, however, with antioxidant activity similar to conventional extraction. For all evaluated extractions, the product showed a predominance of oleic and palmitic acids, with similar values of oxidative stability. The extraction of the by-product with the highest soluble protein content was obtained under mild processing conditions (25 °C and 40 bar) with n-propane. npropane n propane 25, 35 4 C 40, (40 60 8 bar, bar , nhexane hexane solvent Sovovás Sovová s model byproduct. byproduct product. 2 ~45 (~4 wt% wt contents however acids stability (2 npropane. propane. 3 (4 6 ~4 (~ ( ~

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to carry out the extraction and chemical characterization of oil from crambe treated with resistance inducers during its cultivation to promote greater efficiency in the defense system of plants. For this purpose, Agromos® and Ecolife® inducers were applied at rates of 0.5 and 1.0 L hectare−1 during crambe cultivation. Crambe seed oil was obtained in a Soxhlet extractor using n-hexane as a solvent and the oils were characterized in terms of fatty acid composition and minority compound contents (phytosterol and tocopherol). The oil obtained from seeds without the application of inducers (control) was also characterized. We determine the oxidative stability of oils with inducer application that presented higher minority compound contents. Crambe seeds that received the treatment with the Agromos® resistance inducer had higher oil content. However, in general, the fatty acid profile of the obtained oils was similar and showed a predominance of erucic and oleic acids (which represent ~82% of the composition). The application of the Agromos® inducer allowed obtaining seeds that provided oil with higher contents of phytosterols and tocopherols and higher oxidative stability. ABSTRACT plants purpose Agromos Ecolife 05 0 5 0. 10 1 1. hectare1 hectare hectare− nhexane n hexane phytosterol tocopherol. tocopherol . tocopherol) control (control content However general which 82 ~82 composition. composition) 8 ~8 ~

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the kinetics of the hydrolysis of soybean oil by the action of the Lipozyme® TL IM enzyme varying the operational conditions of molar ratio water/oil (9:1-60:1) and temperature (40-64 °C). To describe the experimental data, a mathematical model based on the kinetic mechanism of Ping-Pong Bi Bi (PPBB) was proposed, in which the following steps were not considered formation of the complex enzyme/oil substrate, and formation of the acylated enzyme/oil substrate complex. The results of enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean oil indicated a yield in free fatty acids of 76% at the molar ratio of 46:1 and temperature of 52 °C. Furthermore, based on the values of the determination coefficient and root mean square error, the mathematical model based on the kinetic mechanism of PPBB showed good agreement with the experimental data in a relatively wide temperature range. Thus, it can be a useful tool for the optimization and assessment of the mechanisms of enzymatic hydrolysis of vegetable oil. Lipozyme wateroil water 91601 9 1 60 (9:1-60:1 4064 40 64 (40-6 C °C . °C) PingPong Ping Pong (PPBB proposed enzymeoil 76 461 46 46: 5 Furthermore error range Thus 9160 6 (9:1-60: 406 4 (40- 7 916 (9:1-60 (40 91 (9:1-6 (4 (9:1- ( (9:1 (9: (9

The aim of this study was to produce and to characterize dietary fiber concentrates (DFCs) obtained from the peach palm by-product (PPB). Subcritical water extraction (SWE) and aqueous extractions at low pressure in magnetic (LPMS) and orbital (LPOS) stirring were carried out to DFCs production. DFCs and the untreated PPB were analyzed for composition, functional properties, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The aqueous extraction treatments increased the total dietary fiber content, due to the removal of sugars (88.7-99.6%) and the partial leaching of proteins and ashes. The DFC obtained by SWE had the highest content of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber. The methods of aqueous extraction changed the structure of fiber components, that becomes more porous and fragmented, improving the functional properties, as water and oil absorption. Cellulose was the most abundant component of the samples and the alteration in its conformation was observed in the infrared spectra. The principal component analysis showed that the changes on the composition and functional properties were associated with the treatments applied. DFCs produced in this work, specially by SWE, are considered interesting alternatives to promote the utilization of peach palm by-product as a fiber-rich component. (DFCs byproduct product PPB. . (PPB) (SWE LPMS (LPMS LPOS (LPOS production spectroscopy 88.799.6% 887996 88.7 99.6% 88 7 99 6 (88.7-99.6% ashes components fragmented absorption spectra applied work fiberrich rich (PPB 799 88.799.6 88799 887 88. 996 99.6 8 9 (88.7-99.6 79 88.799. 8879 99. (88.7-99. 88.799 (88.7-99 88.79 (88.7-9 (88.7- (88.7 (88. (88 (8 (

Fusel oil (FO) is one of the by-products of the sugar-alcohol industry, which has application as an additional source of higher alcohols for the production of esters with flavoring, fuels and lubricants properties, as well as additives in petroleum-based fuels and in pesticide formulations. Thus, this review is focused on the characteristics of FO and its applications as an acyl acceptor in transesterification and esterification reactions for esters production, its addition to fossil fuels, and the herbicidal and fungicidal potential of the compounds presented in its chemical composition. The operating conditions of the process, results obtained, and patented applications in the food, cosmetic, transportation and agricultural sectors are also reported and discussed. Furthermore, main trends, challenges and recommendations are proposed in order to overcome the disadvantages of applying FO in the reported sectors, as well as alternatives for the development of new lines of research are suggested. (FO byproducts by products sugaralcohol sugar alcohol industry flavoring properties petroleumbased petroleum based formulations Thus composition process obtained food cosmetic discussed Furthermore trends suggested

RESUMO A produção de biodiesel tem-se intensificado nos últimos anos e o método tradicionalmente aplicado para sua produção é a transesterificação alcalina homogênea, com a formação de ésteres e glicerol, que precisam ser separados. Além disso, o biodiesel bruto precisa ser purificado no final da reação para remover o catalisador, glicerol, sabão, óleo e álcool restantes, que podem prejudicar o desempenho do motor. Esse processo gera grandes quantidades de águas residuais que precisam ser descartadas de forma adequada para evitar a poluição do meio ambiente. Este artigo apresenta uma revisão do processo de produção de biodiesel e a necessidade de uma etapa de purificação, com foco na geração de efluentes. Métodos tradicionais e avançados para o tratamento de águas residuais provenientes da produção de biodiesel são descritos e discutidos. Detalhes sobre patentes publicadas nos últimos cinco anos, relacionadas a técnicas de tratamento dessas águas residuais, também estão incluídos.

ABSTRACT Biodiesel production has intensified in recent years and the traditionally applied method for its production is homogeneous alkaline transesterification, with the formation of esters and glycerol, which need to be separated. Also, the crude biodiesel needs to be purified at the end of the reaction to remove the remaining catalyst, glycerol, soap, oil, and alcohol, which can impair engine performance. This process generates large quantities of wastewater that need to be properly disposed of to avoid polluting the environment. This article provides a review of the biodiesel production process and the need for a purification step, focusing on wastewater generation. Traditional and advanced methods for treating wastewater originating from biodiesel production are described and discussed. Details regarding patents published in the past 5 years, related to techniques for the treatment of these wastewaters, are also included.

Abstract The main goal of the present work was to evaluate the application of ultrasound as a previous step to promote the substrates pre-emulsion in the hydrolysis reaction of macauba kernel oil (MKO). The ultrasound effect on the substrates pre-emulsion was evaluated on the free fatty acid (FFA) content, as well as the process variables (reaction time, percentage of catalyst Lipozyme® RM IM, and buffer solution). Reactions carried out with the substrates pre-emulsion presented higher FFA production, up to a 40 wt% increase in 1 hour of reaction, yielding 80 wt% of FFAs in 8 hours. The use of catalyst in the reaction medium, from 5 to 15 wt%, favored the FFAs production in 2 hours of reaction. Addition of 25 to 100 wt% of buffer solution led to 86 wt% of FFAs in 4 hours of reaction. Enzyme recycling resulted in a slight decrease in the FFA content, although the catalyst had maintained 85% of its initial activity after 30 h of use. Therefore, the ultrasound pre-emulsion previous step allowed a more efficient hydrolysis reaction of MKO, leading to an increase of up to 40 wt% on the FFA content, when compared to the hydrolysis without such step.

Abstract The present work aimed to develop and characterize HPMC-films (HFs) based on hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) with the addition of lactase for later application in the reduction of lactose in whole milk. The HFs were produced by the casting technique, with the addition of 1, 3, 5 and 7 g of lactase per 100 g of filmogenic solution. All the formulations presented a high capacity of film formation, but the thickness and time of disintegration increased according to the added lactase concentration. Regardless of the formulation developed, HFs in whole milk, a reduction in the lactose content (~ 80%) occurred, classifying the product as zero lactose. Thus, the HPMC-films with the addition of lactase can be considered as a good alternative for solubilization in foods which have a high concentration of lactose.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia do acetato de etila como solvente na extração de óleo de semente de macaúba (OSM), utilizando extração assistida por ultrassom (EAU). Verificou-se que o aumento na remoção de OSM pode ser obtido com o uso de maiores quantidades de solventes, maior temperatura e tempo de extração. Com isso, obteve-se o rendimento máximo de óleo (40,61%) proporcionado pela EAU a 60 °C, 45 min, e utilizando a razão solvente para grão de 12 (mL g-1), o qual foi superior ao obtido por n -hexano, nas mesmas condições experimentais. A EAU foi favorável na extração de óleo (p < 0,05) e apresentou rendimento próximo ao relatado pela extração clássica; no entanto, na EAU, utiliza-se menor tempo de extração e volume de solvente. O ácido láurico corresponde a ~44% da composição do OSM. Os óleos apresentaram baixos teores de ácidos graxos livres (<0,80%) e os fitoesteróis, campesterol e β-sitosterol, foram identificados no OSM com maiores teores no óleo obtido pela EAU.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of ethyl acetate as a solvent in the extraction of macauba kernel oil (MKO) using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE). It was shown that more MKO oil could be extracted with the use of larger amounts of solvent, higher temperatures and longer extraction times. Thus the maximum oil yield (40.61%) was obtained by UAE at 60 °C for 45 min, using a solvent to kernel ratio of 12 (mL g-1), obtaining a higher yield than that obtained with n-hexane under the same experimental conditions. UAE was favorable for this oil extraction (p < 0.05), presenting a yield close to that reported for classical extraction but with a shorter extraction time and smaller solvent volume. Lauric acid corresponded to ~44% of the MKO composition. The oils presented low free fatty acid contents (<0.80% wt), and the phytosterols, campesterol and β-sitosterol, were identified in the MKO with higher levels in the oil obtained by UAE.

RESUMO: O presente trabalho objetivou a extração do óleo da polpa de macaúba utilizando extração por solvente a baixa pressão, bem como a caracterização dos extratos e farelos obtidos, utilizando diferentes solventes (n-hexano, acetato de etila e isopropanol). Os resultados reportam maiores rendimentos em óleo, 27,43%, na utilização do isopropanol (P<0,05), sendo que os maiores teores em β-caroteno no extrato, 348,30mg 100g-1, foram obtidos com este solvente. Na composição dos extratos, predominam os ácidos graxos monoinsaturados e relata-se que o tipo de solvente não apresentou influência significativa (P>0,05) na composição, no entanto, na quantificação dos compostos livres de glicerol, o isopropanol apresentou os maiores teores, 104,15mg 100g-1, desses compostos (P<0,05). Os farelos apresentaram maiores teores de cinzas, proteína e fibras, quando comparados à polpa. A remoção do óleo favorece a capacidade de retenção de água, no entanto, não tem influência nas demais características tecnológicas avaliadas.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to extract the oil from macauba pulp using a low-pressure solvent extraction, as well as characterisation of the extracts and defatted meal obtained using different solvents (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and isopropanol). Results reported higher yields in oil, 27.43%, using isopropanol (P<0.05), wherein the highest levels of β-carotene in the extract, 348.30mg 100g-1, were obtained with this solvent. In the composition of the extracts, monounsaturated fatty acids were predominantly found, and it was reported that the type of solvent had no significant influence (P>0.05) on the composition; however, in the quantification of free glycerol compounds, isopropanol showed higher levels, 104.15mg 100g-1, of these compounds (P<0.05). Meals had higher ash, protein and fibre content when compared to pulp. Thus, oil removal can be stated to promote water retention capacity; however, it has no influence on the other technological characteristics evaluated.