Modern agriculture relies on the massive use of agrochemicals, including herbicides. Despite their effectiveness, a continuous use of herbicides sharing the same target has resulted in the selection of weed biotypes resistant to such chemicals. To cope with this problem, the development of new herbicides is an urgent requirement. In this work we applied the Active compound Derivatization Method (ADM) strategy to develop a new tetraoxane (5), derived from the synthetic auxin 2-(naphtalen-1-yl)acetic acid (NAA). Greenhouse bioassays showed that 5 caused chlorosis, necrosis and leaf epinasty in Cucumis sativa. Furthermore, this compound, at the concentration of 1.25 x 10-5 mol L-1, inhibited the growth of important weeds such as Bidens pilosa, Iponomea acuminate, Solanum americanum and Althernantera ficoidea. For some weeds, the compound effect was higher or comparable to those caused by commercial glyphosate and imazethapyr. In addition, degradation studies revealed that 5 is transformed into NAA. The results also showed that 5 could act as photosynthesis inhibitor and as an auxin herbicide. In summary, we have discovered a new compound that may be a useful lead for the development of a commercial herbicide.

Clomazone exhibits high water solubility, low sorption in soil colloids, and therefore can leach and contaminate deep layers of soil profile and groundwater. In this work, the effect of the incorporation of sugarcane bagasse biochar in leaching and bioavailability of clomazone in red latosol was evaluated. Soil samples amended with 1% (m/m) biochar were placed in different depths (0-1, 0-2.5 and 0-5 cm) on the top of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) columns filled with soil. Clomazone-based herbicide was applied, and rainfall was simulated on top of the columns. A validated chromatographic method, together with a greenhouse bioassay, were used to quantify and to evaluate the mobility and availability of clomazone along the columns. The incorporation of sugarcane bagasse biochar in the superficial layers at the column tops increased herbicide sorption, reduced its leaching and bioavailability in soil and scaled down the environmental risk of clomazone avoiding contamination of underground aquifer reservoirs.

ABSTRACT Kinetic studies of sulfentrazone herbicide dechlorination by Fe/Ni nanoparticles were performed in the presence of different electrolytes such as: Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, Cu2+, Na+ and Zn2+. In the presence of Cl- and SO42- the reaction occurred efficiently, reaching approximately 100% of dechlorination after 30 minutes of reaction. In the presence of NO3- and Cu2+ ions the sulfentrazone dechlorination was significantly inhibited, because these ions tend to compete with the substrate for the electrons donated by Fe0. In the presence of Na+ ions, the dechlorination efficiency remained approximately 100%, however, this electrolyte provided an increase on the reaction rate, due to the increase of the ionic strength in the system. The Zn2+ ions has no influence on the dechlorination efficiency, but the reaction rate was reduced due to the formation of a protective layer formed by the sorption of Zn2+ ions on the surface of the nanoparticles.

Abstract Biochar is a carbonaceous material that has excellent potential as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. However, there is a lack of information concerning the effects of the amount and particle size of this pyrogenic material on the soil sorption capacity. In this work, evaluation was made of changes in clomazone (CMZ) sorption in a Red Latosol following soil conditioning using different percentages (0.25, 0.5, and 1% w/w) of sugarcane biochar in three particle sizes (<106, 106-508, and 508-610 µm). The conditioned soils presented apparent sorption coefficients (Kd) up to 1300 times higher than that of pure soil, besides changes in the behavior of CMZ sorption. The biochar particle size and percentage influenced sorption of the herbicide as well as its retention in the amended soil during desorption processes. Both sorption and desorption Freundlich constants were linearly correlated with the external surface area of the biochar present in the soil.

The removal of the beta-lactam antibiotics (ceftriaxone and cefadroxil) through zero-valent copper nanoparticle (nZVC) was studied in this work. Excellent removal degrees (> 85%) were obtained for both analytes in only 20 min of reaction. Studies were performed in both oxic and anoxic conditions, and in the presence of t-butyl alcohol (TBA), an inhibitor of radicals. The results did not show significant changes. Therefore, the hydroxyl radicals are not the main species responsible for the removal. Total organic carbon cefadroxil analysis indicated a removal of 57% after 180 min of reaction. Studies involving Cu+ indicated that probably these are the principal species responsible for the removal of antibiotics. Kinetic studies have shown that two-phase reaction occurred in the antibiotics removal process and both phases followed pseudo-first order kinetic model. The first mechanism is related to the antibiotics degradation by Cu+ species and the second mechanism is related to the antibiotics adsorption by hydroxides/oxides of Cu2+ species.

O uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos em morangos pode torná-los impróprios para consumo. Neste estudo, o método extração sólido-líquido com partição em baixa temperatura (SLE/LTP) acoplado a cromatografia gasosa com detector por captura de elétrons (GC/ECD) foi otimizado. O método proposto foi validado pela análise de amostras fortificadas do branco da matriz. Os limites de detecção (LOD) variaram entre 4 e 16 µg kg-1, enquanto que os limites de quantificação (LOQ) variaram entre 13 e 47 µg kg-1. Boas recuperações (79-111%) e precisão (< 15%) foram obtidos para todos os compostos na matriz. Este método foi aplicado com sucesso na análise de resíduos de agrotóxicos encontrados em morangos coletados de sete fazendas do Vale do Jequitinhonha (MG, Brasil). Os resultados revelaram a presença de azoxistrobina, clorotalonil, difenoconazol e iprodiona nas amostras de morango.

The indiscriminate use of pesticides in strawberries can often make this crop unfit for consumption. In this study, the method of solid-liquid extraction with low-temperature partitioning (SLE/LTP) coupled with gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD) was optimized. The proposed analytical method was validated by the analysis of spiked blank matrix samples. Limits of detection (LOD) varied between 4 and 16 µg kg-1, whereas limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 13 to 47 µg kg-1. Good recoveries (79-111%) and precision values (< 15%) were obtained for all compounds in the target matrix. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of residues of pesticides found in strawberries collected from seven farms in the High Jequitinhonha Valley (MG, Brazil). The results revealed the presence of azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, difenoconazole and iprodione in the strawberry samples.

OBJETIVO: Investigar uma possível associação entre a carga de trabalho de profissionais da saúde e eventos adversos intermediários, tais como extubação acidental, obstrução do tubo endotraqueal e desconexão acidental do circuito do ventilador, durante ventilação mecânica neonatal em unidades neonatais de alto risco. MÉTODO: Este estudo de coorte prospectiva analisou os dados referentes a 543 recém-nascidos de unidades de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTINs) de São Luís (MA) por 6 meses, durante os quais 136 recém-nascidos foram submetidos a ventilação mecânica em 1.108 turnos e foram observados 4.554 vezes. RESULTADOS: Ocorreram eventos adversos 117 vezes durante esse período. As associações entre carga de trabalho e eventos adversos foram analisadas por meio de equações de estimação generalizada. As variáveis de ajuste foram: peso de nascimento, gênero, maternidade estudada, pontuação no índice de risco clínico para bebês (clinical risk index for babies) e demanda de cuidados, determinada pela escala desenvolvida pela Northern Neonatal Network. Quanto maior o número de recém-nascidos classificados de acordo com a demanda de cuidados (RCDCs) por enfermeiro e técnico em enfermagem, maior a probabilidade da ocorrência de eventos adversos intermediários relacionados à ventilação mecânica. Um número de RCDCs > 22 por enfermeiro [risco relativo (RR) = 2,86] e > 4,8 por enfermeiro auxiliar (RR = 3,41) esteve associado a uma maior prevalência de eventos adversos intermediários. CONCLUSÕES: A carga de trabalho dos profissionais de UTINs parece interferir nos resultados intermediários do cuidado neonatal e, portanto, deve ser levada em conta na avaliação dos desfechos na UTIN.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a possible association between the intensity of staff workload and intermediate adverse events, such as accidental extubation, obstruction of the endotracheal tube, and accidental disconnection of the ventilator circuit, during neonatal mechanical ventilation in high-risk neonatal units. METHOD: This prospective cohort study analyzed data of 543 newborns from public neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in the city of São Luís, state of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil, for 6 months, during which 136 newborns were submitted to mechanical ventilation in 1,108 shifts and were observed a total of 4,554 times. RESULTS: Adverse events occurred 117 times during this period. The associations between workload and adverse events were analyzed by means of generalized estimating equations. The adjustment variables were: birth weight, gender, maternity unit, Clinical Risk Index for Babies score, and care demand, the latter measured by the Northern Neonatal Network Scale. The larger the number of newborns classified by care demand (NCCD) per nurse and nursing technician, the more likely the occurrence of intermediate adverse events linked to mechanical ventilation. A number of NCCD > 22 per nurse (relative risk [RR] = 2.86) and > 4.8 per auxiliary nurse (RR = 3.41) was associated with a higher prevalence of intermediate adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The workload of NICU professionals seems to interfere with the intermediate results of neonatal care and thus should be taken into consideration when evaluating NICU outcomes.

The nowadays notable development of all the modern technology, fundamental for the progress and well being of world society, imposes a great deal of stress in the realm of basic Physics, more precisely on Thermo-Statistics. We do face situations in electronics and optoelectronics involving physical-chemical systems far-removed-from equilibrium, where ultrafast (in pico- and femto-second scale) and non-linear processes are present. Further, we need to be aware of the rapid unfolding of nano-technologies and use of low-dimensional systems (e.g., nanometric quantum wells and quantum dots in semiconductor heterostructures). All together this demands having an access to a Statistical Mechanics being efficient to deal with such requirements. It is worth noticing that the renowned Ryogo Kubo once stated that "statistical mechanics has been considered a theoretical endeavor. However, statistical mechanics exists for the sake of the real world, not for fictions. Further progress can only be hoped by close cooperation with experiment". Moreover, one needs to face the study of soft matter and fluids with complex structures (usually of the average self-affine fractal-like type). This is relevant for technological improvement in industries like, for example, that of polymers, petroleum, cosmetics, food, electronics and photonics (conducting polymers and glasses), in medical engineering, etc. It is then required to introduce a thermo-hydrodynamics going well beyond the classical (Onsagerian) one. Moreover, in the both type of situations above mentioned there often appear difficulties of description and objectivity (existence of so-called "hidden constraints"), which impair the proper application of the conventional ensemble approach used in the general, logically and physically sound, and well established Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics. A tentative to partially overcome such difficulties consists in resorting to non-conventional approaches. Here we briefly describe the construction of a Non-Equilibrium Statistical Ensemble Formalism (NESEF) that can deal, within a certain degree of success, with the situations above described. Several particular instances involving experimental observations and measurements in the area of semiconductor physics and in physics of fluids, which were analyzed in the context of the theory, are summarized. They comprise the cases of ultrafast optical spectroscopy; optical and transport processes in low-dimensional complex semiconductors; nonlinear transport in doped highly-polar semiconductors (of use in "blue diodes") under moderate to high electric fields; nonlinear higher-order thermo-hydrodynamics in fluids under driven flow, in normal solutions and in complex situations as in solutions of polymers, micelles, DNA, and in microbatteries.

Mixtures of α-Santonin and various solvents were irradiated by either high or low pressure mercury lamps. The photochemical reactions afforded lumisantonin (11) (76% in acetonitrile), (3S,3aS,9bS)-3,6,6-trimethyl-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydronafto[1,2-b]furan-2,7(6H,9bH)dione (12) (100% in acetonitrile), 10α-acetoxy-3-oxo-1,7αH,6,11βH-guaia-4-en-6,12-olide (8) (26% in acetic acid), 10α-hydroxy-3-oxo-1,7αH,6,11βH-guaia-4-en-6,12-olide (10) (32%) and (E)-3-((3S,3aS,7aS)-3-methyl-2-oxo-6-(propan-2-ylidene)hexahydrobenzofuran-7-(7aH)-ylidene)propanoic acid (9) (44%) (in water/ acetic acid 1:1, v/v). Lactone 12 was also prepared by irradiation of lumisantonin in diethyl ether. Lactones 8 and 10 were converted, respectively, into the 10α-acetoxy-3β-hydroxy-1,7αH,6,11βH-guaia-4-en-6,12-olide (13) (87%) and 3β,10α-dihydroxy-1,7αH,6,11βH-guaia-4-en-6,12-olide (14) (75%) by sodium borohydride reduction. The effects of the compounds on the development of radicle of Sorghum bicolor and Cucumis sativus were evaluated.

The [4+3] cycloaddition was utilized in order to prepare 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one (1) derivatives. The correspondent acetonide 6 was converted into several alcohols (11-16). Addition of aryllithium reagents to 6 resulted in 3-(2-fluorophenyl)-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxy -8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3alpha-ol (11, 72%) and 3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxy-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan -3alpha-ol (16, 20%). The 3-butyl-6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxy-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol (15, 56%) was obtained through a Grignard reaction. Reduction of 6 resulted in 6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxy-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 beta-ol (7, 62%) and 6,7-exo-isopropylidenedioxy-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol (8, 20%). The alcohols were treated with thionyl chloride in pyridine, and the corresponding alkenes were obtained with 31-80% yield. The effect of these compounds on the development of radicle and aerial parts of Sorghum bicolor was evaluated.

OBJETIVO: Obter estimativas populacionais e fatores de risco de mortalidade infantil em coortes de nascimentos e comparar esses fatores entre cidades de diferentes regiões do País. MÉTODOS: Em Ribeirão Preto, SP, a mortalidade infantil foi avaliada em 1/3 dos nascidos vivos hospitalares (2.846 partos únicos) em 1994. Em São Luís, MA, foi feita amostragem sistemática de partos estratificada por maternidade (2.443 partos únicos) em 1997/98. As mães responderam a questionários padronizados logo após o parto e as informações sobre os óbitos foram coletadas nos hospitais, nos cartórios e nas secretarias estaduais de saúde. Risco relativo (RR) e intervalo de confiança de 95% foram estimados pela regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: O coeficiente de mortalidade infantil (CMI) em São Luís foi 26,6/1.000 nascidos vivos, o coeficiente de mortalidade neonata (CMN)l 18,4/1.000 e o coeficiente de mortalidade pós-neonatal (CMPN) 8,2/1.000, valores superiores aos de Ribeirão Preto, com CMI 16,9/1.000, CMN 10,9/1.000,CMPN 6,0/1.000. Na análise ajustada, nas duas cidades, natimorto prévio (RR=3,67 vs 4,13) e idade materna <18 anos (RR=2,62 vs 2,59) foram fatores de risco para a mortalidade infantil. Apenas em São Luís, o pré-natal inadequado (RR=2,00) e o sexo masculino (RR=1,79) foram fatores de risco, e domicílios com 5 ou mais moradores foram fatores protetores (RR=0,53). Em Ribeirão Preto, o hábito materno de fumar foi associado à mortalidade infantil (RR=2,64). CONCLUSÕES: Além de desigualdades socioeconômicas, diferenças no acesso e na qualidade da atenção médica entre as cidades influenciaram as taxas de mortalidade infantil.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain population estimates and profile risk factors for infant mortality in two birth cohorts and compare them among cities of different regions in Brazil. METHODS: In Ribeirão Preto, southeast Brazil, infant mortality was determined in a third of hospital live births (2,846 singleton deliveries) in 1994. In São Luís, northeast Brazil, data were obtained using systematic sampling of births stratified by maternity unit (2,443 singleton deliveries) in 1997-1998. Mothers answered standardized questionnaires shortly after delivery and information on infant deaths was retrieved from hospitals, registries and the States Health Secretarys' Office. The relative risk (RR) was estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: In São Luís, the infant mortality rate was 26.6/1,000 live births, the neonatal mortality rate was 18.4/1,000 and the post-neonatal mortality rate was 8.2/1,000, all higher than those observed in Ribeirão Preto (16.9, 10.9 and 6.0 per 1,000, respectively). Adjusted analysis revealed that previous stillbirths (RR=3.67 vs 4.13) and maternal age <18 years (RR=2.62 vs 2.59) were risk factors for infant mortality in the two cities. Inadequate prenatal care (RR=2.00) and male sex (RR=1.79) were risk factors in São Luís only, and a dwelling with 5 or more residents was a protective factor (RR=0.53). In Ribeirão Preto, maternal smoking was associated with infant mortality (RR=2.64). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to socioeconomic inequalities, differences in access to and quality of medical care between cities had an impact on infant mortality rates.

OBJETIVO: Obter estimativas populacionais e fatores de risco de mortalidade infantil em coortes de nascimentos e comparar esses fatores entre cidades de diferentes regiões do País. MÉTODOS: Em Ribeirão Preto, SP, a mortalidade infantil foi avaliada em 1/3 dos nascidos vivos hospitalares (2.846 partos únicos) em 1994. Em São Luís, MA, foi feita amostragem sistemática de partos estratificada por maternidade (2.443 partos únicos) em 1997/98. As mães responderam a questionários padronizados logo após o parto e as informações sobre os óbitos foram coletadas nos hospitais, nos cartórios e nas secretarias estaduais de saúde. Risco relativo (RR) e intervalo de confiança de 95% foram estimados pela regressão de Poisson. RESULTADOS: O coeficiente de mortalidade infantil (CMI) em São Luís foi 26,6/1.000 nascidos vivos, o coeficiente de mortalidade neonata (CMN)l 18,4/1.000 e o coeficiente de mortalidade pós-neonatal (CMPN) 8,2/1.000, valores superiores aos de Ribeirão Preto, com CMI 16,9/1.000, CMN 10,9/1.000,CMPN 6,0/1.000. Na análise ajustada, nas duas cidades, natimorto prévio (RR=3,67 vs 4,13) e idade materna <18 anos (RR=2,62 vs 2,59) foram fatores de risco para a mortalidade infantil. Apenas em São Luís, o pré-natal inadequado (RR=2,00) e o sexo masculino (RR=1,79) foram fatores de risco, e domicílios com 5 ou mais moradores foram fatores protetores (RR=0,53). Em Ribeirão Preto, o hábito materno de fumar foi associado à mortalidade infantil (RR=2,64). CONCLUSÕES: Além de desigualdades socioeconômicas, diferenças no acesso e na qualidade da atenção médica entre as cidades influenciaram as taxas de mortalidade infantil.

OBJECTIVE: To obtain population estimates and profile risk factors for infant mortality in two birth cohorts and compare them among cities of different regions in Brazil. METHODS: In Ribeirão Preto, southeast Brazil, infant mortality was determined in a third of hospital live births (2,846 singleton deliveries) in 1994. In São Luís, northeast Brazil, data were obtained using systematic sampling of births stratified by maternity unit (2,443 singleton deliveries) in 1997-1998. Mothers answered standardized questionnaires shortly after delivery and information on infant deaths was retrieved from hospitals, registries and the States Health Secretarys' Office. The relative risk (RR) was estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: In São Luís, the infant mortality rate was 26.6/1,000 live births, the neonatal mortality rate was 18.4/1,000 and the post-neonatal mortality rate was 8.2/1,000, all higher than those observed in Ribeirão Preto (16.9, 10.9 and 6.0 per 1,000, respectively). Adjusted analysis revealed that previous stillbirths (RR=3.67 vs 4.13) and maternal age <18 years (RR=2.62 vs 2.59) were risk factors for infant mortality in the two cities. Inadequate prenatal care (RR=2.00) and male sex (RR=1.79) were risk factors in São Luís only, and a dwelling with 5 or more residents was a protective factor (RR=0.53). In Ribeirão Preto, maternal smoking was associated with infant mortality (RR=2.64). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to socioeconomic inequalities, differences in access to and quality of medical care between cities had an impact on infant mortality rates.

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à inadequação do uso da assistência pré-natal em comunidade urbana. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal em amostra sistemática, estratificada por maternidades, de todos os nascimentos hospitalares do município de São Luís, MA, no período de março de 1997 a fevereiro de 1998. Foram avaliados indicadores socioeconômicos e demográficos, de saúde reprodutiva, morbidade na gravidez e utilização de serviços pré-natais. Utilizou-se questionário padronizado respondido pelas puérperas antes da alta hospitalar. A adequação do uso da assistência pré-natal foi analisada pelo índice "Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization" (APNCU) e por um novo índice proposto, baseado nas recomendações do Ministério da Saúde, Brasil. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistadas 2.831 puérperas, atendidas em dez unidades de saúde pública e privada. A inadequação do uso da assistência pré-natal foi de 49,2% pelo índice APNCU, e de 24,5% pelo novo índice proposto. Mulheres atendidas em serviços públicos de saúde, de baixa escolaridade e baixa renda familiar, sem companheiro ou com doença durante a gravidez, tiveram maiores percentuais de inadequação do uso do atendimento pré-natal, pelos dois índices analisados. Pelo novo índice proposto, maiores percentuais de inadequação foram associados à alta paridade e idade materna, enquanto baixa idade materna (<20 anos), ocorrência de doença durante a gravidez e primiparidade sugerem proteção contra a inadequação. CONCLUSÕES: O atendimento pré-natal em São Luís do Maranhão apresentou baixa cobertura. A inadequação do uso da assistência esteve associada a vários fatores indicativos da persistência de desigualdade social.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with inadequacy of prenatal care utilization in urban community. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a systematic sample stratified by maternity hospital, consisting of hospital births in the municipality of São Luís, Brazil, was carried out from March 1997 to February 1998. Socioeconomic and demographic factors, reproductive health, morbidity during pregnancy, and utilization of prenatal care services were studied. Mothers answered a standardized questionnaire before hospital discharge. The adequacy of prenatal care utilization was analyzed by means of two indexes: APNCU (Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization) and a new index based on the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. RESULTS: There were interviewed 2,831 women who delivered at 10 public and private maternity hospitals. The inadequacy of prenatal care utilization was 49.2% according to the APNCU index and 24.5% when determined by the Brazilian index. Prenatal care at public services, low maternal schooling, low income, having no partner, and absence of maternal diseases during pregnancy were associated with inadequacy of prenatal care use according to both indexes. High parity and maternal age of 35 years or more were also associated with inadequacy, whereas primiparity, morbidity, and young maternal age (<20 years) seemed to protect from inadequacy when the Brazilian index was used. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal care showed low coverage in the municipality of São Luís. The inadequacy of prenatal care utilization was associated with several factors linked to social inequality.

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à inadequação do uso da assistência pré-natal em comunidade urbana. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo transversal em amostra sistemática, estratificada por maternidades, de todos os nascimentos hospitalares do município de São Luís, MA, no período de março de 1997 a fevereiro de 1998. Foram avaliados indicadores socioeconômicos e demográficos, de saúde reprodutiva, morbidade na gravidez e utilização de serviços pré-natais. Utilizou-se questionário padronizado respondido pelas puérperas antes da alta hospitalar. A adequação do uso da assistência pré-natal foi analisada pelo índice "Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization" (APNCU) e por um novo índice proposto, baseado nas recomendações do Ministério da Saúde, Brasil. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistadas 2.831 puérperas, atendidas em dez unidades de saúde pública e privada. A inadequação do uso da assistência pré-natal foi de 49,2% pelo índice APNCU, e de 24,5% pelo novo índice proposto. Mulheres atendidas em serviços públicos de saúde, de baixa escolaridade e baixa renda familiar, sem companheiro ou com doença durante a gravidez, tiveram maiores percentuais de inadequação do uso do atendimento pré-natal, pelos dois índices analisados. Pelo novo índice proposto, maiores percentuais de inadequação foram associados à alta paridade e idade materna, enquanto baixa idade materna (<20 anos), ocorrência de doença durante a gravidez e primiparidade sugerem proteção contra a inadequação. CONCLUSÕES: O atendimento pré-natal em São Luís do Maranhão apresentou baixa cobertura. A inadequação do uso da assistência esteve associada a vários fatores indicativos da persistência de desigualdade social.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with inadequacy of prenatal care utilization in urban community. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a systematic sample stratified by maternity hospital, consisting of hospital births in the municipality of São Luís, Brazil, was carried out from March 1997 to February 1998. Socioeconomic and demographic factors, reproductive health, morbidity during pregnancy, and utilization of prenatal care services were studied. Mothers answered a standardized questionnaire before hospital discharge. The adequacy of prenatal care utilization was analyzed by means of two indexes: APNCU (Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization) and a new index based on the recommendations of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. RESULTS: There were interviewed 2,831 women who delivered at 10 public and private maternity hospitals. The inadequacy of prenatal care utilization was 49.2% according to the APNCU index and 24.5% when determined by the Brazilian index. Prenatal care at public services, low maternal schooling, low income, having no partner, and absence of maternal diseases during pregnancy were associated with inadequacy of prenatal care use according to both indexes. High parity and maternal age of 35 years or more were also associated with inadequacy, whereas primiparity, morbidity, and young maternal age (<20 years) seemed to protect from inadequacy when the Brazilian index was used. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal care showed low coverage in the municipality of São Luís. The inadequacy of prenatal care utilization was associated with several factors linked to social inequality.

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em 1995, em casa-de-vegetação do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da chuva após a aplicação de herbicidas, no controle de capim-marmelada (Brachiaria plantaginea L.) e picão-preto (Bidens pilosa L.), na cultura do milho (Zea mays L.), em solo com dois níveis de umidade. Foram aplicados o nicosulfuron em duas formulações (SC e WDG) e as misturas nicosulfuron + atrazine e atrazine + óleo, com intervalos de 0, 15, 30, 60 e 120 min entre a aplicação do herbicida e a ocorrência de 30 mm de chuva simulada. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, dispostos em arranjo fatorial 5x5, sendo o primeiro fator constituído de herbicidas mais testemunha, e o segundo de cinco tempos para ocorrência de chuva. Os parâmetros estimados foram biomassa fresca, biomassa seca e altura de plantas (apenas para picão-preto). Após emergência das plântulas, o teor de umidade do solo foi mantido próximo à capacidade de campo (41,3%) para um experimento e, umidade mantida de forma a submeter as plantas à condição de estresse hídrico (24,7%) para o outro. A eficiência do nicosulfuron no controle de capim-marmelada foi maior com o aumento do intervalo sem chuva até 30 min após a aplicação do herbicida, para as plantas cultivadas em solo com elevada umidade. Em solo com baixa umidade, a eficiência do controle foi muito baixa, mesmo quando a chuva ocorreu 120 min após aplicação. O controle de picão-preto com nicosulfuron SC ou WDG foi muito baixo (< 50%), mesmo em boas condições de umidade do solo. A mistura nicosulfuron + atrazine proporcionou controle do capim-marmelada, semelhante à aplicação isolada de nicosulfuron e excelente controle de picãopreto em ambas as condições de umidade do solo. Atrazine+óleo foi ineficiente para o controle de capim-marmelada (< de 75%) e altamente eficiente para controle de picão-preto (100%), independente da condição de umidade do solo e do intervalo de tempo para ocorrência de chuva simulada após aplicação.

Two experiments were conducted on a greenhouse, at Fitotecnia Department at University Federal of Viçosa, Viçosa-MG, intending to evaluate simulated rain influence after herbicides application, on the control of Brachiaria plantaginea and Bidens pilosa on corn (Zea mays) crop, on soil with two moisture levels. Nicosulfuron on two formulations (SC and WDG) and the mixtures nicosulfuron+atrazine and atrazine+oil were applied, with 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes intervals between herbicide application and a 30 mm simulated rain occurrence. Estimated parameters were fresh biomass, dry biomass and plants height. After seedlings emergence two experiments were undertaken; on the first one soil moisture level was kept near to field capacity (41.3%), and on the other one seedlings were submitted to water stress (24.7% of soil moisture). Nicosulfuron efficiency on B. plantaginea control was greater when rain absence rain interval was increased until to 30 minutes after herbicide application, for plants grown on soil with high moisture content. On soil with low moisture content control efficiency was very poor, even when rain occurred 120 minutes after herbicide application. Bidens pilosa control with nicosulfuron SC or WDG was poor, even on humid soil. The mixture nicosulfuron+atrazine resulted on B. plantaginea control similar to that when nicosulfuron was applied alone, and excellent control of B. pilosa, on both soil moisture conditions. Atrazine+oil was inefficient for B. plantaginea control and highly efficient for B. pilosa control, independent of soil moisture and of time interval for simulated rain occurrence after herbicide application.