Abstract We surveyed insect galls and their host plants in areas of Caatinga and Cerrado in the municipality of Rio de Contas, in the extreme south of the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia state), between 703 and 1,897 m altitude, in order to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of local biodiversity. The survey was conducted in eight locations, adopting the random walking methodology for sampling, four in Caatinga and four in Cerrado, covering distinct phytophysiognomies (cerrado sensu stricto, gallery forest, shrubby caatinga, riparian forest, and rocky field). Eighty-four different insect gall morphotypes were reported, 48 (57.14%) of them on 42 host species in Cerrado and 36 (42.86%) on 24 host species in Caatinga. Most galls occurred on leaves (48.72%) and were globoid (53.76%), glabrous (52.92%), isolated (55.44%), usually one-chambered (61.32%), and brown (25.2%). The gall-inducing insects identified belonged to Lepidoptera (n = 1), Thysanoptera (n = 1), Hemiptera (n = 2), and Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) (n = 16). This was the first inventory of galls in the Chapada Diamantina, so all records are new for the region. We also recorded the first occurrences of galls on two Cerrado plant species and on two in the Caatinga. We found a significant positive correlation between gall richness and plant species richness, suggesting that radiation of gall-inducing insects may be associated with plant species richness. Contas Bahia state, state , state) 70 1897 1 897 1,89 altitude biodiversity locations sampling cerrado stricto forest caatinga field. field . field) Eightyfour Eighty reported 4 57.14% 5714 57 14 (57.14% 3 42.86% 4286 86 (42.86% 2 48.72% 4872 72 (48.72% 53.76%, 5376 53.76% 53 76 (53.76%) 52.92%, 5292 52.92% 52 92 (52.92%) 55.44%, 5544 55.44% 55 44 (55.44%) onechambered one chambered 61.32%, 6132 61.32% 61 32 (61.32%) 25.2%. 252 25.2% 25 (25.2%) gallinducing inducing n 1, 1) 2, 2) Cecidomyiidae (Cecidomyiidae 16. 16 16) region 7 189 89 1,8 57.14 571 5 (57.14 42.86 428 8 (42.86 48.72 487 (48.72 537 53.76 (53.76% 529 52.92 9 (52.92% 554 55.44 (55.44% 613 61.32 6 (61.32% 25.2 (25.2% 18 57.1 (57.1 42.8 (42.8 48.7 (48.7 53.7 (53.76 52.9 (52.92 55.4 (55.44 61.3 (61.32 25. (25.2 57. (57. 42. (42. 48. (48. 53. (53.7 52. (52.9 55. (55.4 61. (61.3 (25. (57 (42 (48 (53. (52. (55. (61. (25 (5 (4 (53 (52 (55 (61 (2 ( (6

Abstract Conservation Units (CUs) tend to have a high richness of herbivorous insects, including gall-inducing insects. Despite this, gall surveys carried out in these environments are punctual and some units have never had their galls investigated, such as the Chapada Diamantina National Park, Bahia (Chapada Diamantina Parna). Aiming to reduce this gap and contribute to future studies in CUs, this study aimed to survey the galls of the Chapada Diamantina Parna, Lençóis, as well as to investigate trends in research on galls in CUs in Brazil. For that, collections were carried out on monthly trips for one year. Published gall surveys were compiled. A total of 107 morphotypes induced in 88 host species were recorded. Most galls are formed in leaves, globoid in shape, green in color, and induced by Cecidomyiidae. This park has a relatively high richness of galls compared to other CUs, demonstrating its importance in the conservation of gall-inducing insects. The results also revealed that the number of surveys has been increasing over the years and that the Southeast concentrates the largest number of studies, a region that also gathers the largest number of specialists, demonstrating a geographic bias in the data. (CUs insects gallinducing inducing investigated Park Parna. Parna . Parna) Lençóis Brazil year compiled 10 8 recorded leaves shape color Cecidomyiidae specialists data 1

Abstract The shape of the galls can be adjusted by factors such as natural enemies and climatic conditions to which the galls are subjected. Studies that evaluate the climatic regime as a possible driver of the morphology of galls are scarce and do not consider Neotropical systems. To fill this knowledge gap, this study evaluated the influence of seasonality on the morphology of Cecidomyiidae galls induced on Myrcia neoobscura (Myrtaceae) growing in the Cerrado of Bahia. A total of 270 galls were sampled during the dry and rainy seasons. The average monthly precipitation was obtained. The galls were refrigerated, weighed, and measured within 72 h of collection. The average weight of the galls ranged from 0.106 g to 0.780 g; while, the volume ranged from 35.07 mm3 to 726.70 mm3 and the surface area from 20.03 mm2 to 719.57 mm2. The average weight, volume, and surface area of galls were approximately 50% higher during the rainy season than during the dry season. These three variables were also positively related to average precipitation. These results support the hypothesis that seasonality may contribute to the observed variation in the final shape of galls on a local scale. subjected systems gap Myrtaceae (Myrtaceae Bahia 27 seasons obtained refrigerated weighed 7 collection 0106 0 106 0.10 0780 780 0.78 while 3507 35 07 35.0 mm 72670 726 70 726.7 2003 20 03 20.0 71957 719 57 719.5 50 scale 2 010 10 0.1 078 78 0.7 350 3 35. 7267 726. 200 20. 7195 71 5 719. 01 1 0.

Resumen Este artículo presenta una reflexión y discusión sistematizada en torno a dos ejes orientadores: en el primero, se habla sobre el envejecimiento y las vulnerabilidades a las pérdidas biológicas, físicas, cognitivas, sociales y afectivas que requieren atención específica, y, así mismo, sobre las vulnerabilidades a COVID-19 a las que están expuestos los ancianos institucionalizados; en el segundo eje, se reflexiona sobre la adopción de medidas restrictivas y de protección para prevenir la propagación del virus con el objetivo de mantener la salud del anciano y mitigar los efectos de la pandemia. La conclusión es que esta ha incrementado las numerosas vulnerabilidades a las que ya estaban expuestas las personas mayores institucionalizadas, agregando, además, la vulnerabilidad a una enfermedad nueva como es el COVID-19, debido a la alta letalidad y comorbilidad que representa, la cual, es agravada por la precariedad de las instituciones brasileñas de larga estancia debido a la negligencia de las autoridades públicas, la sociedad civil, la gerencia de la institución y las familias de los pacientes. El escenario post-pandemia requerirá esfuerzos colectivos para proteger y garantizar la supervivencia de los ancianos que viven en estas residencias.

Abstract This article presents a systematized reflection and discussion around two guiding axes: the first discusses aging and vulnerabilities to biological, physical, cognitive, social and affective losses that require specific attention, as well as vulnerabilities to COVID-19 to which institutionalized elderly people are exposed; the second, we reflect on the adoption of restrictive and protective measures to prevent the spread of the virus, aiming to keep the elder health and mitigate the effects of the pandemic. The conclusion is that the pandemic has increased the many vulnerabilities to which institutionalized older people were already exposed, adding vulnerability to a new disease, such as COVID-19, due to its high lethality and comorbidity, aggravated by precariousness of long-term Brazilian institutions due to the negligence of public authorities, civil society, the management of the institution and the families of the patients. The post-pandemic scenario will require collective efforts to protect and ensure the survival of the elderly living in those residences.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão sistematizada e discussão em torno de dois eixos orientadores: o primeiro discute o envelhecimento e vulnerabilidades a perdas biológicas, físicas, cognitivas, sociais e afetivas que requerem atenção específica, bem como vulnerabilidades à COVID-19 a que os idosos institucionalizados são expostos; e na segunda, refletimos sobre a adoção de medidas restritivas e protetivas para prevenir a propagação do vírus, com o objetivo de manter a saúde dos idosos e mitigar os efeitos da pandemia. A conclusão é que a pandemia aumentou as muitas vulnerabilidades às quais os idosos institucionalizados já estavam expostos, agregando vulnerabilidade a uma nova doença, como a COVID-19, devido à alta letalidade e comorbidade que representa, agravada pela precariedade das instituições brasileiras de longo prazo devido à negligência do poder público, da sociedade civil, da gestão da instituição e das famílias dos pacientes. O cenário pós-pandemia exigirá esforços coletivos para proteger e garantir a sobrevivência dos idosos que vivem nessas residências.

Abstract This study inventoried and characterized the richness of galling insects based on gall morphotypes and their host plants in two Cerrado sensu stricto areas of Caetité municipality in Bahia State, Brazil, to aid the identification of galling insects and their host plants, as well as to contribute to the knowledge and conservation of local biodiversity. The survey was conducted in the Moita dos Porcos archaeological site and João Barroca Farm site, adopting the random walking methodology for sampling, during 12 months. We recorded 98 gall morphotypes on 42 plant species belonging to 36 genera and 22 families. Leguminosae, Malpighiaceae and Myrtaceae demonstrated the greatest richness of galls, and the Copaifera langsdorffii was the super-host species, with 16 gall morphotypes. Most galls occur on leaves, and may be globoid, glabrous, grouped, and are usually unilocular, and brown. The galling insects identified belonged to Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera. Eight plant host species and eight gall morphotypes were recorded for the first time in Cerrado areas in Brazil. The areas surveyed demonstrated high richness of gall morphotypes and host plants, evidencing the importance of studying and preserving different areas of the same biome.

Abstract We surveyed 58 scientific articles published between 1987 and 2018 to evaluate the representative nature of the Fabaceae as hosts of insect galls in Brazil, and to gain a better understanding of the interactions between gall-inducing insects and plants and the evolutionary ecology of those insects and their plant hosts. A total of 438 gall morphotypes were reported as being generated by gall-inducing insects on 178 Fabaceae host species belonging to five subfamilies Caesalpinioideae (22 genera and 79 spp.), Cercidoideae (1 genus and 11 spp.), Detarioideae (6 genera and 17 spp.), Dialioideae (2 genera and 2 spp.), and Papilionoideae (26 genera and 69 spp.). The plant host genera demonstrating the greatest richness of gall-inducing insects were Inga, Bauhinia, and Copaifera; the super-host species were Copaifera langsdorffii, Bauhinia brevipes, and Copaifera sabulicola. Most of the galls were observed on leaves; they were mostly globoid, green, glabrous, isolated, and unilocular. The principal gall inducers belonged to Cecidomyiidae; the associated fauna was represented by Collembola, Coleoptera, Diptera, Formicidae, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Pseudoscorpionida, and Thysanoptera. Fabaceae are the principal super-hosts of galls and one of the most diverse families of angiosperms in Brazil, aggregating evidences for the hypotheses of floristic richness and taxon size.

Resumo Este trabalho consiste em um estudo florístico-taxonômico do clado Mimosoide (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae) realizado no Parque Estadual Mata da Pimenteira, primeira Unidade de Conservação em caatinga do estado de Pernambuco, localizado no município de Serra Talhada. As coletas mensais foram realizadas no período compreendido entre março de 2015 e março de 2016. Foram identificadas 14 espécies (nove gêneros): Anadenanthera colubrina, Chloroleucon dumosum, Desmanthus pernambucanus, Enterolobium timbouva, Mimosa arenosa var. arenosa, M. candollei, M. ophthalmocentra, M. modesta var. ursinoides, M. pigra var. pigra, M. tenuiflora, Neptunia plena, Parapiptadenia zehntneri, Piptadenia stipulacea e Senegalia tenuifolia. Características como número de folíolos, forma e localização de nectários, tipo de inflorescência, morfologia dos frutos e sementes foram essenciais para identificação dos táxons. São apresentados chave de identificação, descrições, comentários de distribuição geográfica e de afinidades taxonômicas das espécies.

Abstract This work consists of a floristic-taxonomic study of the Mimosoid clade (Leguminosae - Caesalpinioideae), carried out in Mata da Pimenteira State Park, the first Conservation Unit in the state of Pernambuco, located in the municipality of Serra Talhada. The collections were monthly and executed during the period from March 2015 to March 2016. There were 14 species distributed in nine genera: Anadenanthera colubrina, Chloroleucon dumosum, Desmanthus pernambucanus, Enterolobium timbouva, Mimosa arenosa var. arenosa, M. candollei, M. ophthalmocentra, M. modesta var. ursinoides, M. pigra var. pigra, M. tenuiflora, Neptunia plena, Parapiptadenia zehntneri, Piptadenia stipulacea e Senegalia tenuifolia. Characteristics such as number of leaflets, shape and location of nectars, type of inflorescence, fruit and seed morphology were essential for the identification of taxa. Key identification, descriptions, comments of geographic distribution and taxonomic affinities of the species are presented.

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta um estudo taxonômico das subfamílias Caesalpinioideae (exceto clado Mimosoide) e Cercidoideae, realizado no Parque Estadual Mata da Pimenteira, localizado no município de Serra Talhada, em Pernambuco. Foram analisados espécimes coletados mensalmente, no período compreendido entre março de 2015 a agosto de 2016. Foram catalogadas 16 espécies distribuídas em um gênero de Cercidoideae, com uma espécie: Bauhinia cheilantha, e seis gêneros de Caesalpinioideae, com 15 espécies: Cenostigma pyramidale, Chamaecrista absus, C. duckeana, C. pilosa var. luxurians, C. rotundifolia, C. supplex, Libidibia ferrea, Parkinsonia aculeata, Pterogyne nitens, Senna macranthera, S. obtusifolia, S. occidentalis, S. spectabilis, S. splendida e S. uniflora. São apresentadas chaves de identificação, descrições, ilustrações, comentários sobre a morfologia e distribuição geográfica de todas espécies.

Abstract This work presents a taxonomic study of the subfamilies Caesalpinioideae (except Mimosoid clade) and Cercidoideae carried out in the State Park of Mata da Pimenteira, located in the municipality of Serra Talhada, in Pernambuco. Specimens were collected monthly in the period from March 2015 to August 2016. A total of 16 species distributed in one genus of Cercidoideae, one species: Bauhinia cheilantha, and six genera in Caesalpinioideae, 15 species: Cenostigma pyramidale, Chamaecrista absus, C. duckeana, C. pilosa var. luxurians, C. rotundifolia, C. supplex, Libidibia ferrea, Parkinsonia aculeata, Pterogyne nitens, Senna macranthera, S. obtusifolia, S. occidentalis, S. spectabilis, S. splendida, and S. uniflora. Identification keys, descriptions, illustrations, comments on the morphology and geographical distribution are presented.

Abstract We surveyed insect galls in an area of Cerrado sensu stricto and Gallery forest in the municipality of Caetité (BA) to contribute to current knowledge of the local flora and its associated gall-inducing insects. Monthly collections were made between February/2015 and January/2016, totaling 12 field campaigns (involving two or three people and lasting four hours) that followed an established path through the countryside. A total of 63 gall morphotypes were identified on 47 host plant species belonging to 22 families; 17 morphotypes were found in the Gallery forest and 46 in Cerrado vegetation. The plant families showing the greatest gall richness were Leguminosae (n=15), Myrtaceae (n=9), and Asteraceae (n=7). The species with the greatest number of galls was Mimosa gemmulata Barneby (Leguminosae) (n=3). Most galls were observed on leaves (66%) and stems (24%); they were mostly green (49.3%) or brown (26%), with globoid shapes (39.7%) or marginal roll (17.4%), and were unilocular (87%), glabrous (62%) and isolated (89%). Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were the principal gall-inducing insects. The associated fauna was principally composed of Hymenoptera. Eight plant taxa were recorded for the first time as hosts of galling fauna.

RESUMO O conhecimento sobre galhas de insetos da Caatinga ainda é fragmentado, com grande parte do esforço científico concentrado em alguns poucos pontos nos estados de Pernambuco e Bahia. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de galhas entomógenas e realizar sua caracterização morfológica em áreas de Caatinga de Ibiassucê, Estado da Bahia, com diferentes intensidades de ação antrópica. Foram selecionadas três áreas com base nos seus diferentes graus de antropização. Em cada área amostrada foram estabelecidas quatro parcelas aleatórias de 10 m2 cada, com 10 m de distância entre si, perfazendo um total de 12 parcelas nos ambientes. Foram registrados 20 morfotipos de galhas distribuídos em nove espécies vegetais pertencentes a oito famílias. A maior riqueza de galhas foi encontrada nas áreas intermediárias (n=8), seguida das áreas antropizadas (n=7) e preservadas (n=5). Galhas globoides, marrons, com apenas uma câmara, glabras e disseminadas separadamente foram as mais frequentes. Lepidoptera, Coleoptera e Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) foram as ordens galhadoras. Os resultados aqui apresentados demonstram a importância desse tipo estudo e evidenciam a necessidade da realização de inventários de galhas em áreas pouco ou não amostradas da Caatinga.

ABSTRACT The current knowledge of insect galls in Caatinga vegetation is still only fragmentary, with most scientific efforts concentrated in only a few areas in the states of Pernambuco and Bahia. In the present study, we characterized morphologically insect galls in areas of Caatinga vegetation showing different degrees of anthropogenic impact in Ibiassucê, state of Bahia. Three sites were selected based on their levels of human disturbance, and four random plots (10 m2 each), separated from each other by 10 m, were then established in each area, for a total of 12 plots. Twenty gall morphotypes were found on nine plant species belonging to eight families. The greatest gall diversity was found in sites showing intermediate levels of anthropogenic impacts (n=8), followed by heavily impacted areas (n=7), and preserved areas (n=5). Globoid galls, brown, with only a single chamber, glabrous, and separately disseminated were the most frequent. Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera (Cecidomyiidae) were the gall-forming insect orders. The results presented here show the importance of this kind of research and the need of inventories of galls in neglected Caatinga areas.

Inventariamos e caracterizamos os tipos de galhas, insetos galhadores e plantas hospedeiras da Serra Geral entre agosto de 2013 a julho de 2014. Duas fitofisionomias, cerrado sensu stricto e de transição caatinga-cerrado, foram examinadas ao longo de trilhas è procura de galhas entomógenas, durante quatro horas por visita, totalizando 48 horas de esforço amostral. Um total de 49 morfotipos de galhas foi encontrado em 14 espécies vegetais pertencentes a 18 gêneros e 13 famílias. Fabaceae e Malpighiaceae foram as famílias botânicas com maior riqueza de galhas, com 22 e 10 morfotipos, respectivamente. Os gêneros de planta hospedeira mais ricos em galhas foram Copaifera L. (n=10), Bauhinia Benth. (n=6) e Mimosa L. (n=4). As galhas foram encontradas em folhas, gemas e caules. A maioria das galhas foram globoides, glabras, isoladas e uniloculares. Os galhadores pertencem ès ordens Coleoptera, Diptera e Lepidoptera, sendo os insetos da família Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) os indutores mais frequentes e diversificados. A fauna associada incluiu parasitoides (Hymenoptera), sucessores (Formicidae, Hymenoptera) e predadores (Pseudoscorpiones), obtidos de 13, dois e um morfotipos de galhas, respectivamente. Cinco táxons de plantas são registrados como hospedeiras de galhas pela primeira vez.

We inventoried and characterized the kinds of gall, gall-inducing insects and host plants from Serra Geral between August 2013 and July 2014. Two phytophysiognomies, cerrado sensu stricto and caatinga-cerrado, were examined monthly along transects during ca. 4 hours per visit, totaling 48 hours of sampling effort. A total of 49 gall morphotypes were found on 14 species of host plants in 18 genera and 13 families. Fabaceae and Malpighiaceae were the families with the most galls, with 22 and 10 gall morphotypes, respectively. The genera of host plant with the greatest richness of galls were Copaifera L. (n=10), Bauhinia Benth. (n=6), and Mimosa L. (n=5). Galls were found on leaves, buds and stems. The majority of the galls were globoid, glabrous, isolated, and one-chambered. The inducers belong to Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera, Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) being the most frequent and diverse gall-inducers. The associated fauna included parasitoids (Hymenoptera), successors (Formicidae), and predators (Pseudoscorpiones), obtained from 13, 2, and 1 gall morphotypes, respectively. Five plant taxa are recorded as hosts of gall-inducing insects for the first time.

Mimosa ser. Leiocarpae, com 31 espécies distribuídas predominantemente em ambientes semiáridos da América do Sul, é a maior série de M. sect. Batocaulon. Muitas das suas espécies são mal definidas, o que é agravado pela ausência de ilustrações para maioria delas e a escassez de coleta de alguns táxons. Apresentamos a revisão taxonômica das espécies de M. ser. Leiocarpae, incluindo descrição, reavaliação nomenclatural e tipificação, delimitação dos táxons, chave de identificação e ilustrações. Foram propostas 11 novas sinonimizações, sete lectotipificação e um novo status, resultando na diminuição do número de espécies de 31 para 28. Além disso, foram complementadas as descrições originais de três espécies e registradas três novas ocorrências, sendo uma para o Brasil, uma para a Bolívia e uma para o Paraguai.

Mimosa ser. Leiocarpae, with c. 31 species found primarily in semi-arid habitats in South America, is the most speciose series of M. sect. Batocaulon. Many of the species are poorly defined, which is aggravated by the lack of illustrations for most species and the scarcity of collection of some taxa. We present a taxonomic revision of the species of M. ser. Leiocarpae, including species descriptions, a re-evaluation of nomenclature and typification, delimitations of taxa, a key to the species, and illustrations. We propose eleven synonymies, seven lectotypifications, and one new status, resulting in fewer species, a change from 31 to 28. Furthermore, we provide supplement additional material for three previous descriptions and three new geographic records, one for Brazil, one for Bolivia and one for Paraguay.

Este trabalho consiste no levantamento florístico do gênero Mimosa L. na APA Serra Branca/Raso da Catarina, localizada no município de Jeremoabo, Bahia. Foram analisados espécimes coletados no período de junho/2010 a outubro/2011 e coleções herborizadas depositadas nos Herbários ALCB, HRB, HUEFS e MBM. Foram registradas 11 espécies, distribuídas em duas seções: Mimosa sect. Batocaulon DC. (Mimosa acutistipula (Mart.) Benth. var. acutistipula, M. adenophylla var. mitis Barneby, M. arenosa (Willd.) Poir. var.arenosa, M. caesalpiniifolia Benth., M. lewisii Barneby, M. misera Benth., M. piscatorum Barneby, M. quadrivalvis var. leptocarpa (DC.) Barneby e M. tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.) e Mimosa sect. Mimosa (M. pudica var. tetrandra (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) DC. e M. sensitiva L. var. sensitiva). Os principais caracteres morfológicos utilizados para separação das espécies foram os tipos de inflorescências, número de pinas, folíolos, de elementos do perianto e de estames, além do aspecto do fruto. As espécies ocorrem principalmente em áreas abertas e mais degradadas ao longo de trilhas, sobre solos arenosos. São apresentadas chaves para identificação das espécies, descrições, ilustrações, comentários sobre distribuição geográfica e períodos de floração e frutificação das espécies.

This work consists of a floristic survey of the genus Mimosa L. in APA Serra Branca/Raso da Catarina, located in Jeremoabo, Bahia, Brazil. We analyzed specimens collected from June/2010 to October/2011 and collections deposited in the ALCB, HRB, HUEFS, and MBM herbaria. We registered 11 species distributed in two sections: Mimosa sect. Batocaulon DC. (Mimosa acutistipula (Mart.) Benth. var.acutistipula, M. adenophylla var. mitis Barneby, M. arenosa (Willd.) Poir. var. arenosa, M. caesalpiniifolia Benth., M. lewisii Barneby, M. misera Benth., M. piscatorum Barneby, M. quadrivalvis var. leptocarpa (DC.) Barneby, and M. tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir.) and Mimosa sect. Mimosa (M. pudica var. tetrandra (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) DC. And M. sensitive L. var. sensitiva). The main characters used for delimitation of the species were inflorescence morphology, number of pinnae, leaflets, perianth elements and stamens, as well as aspects from the fruit. The species occurs mainly open areas and more degraded along trails on sandy soils. Keys for identification of species, descriptions, illustrations and comments about geographic distribution and flowering and fruiting periods of the species are presented.