Abstract Massive sequencing platforms allow the identification of complex clinical phenotypes involving more than one autosomal recessive disorder. In this study, we report on an adult patient, born to a related couple (third degree cousins), referred for genetic evaluation due to ectopia lentis, deafness and previous diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. He was biochemically diagnosed as having Classic Homocystinuria (HCU); Sanger sequencing of the CBS gene showed the genotype NM_000071.2(CBS):c.[833T>C];[833T>C], compatible with the diagnosis of pyridoxine-responsive HCU. As he also had symptoms not usually associated with HCU, exome sequencing was performed. In addition to the variants found in the Sanger sequencing, the following variants were identified: NM_001256317.1(TMPRSS3):c.[413C>A];[413C>A]; and the NM_005807.6(PRG4):c.[3756dup]:[3756dup], confirming the diagnosis of autosomal recessive nonsyndromic deafness and Camptodactyly-Arthropathy-Coxa Vara-Pericarditis Syndrome (CACP), respectively. Genomic analysis allowed the refinement of the diagnosis of a complex case and improvement of the patient’s treatment. disorder study patient third cousins, cousins , cousins) lentis arthritis HCU (HCU) NM_000071.2CBSc.833T>C833T>C, NM0000712CBSc833TC833TC NMCBScTCTC NM_000071.2 c. 833T>C NM 000071 2 c 833T C T NM_000071.2(CBS):c.[833T>C];[833T>C] pyridoxineresponsive pyridoxine responsive performed identified NM_001256317.1TMPRSS3c.413C>A413C>A NM0012563171TMPRSS3c413CA413CA NMTMPRSScCACA NM_001256317.1 TMPRSS3 413C>A 001256317 1 413C A TMPRSS NM_001256317.1(TMPRSS3):c.[413C>A];[413C>A] NM_005807.6PRG4c.3756dup3756dup, NM0058076PRG4c3756dup3756dup NMPRGcdupdup NM_005807.6 PRG4 3756dup 005807 6 PRG dup NM_005807.6(PRG4):c.[3756dup]:[3756dup] CamptodactylyArthropathyCoxa Camptodactyly Arthropathy Coxa VaraPericarditis Vara Pericarditis CACP, CACP (CACP) respectively patients s treatment (HCU 2CBSc C833T CBSc NM_000071.2CBSc.833T>C833T>C TC NM0000712 NM_000071. 833TC 00007 NM_000071.2(CBS):c.[833T>C];[833T>C 1TMPRSS3c A413C CA NM0012563171 NM_001256317. 413CA 00125631 NM_001256317.1(TMPRSS3):c.[413C>A];[413C>A 6PRG4c 3756dup3756dup NM_005807.6PRG4c.3756dup3756dup NM0058076 NM_005807. 00580 NM_005807.6(PRG4):c.[3756dup]:[3756dup (CACP CT NM000071 NM_000071 0000 TMPRSSc AC NM001256317 NM_001256317 0012563 PRGc dupdup NM005807 NM_005807 0058 NM00007 NM_00007 000 NM00125631 NM_00125631 001256 NM00580 NM_00580 005 NM0000 NM_0000 00 NM0012563 NM_0012563 00125 NM0058 NM_0058 NM000 NM_000 0 NM001256 NM_001256 0012 NM005 NM_005 NM00 NM_00 NM00125 NM_00125 001 NM0 NM_0 NM0012 NM_0012 NM_ NM001 NM_001

Resumo Antecedentes A fenilcetonúria (PKU) é um erro inato do metabolismo causado pela atividade deficiente da fenilalanina hidroxilase. No Brasil, o Programa Nacional de Triagem Neonatal permite o tratamento precoce de pacientes com PKU, o que os impede de desenvolver danos neurológicos e deficiências intelectuais graves. No entanto, já foi descrito que de 20 a 30% dos pacientes tratados precocemente com PKU apresentam déficits cognitivos focais, incluindo déficits na memória de trabalho, velocidade de processamento e sintomas psiquiátricos como ansiedade, depressão e Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH). Neste sentido, testes neuropsiquiátricos e cognitivos são componentes importantes no cuidado destes pacientes. Atualmente, não existe um compêndio científico ou recomendações de ferramentas validadas em português para avaliar a saúde mental em pacientes brasileiros com PKU. Objetivo Recomendar ferramentas validadas localmente para avaliar a qualidade de vida e aspectos neuropsicológicos de pacientes com PKU. Métodos Seis especialistas brasileiros discutiram as ferramentas mais apropriadas com base em suas experiências clínicas, a viabilidade de realizar as avaliações na rotina clínica, e o acesso às ferramentas na saúde pública. Antes da reunião, foi realizada uma revisão independente da literatura para identificar as ferramentas validadas no Brasil, utilizando as bases de dados MEDLINE e Scielo. Resultados Os especialistas recomendaram nove ferramentas para avaliar a qualidade de vida (Peds-QL, SF-36 ou WHOQOL-bref), função executiva (BRIEF ou Bayley-III), QI (SONR 2½-7[a] ou WASI) e TDAH (MTA-SNAP-IV e ASRS). Conclusões Estes instrumentos podem ser facilmente incorporados na prática clínica e melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados multidisciplinares dos pacientes com PKU. (PKU hidroxilase Brasil graves entanto 2 30 focais trabalho ansiedade TDAH. . (TDAH) sentido Atualmente clínicas pública reunião Scielo PedsQL, PedsQL Peds QL, QL (Peds-QL SF36 SF 36 SF-3 WHOQOLbref, WHOQOLbref WHOQOL bref , WHOQOL-bref) BRIEF BayleyIII, BayleyIII Bayley III Bayley-III) SONR 2½7a 2½ 7 2½-7[a WASI MTASNAPIV MTA SNAP IV ASRS. ASRS ASRS) 3 (TDAH SF3 SF- WHOQOL-bref Bayley-III

Abstract Background Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism caused by deficient activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase. In Brazil, the National Neonatal Screening Program enables early treatment of patients with PKU, which prevents them from developing severe neurological damage and mental disabilities. However, between 20 and 30% of early-treated patients with PKU present focal cognitive deficits, including deficits in working memory, processing speed, and psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, age-specific neuropsychiatric and cognitive tests are important components of PKU patient care. To date, there are no officially approved guidelines or recommendations of tools in Portuguese validated for use in Brazil that could be applied to assess these parameters in patients with PKU. Objective To recommend tools validated for use in Brazil that can be used in daily clinical practice to assess quality of life and neuropsychological outcomes in patients with PKU. Methods Six Brazilian experts discussed about eligible tools based on their clinical experience, the feasibility of their use in clinical routines, and their availability in public health services. Before the meeting, an independent review of the literature was conducted to identify the currently validated tools in Brazil, using the MEDLINE and SciELO databases. Results The experts recommended nine tools to assess quality of life (Peds-QL, SF-36 or WHOQOL-bref), executive function (BRIEF or Bayley-III), IQ (SONR 2½-7[a] or WASI) and ADHD (MTA-SNAP-IV and ASRS). Conclusions These instruments may be easily incorporated into clinical practice and improve the quality of multidisciplinary care of patients with PKU. (PKU hydroxylase disabilities However 2 30 earlytreated treated memory speed anxiety depression ADHD. . (ADHD) Therefore agespecific age specific date experience routines services meeting databases PedsQL, PedsQL Peds QL, QL (Peds-QL SF36 SF 36 SF-3 WHOQOLbref, WHOQOLbref WHOQOL bref , WHOQOL-bref) BRIEF BayleyIII, BayleyIII Bayley III Bayley-III) SONR 2½7a a 2½ 7 2½-7[a WASI MTASNAPIV MTA SNAP IV ASRS. ASRS ASRS) 3 (ADHD SF3 SF- WHOQOL-bref Bayley-III

Abstract Mucolipidosis II and III (MLII and MLIII) are autosomal recessive diseases caused by pathogenic variants in GNPTAB and GNPTG genes that lead to defects in GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase. This enzyme adds mannose 6-phosphate residues to lysosomal hydrolases, which allows enzymes to enter lysosomes. Defective GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase causes substrate accumulation and inflammation. These diseases have no treatment, and we hypothesized that the use of substrate reduction therapy and immunomodulation may be beneficial at the cell level and as a future therapeutic approach. Fibroblasts from two patients with MLIII alpha/beta and 2 patients with MLIII gamma as well as from one healthy control were treated with 10 µM miglustat, 20 µM genistein, and 20 µM thalidomide independently. ELISA assay and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy were used to evaluate the presence of heparan sulfate (HS) and the impact on substrate accumulation. ELISA assay showed HS reduction in all patients with the different treatments used (p=0.05). HS reduction was also observed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Our study produced encouraging results, since the reduction in substrate accumulation, even partial, may offer benefits to the phenotype of patients with inborn errors of metabolism. MLII GlcNAc1phosphotransferase. GlcNAc1phosphotransferase GlcNAcphosphotransferase GlcNAc 1 phosphotransferase. phosphotransferase 6phosphate phosphate 6 hydrolases lysosomes inflammation treatment approach alphabeta alpha beta miglustat genistein independently (HS p=0.05. p005 p p=0.05 . 0 05 (p=0.05) results partial metabolism p00 p=0.0 (p=0.05 p0 p=0. (p=0.0 p=0 (p=0. p= (p=0 (p= (p

RESUMO Objetivo analisar os resultados de um instrumento que se propõe a auxiliar na identificação das dificuldades alimentares em crianças com Fenilcetonúria (PKU), em comparação a crianças sem a doença. Método estudo transversal, controlado, com amostra de conveniência composta por pacientes com PKU e por indivíduos hígidos, equiparados por idade e sexo. O convite para participação no estudo foi feito por meio de divulgação da pesquisa nas redes sociais. As respostas foram fornecidas pelos responsáveis, sendo que 46 controles e 28 pacientes participaram. Além desses, 13 responsáveis por pacientes em acompanhamento em um Ambulatório de Tratamento de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo foram convidados por ligação telefônica, sendo que 12 aceitaram o convite. Todos os participantes responderam a Escala Brasileira de Alimentação Infantil (EBAI) de forma eletrônica. Resultados foram incluídos no estudo 86 participantes, sendo 40 pacientes (mediana de idade, 2 anos; intervalo interquartil (IQR) = 2 - 4) e 46 controles (mediana de idade, 3,5 anos; IQR = 2 - 5,25). Dez (25%) pacientes e 13 (28,3%) controles apresentaram resultados compatíveis com dificuldades alimentares, demonstrando uma frequência semelhante entre os grupos. O estudo observou que os pacientes com PKU apresentaram menos autonomia alimentar (p = 0,005), foram menos amamentados (p = 0,002) e usaram mais mamadeira que os controles (p = 0,028). Conclusão a frequência de dificuldades alimentares referidas pelos cuidadores foi semelhante entre os grupos, porém as crianças com PKU demonstraram menos autonomia para se alimentar, foram menos amamentadas e usaram mais mamadeira quando comparadas com as crianças sem a doença. PKU, , (PKU) doença transversal controlado hígidos sexo sociais 4 participaram desses 1 telefônica EBAI (EBAI eletrônica 8 mediana anos (IQR 35 3 5 3, 5,25. 525 5,25 . 25 5,25) 25% (25% 28,3% 283 (28,3% grupos p 0,005, 0005 0,005 0 005 0,005) 0,002 0002 002 0,028. 0028 0,028 028 0,028) (PKU 52 5,2 (25 28,3 (28,3 000 0,00 00 0,02 02 5, (2 28, (28, 0,0 ( (28 0,

ABSTRACT Purpose to analyze the results of an instrument that aims to assist in the identification of feeding difficulties in children with Phenylketonuria (PKU), compared to children without the disease. Methods cross-sectional, controlled study with a convenience sample composed of patients with PKU and healthy individuals, matched for age and sex. The invitation to participate in the study was made through the dissemination of the research on social networks. The answers were provided by the guardians, 46 controls and 28 patients agreed to participate. In addition to these, 13 guardians of patients being followed up at an Outpatient Clinic for the Treatment of Inborn Errors of Metabolism were invited by phone call, and 12 accepted the invitation. All participants answered the Brazilian Infant Feeding Scale (in Portuguese Escala Brasileira de Alimentação Infantil (EBAI)) electronically. Results the study included 86 participants, 40 patients (median of age = 2 years; interquartile range (IQR) = 2 - 4) and 46 controls (median of age = 3.5 years; IQR = 2 - 5.25). Ten (25%) patients and 13 (28.3%) controls had suspicion of feeding difficulties, demonstrating a similar frequency of feeding difficulties between groups. The study found that PKU patients had less feed autonomy (p = 0.005), were less breastfed (p = 0.002) and used more baby’s bottle than controls (p = 0.028). Conclusion the frequency of feeding difficulties reported by caregivers was similar between the comparison groups, but children with PKU had less feed autonomy, were less breastfed and used more baby’s bottles when compared to children without the disease. PKU, , (PKU) disease crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional individuals sex networks 4 these 1 call EBAI (EBAI) electronically 8 median years (IQR 35 3 5 3. 5.25. 525 5.25 . 25 5.25) 25% (25% 28.3% 283 (28.3% groups p 0.005, 0005 0.005 0 005 0.005) 0.002 0002 002 babys baby s 0.028. 0028 0.028 028 0.028) (PKU (EBAI 52 5.2 (25 28.3 (28.3 000 0.00 00 0.02 02 5. (2 28. (28. 0.0 ( (28 0.

Abstract Hyperhomocysteinemia and vitamin B12 deficiency have been reported in patients with phenylketonuria. In this study, total homocysteine (tHcy) and methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels were analyzed in samples from 25 phenylketonuria (PKU) patients. Comparisons were made between pre- and post-treatment values (n= 3); on treatment values, between periods with high and normal/low phenylalanine (Phe) levels (n= 20); and in women before, during and after pregnancy (n= 3). THcy levels decreased after treating PKU with metabolic formula (p=0.014). Except for a pregnant woman before pregnancy, none of the patients had tHcy values above the normal range. In fact, tHcy was < 5 μmol/L in 34% of the samples. We observed a decrease in Phe, tHcy, and tyrosine levels during pregnancy. MMA levels did not differ significantly, with values remaining in the normal range. These data indicate that there was no B12 deficiency in patients who adhere to the diet. In conclusion, in PKU patients treated with metabolic formula, tHcy is frequently not elevated, remaining even in the lower normal range in some patients. Thus, clinical follow-up and adherence to dietary treatment are crucial to prevent B12 deficiency. B B1 study (tHcy (MMA 2 (PKU pre posttreatment post n= n (n 3 3) normallow low Phe (Phe 20 20) 3. . p=0.014. p0014 p p=0.014 0 014 (p=0.014) fact μmolL μmol L 34 significantly diet conclusion elevated Thus followup follow up p001 p=0.01 01 (p=0.014 p00 p=0.0 (p=0.01 p0 p=0. (p=0.0 p=0 (p=0. p= (p=0 (p= (p

Abstract Reduced biotinidase activity is associated with a spectrum of deficiency ranging from total deficiency to heterozygous levels, a finding that is not always explained by the pathogenic variants observed in the BTD gene. The investigation of miRNAs, regulatory elements and variants in the 3’UTR region may present relevance in understanding the genotype-phenotype association. The aims of the study were to characterize the regulatory elements of the 3’UTR of the BTD gene and identify variants and miRNAs which may explain the discrepancies observed between genotype and biochemical phenotype. We evaluated 92 individuals with reduced biotinidase activity (level of heterozygotes = 33, borderline = 35, partial DB = 20 or total DB= 4) with previously determined BTD genotype. The 3’UTR of the BTD gene was Sanger sequenced. In silico analysis was performed to identify miRNAs and regulatory elements. No variants were found in the 3’UTR. We found 97 possible miRNAs associated with the BTD gene, 49 predicted miRNAs involved in the alanine, biotin, citrate and pyruvate metabolic pathways and 5 genes involved in biotin metabolism. Six AU-rich elements were found. Our data suggest variants in the 3'UTR of BTD do not explain the genotype-phenotype discrepancies found in Brazilian individuals with reduced biotinidase.

Abstract Gaucher disease (GD) is one of the most common lysosomal disorders, occurring in approximately 1 in 40,000 live births worldwide. Since 2014 enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with taliglucerase alfa has been the treatment of choice for adult patients with GD in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of taliglucerase alfa in a cohort of Brazilian patients treated at a referral center for inborn errors of metabolism. All patients who received at least one infusion of the enzyme at the study center were considered eligible to participate. Patients were followed for adverse reactions and events throughout the study period. Platelets, hemoglobin, chitotriosidase activity, bone marrow burden (BMB) score, bone mineral density, and the severity score index (SSI) were analyzed. For patients who were switched to taliglucerase alfa from imiglucerase, the same variables were compared before and after the switch. At 9-year follow-up, all parameters of interest had remained stable or improved. The overall rate of adverse events was lower than in other studies that evaluated long-term ERT with taliglucerase, and no serious adverse events were considered related to treatment. Based on our findings, ERT with taliglucerase alfa is an effective and safe approach for treatment of patients with GD.

ABSTRACT Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder caused by a disturbance in the metabolism of glucocerebroside in the macrophages. Most of its manifestations – hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and bone pain – are amenable to a macrophage-target therapy such as enzyme replacement. However, there is increasing evidence that abnormalities of the liver persist despite the specific GD treatment. In this work, we adapted histomorphometry techniques to the study of hepatocytes in GD using liver tissue of treated patients, developing the first morphometrical method for canalicular quantification in immunohistochemistry-stained liver biopsies, and exploring histomorphometric characteristics of GD. This is the first histomorphometric technique developed for canalicular analysis on histological liver biopsy samples.

Abstract Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) deficiency is a rare inborn error of fructose metabolism caused by pathogenic variants in the FBP1 gene. As gluconeogenesis is affected, catabolic episodes can induce ketotic hypoglycemia in patients. FBP1 analysis is the most commonly used approach for the diagnosis of this disorder. Herein, a Brazilian patient is reported. The proband, a girl born to a consanguineous couple, presented with severe hypoglycemia crisis in the neonatal period. At the age 17 months, presented a new crisis accompanied by metabolic acidosis associated with a feverish episode. Genetic analysis was performed by next-generation sequencing (NGS), identifying the NM_000507.3:c.611_614del variant in homozygosis in the FBP1 gene. In silico analysis and 3D modeling were performed, suggesting that this variant is associated with a loss of sites for substrate and Mg2+ binding and for posttranslational modifications of FBPase. The c.611_614del variant is located in a repetitive region of the FBP1 gene that appears to be a hotspot for mutational events. This frameshift creates a premature termination codon in the last coding exon which escapes the nonsense-mediated decay mechanism, according to in silico analysis. This variant results in an intrinsically disordered protein with loss of substrate recognition and post-translational modification sites.

RESUMO Objetivo verificar a eficácia da fonoterapia no retorno precoce da via oral em pacientes com disfagia pós-intubação orotraqueal. Métodos Ensaio clínico controlado, randomizado, duplo-cego, realizado por dois anos com pacientes de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital. Os critérios de inclusão foram intubação orotraqueal>48 horas, idade ≥18 anos, estabilidade clínica e disfagia. Foram excluídos pacientes com traqueotomia, 4 a 7 pontos na Escala Funcional de Ingestão Oral (FOIS), distúrbios neurológicos. Os pacientes foram randomizados para grupo tratado (GT) ou grupo controle (GC) (dez dias de acompanhamento). O GT recebeu orientações, técnicas e manobras terapêuticas, exercícios vocais e miofuncionais orofaciais, introdução da dieta por via oral; o GC recebeu tratamento SHAM. Os desfechos foram progressão da ingestão oral, gravidade da disfagia e via alternativa de alimentação. Resultados Inicialmente foram avaliados 240 pacientes, desses 40 (16,6%) apresentaram disfagia. Trinta e dois pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão e 17 (53%) receberam terapia fonoaudiológica. A permanência da alimentação por sonda foi menor no GT (mediana de 3 dias) em comparação ao GC (mediana de 10 dias) (p=0.004). O tamanho do efeito da intervenção sobre o tempo de permanência com sonda nasoentéroica foi estatisticametne significativo entre os grupos (Cohen's d=1.21). O GT apresentou progresso nos escores FOIS em comparação ao GC (p=0.005). O GT também teve uma progressão nos níveis de gravidade do PARD (de disfagia moderada a leve) (p<0.001). Conclusão A terapia fonoaudiológica favorece uma progressão precoce da ingestão oral em pacientes pós-intubação com disfagia. Registro de Ensaio Clínico: RBR-9829jk.

ABSTRACT Purpose to verify the efficacy of speech therapy in the early return of oral intake in patients with post-orotracheal intubation dysphagia. Methods It was a double-blinded randomized controlled trial for two years with patients of intensive care units of a hospital. Study inclusion criteria were orotracheal intubation>48hours, age≥18 years old, clinical stability, and dysphagia. Exclusion criteria were tracheotomy, score 4 to 7 in the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), neurological disorders. Patients were randomized into speech treatment or control group (ten days of follow-up). The treated group (TG) received guidance, therapeutic techniques, airway protection and maneuvers, orofacial myofunctional and vocal exercises, diet introduction; the control group (CG) received SHAM treatment. Primary outcomes were oral intake progression, dysphagia severity, and tube feeding permanence. Results In the initial period of study, 240 patients were assessed and 40 (16.6%) had dysphagia. Of this, 32 patients met the inclusion criteria, and 17 (53%) received speech therapy. Tube feeding permanence was shorter in TG (median of 3 days) compared to CG (median of 10 days) (p=0.004). The size effect of the intervention on tube feeding permanence was statistically significant between groups (Cohen's d=1.21). TG showed progress on FOIS scores compared to CG (p=0.005). TG also had a progression in severity levels of Dysphagia protocol (from moderate to mild dysphagia) (p<0.001). Conclusion Speech therapy favors an early progression of oral intake in post-intubation patients with dysphagia. Clinical Trial Registration: RBR-9829jk.

Resumo Objetivos: Caracterizar os casos com suspeita de CDG investigados em laboratório do sul do Brasil pelo exame de IEFTF de 2008 a 2017. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, transversal, retrospectivo. Foram revisadas as fichas laboratoriais de 1.546 indivíduos (mediana de idade = 36 meses, IQ 25-75 = 10-108; sexo masculino = 810) que fizeram o exame de IEFTF no período. Resultados: Cinquenta e um indivíduos (3%) apresentaram padrão alterado na IEFTF (5 ± 2,8 casos/ano; mediana de idade = 24 meses, IQ 25-75 = 11-57 meses; sexo masculino = 27, 53%). Para 14 deles, estavam disponíveis dados sobre a conclusão do diagnóstico (galactosemia clássica = 4; intolerância hereditária à frutose = 4; doenças peroxissomais = 2; PMM2-CDG = 2; MPDU1-CDG = 1; SLC35A2-CDG = 1). Comparando os casos com padrão normal e alterado na IEFTF, houve maior prevalência de casos alterados na faixa etária de 11 meses a 3 anos. Verificou-se um aumento na probabilidade de alteração na IEFTF principalmente na presença de mamilos invertidos ou de hepatopatia. Conclusões: Os nossos dados sugerem que a investigação de um caso com suspeita de CDG é complexa, é agravada pela existência de outros EIM associados a padrão alterado na IEFTF e pela falta de acesso a exames confirmatórios. A presença principalmente de mamilos invertidos e de hepatopatia em indivíduos na faixa etária de 11 meses a 3 anos deve sugerir a necessidade de investigação por IEFTF. Objetivos 200 2017 Metodologia observacional transversal retrospectivo 1546 1 546 1.54 2575 25 75 25-7 10108 10 108 10-108 810 período Resultados 3% (3% 5 ( 28 2 8 2, casos/ano casosano ano 1157 57 11-5 27 53%. 53 53% . 53%) deles galactosemia 4 PMM2CDG PMMCDG PMM2 PMM MPDU1CDG MPDUCDG MPDU1 MPDU SLC35A2CDG SLCACDG SLC35A2 SLC 1. 1) Verificouse Verificou se Conclusões complexa confirmatórios 20 201 154 54 1.5 257 7 25- 1010 10-10 81 (3 115 11- SLCA SLC35A 15 101 10-1 10-

Abstract Objectives: To characterize cases of suspected congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) investigated in a laboratory in southern Brazil using the transferrin isoelectric focusing TfIEF test from 2008 to 2017. Method: Observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study. The laboratory records of 1,546 individuals (median age = 36 months, 25–75 IQR = 10–108; males = 810) submitted to the TfIEF test during the period were reviewed. Results: Fifty-one individuals (3%) had an altered TfIEF pattern (5 ± 2.8 cases/year; median age = 24 months, 25–75 IQR = 11–57 months; males = 27, 53%). For 14 of them, data on diagnosis conclusion were available (classic galactosemia = 4; hereditary fructose intolerance = 4; peroxisomal diseases = 2; PMM2-CDG = 2; MPDU1-CDG = 1; SLC35A2-CDG = 1).Comparing the cases with the normal and altered TfIEF patterns, there was a higher prevalence of altered cases in the age group from 11 months to 3 years. There was an increase in the likelihood of change in TfIEF, especially in the presence of inverted nipples or liver disease. Conclusions: The data suggest that the investigation of a case with suspected CDG is a complex problem, being aggravated by the existence of other IEMs (inborn errors of metabolism) associated with altered TfIEF pattern and lack of access to confirmatory tests. The presence of inverted nipples and liver disease, especially in individuals aged 11 months to 3 years, should suggest the need for TfIEF investigation. Objectives (CDG 200 2017 Method Observational crosssectional, crosssectional cross sectional, sectional cross-sectional study 1546 1 546 1,54 2575 25 75 25–7 10–108 10108 10 108 810 reviewed Results Fiftyone Fifty one 3% (3% 5 ( 28 2 8 2. cases/year casesyear year 1157 57 11–5 27 53%. 53 53% . 53%) them classic 4 PMM2CDG PMMCDG PMM2 PMM MPDU1CDG MPDUCDG MPDU1 MPDU SLC35A2CDG SLCACDG SLC35A2 SLC A 1.Comparing 1Comparing Comparing .Comparing patterns years disease Conclusions problem inborn metabolism tests 20 201 154 54 1,5 257 7 25– 10–10 1010 81 (3 115 11– SLCA SLC35A 15 1, 10–1 101 10–

Abstract Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by deficient activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), responsible for the conversion of phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine (Tyr). Monitoring of patients with PKU requires the measurement of Phe in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or in dried blood spots (DBS) using different techniques to adjust treatment strategy. The objective of this study was to evaluate Phe levels in DBS measured by two different methods and compare them with Phe levels measured in plasma by HPLC. We analyzed 89 blood samples from 47 PKU patients by two different methods: fluorometric method developed in-house (method A) and the commercially available PerkinElmer® Neonatal Phenylalanine Kit (method B) and in plasma by HPLC. The mean Phe levels by method A, method B, and HPLC were 430.4±39.9μmol/L, 439.3±35.4μmol/L, and 442.2±41.6μmol/L, respectively. The correlation values between HPLC and methods A and B were 0.990 and 0.974, respectively (p < 0.001 for both). Our data suggest that methods A and B are useful alternatives for monitoring Phe levels in patients with PKU, with method A being in closer agreement with the reference standard (HPLC).

Abstract Genetic homocystinurias are a group of inborn errors of metabolism that result in the massive excretion of homocysteine (Hcy) in the urine due to Hcy accumulation in the body, usually causing neurological and cardiovascular complications. The three most frequent causes are classical homocystinuria [deficiency of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS)], methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria, cblC type (cblC deficiency) and severe methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) deficiency. In this review, we highlight the similarities and differences among these disorders. Briefly, their joint manifestation is the accumulation of tHcy, however, the other sulfur amino acids show various and even invers profiles. Vascular disease, developmental delay and seizures are found in all homocystinurias, nevertheless, the complications of CNS differ in a wide variety of presentations and severities and are apparently less pronounced in CBS deficiency. Moreover, patients with remethylation defects typically do not present ectopia lentis and bone disturbances, tall stature and osteoporosis. Whereas hematological alterations, such as megaloblastic anemia, thrombocytopenia neutropenia and life-threatening microangiopathy, are specific findings of cblC deficiency.

Abstract Brazil is a country of continental dimensions and most genetic services are concentrated in the Southeast and South, including the Medical Genetics Service of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (MGS/HCPA). As many areas on the country do not have adequate medical genetics support, networks were designed to extend the service of the MGS/HCPA reference center. This paper presents the information and diagnosis networks that have their headquarters at MGS/HCPA: SIAT (National Information System on Teratogenic Agents), SIEM (Information Service on Inborn Errors of Metabolism), Alô Genética (Hello Genetics - Medical Genetics Information Service for Primary Health Care Professionals); Rede MPS Brasil (MPS-Mucopolysaccharidosis Brazil Network); Rede EIM Brasil (IEM-Inborn Errors of Metabolism Brazil Network), Rede NPC Brasil (Niemann-Pick C - NPC Brazil Network), Rede DLD Brasil (LSD-Lysosomal Storage Disorders Brazil Network), Rede DXB (MSUD-Maple Syrup Urine Disease Network), RedeBRIM (Brazilian Network of Reference and Information in Microdeletion Syndromes Project), Rede Neurogenética (Neurogenetics Network), and Rede Brasileira de Câncer Hereditário (Brazilian Hereditary Cancer Network). These tools are very useful to provide access to a qualified information and/or diagnostic service for specialized and non-specialized health services, bypassing difficulties that preclude patients to access reference centers.

Abstract Research into the influence of the microbiome on the human body has been shedding new light on diseases long known to be multifactorial, such as obesity, mood disorders, autism, and inflammatory bowel disease. Although inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are monogenic diseases, genotype alone is not enough to explain the wide phenotypic variability observed in patients with these conditions. Genetics and diet exert a strong influence on the microbiome, and diet is used (alone or as an adjuvant) in the treatment of many IEMs. This review will describe how the effects of the microbiome on the host can interfere with IEM phenotypes through interactions with organs such as the liver and brain, two of the structures most commonly affected by IEMs. The relationships between treatment strategies for some IEMs and the microbiome will also be addressed. Studies on the microbiome and its influence in individuals with IEMs are still incipient, but are of the utmost importance to elucidating the phenotypic variety observed in these conditions.