This work aimed to incorporate the active compounds of the jambolan leaf in sunflower seed oil, in order to increase the nutritional quality of the oil. For this purpose, ultrasound-assisted extraction was conducted to establish the process conditions related to temperature, potency, solvent:sample ratio and time to obtain the enriched sunflower seed oil (ESSO). An experimental design was applied to examine the effect of variables (temperature, power, solvent:sample ratio and time) on the extraction mass yield (EMY). The application of maximum temperature, increased power, sample:solvent ratio and time resulted in higher EMY. Maximum theoretical EMY value was 35.16% (60 °C, 100%, 1:12 g mL-1 and 15 min). The characterization of the oils obtained from ESSO and sunflower seed oil (SSO) verified a higher content of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, a large proportion of active compounds, antioxidant activity, content of phytosterols, α-tocopherol and squalene, and induction time for ESSO. purpose ultrasoundassisted ultrasound assisted temperature potency solventsample solvent sample . (ESSO) (temperature power (EMY) samplesolvent 3516 35 16 35.16 60 (6 C °C 100 100% 112 1 12 1:1 mL1 mL mL- min. min min) SSO (SSO flavonoids activity phytosterols αtocopherol α tocopherol squalene (ESSO (EMY 351 3 35.1 6 ( 10 11 1: 35.

Currently there is a crescent interest regarding the use of vegetable by-products for food fortification, in order to improve its nutritional quality. Cassava leaves are suitable as nutritional additives, however their cyanide content must be reduced to below 10 mg kg-1 of dry product. Thus, it was developed a method in drying laboratory oven which is able to reduce 99.85% of cyanide present in manioc leaves (from 35 mg kg-1 to 0.05 mg kg-1) while being 509% faster than the traditional method, and without substantial loss of omega-3 fatty acids and β-carotene.

The compound extraction is an important step before analyzing composition of samples with antioxidant capacity. Several extraction conditions can be employed (temperature, polarity of solvent and extraction time, for example), and the chosen variables exert great influence upon final results. Thus, in order to execute an efficient extraction, it is needed to manage them with rigor. In this work, a new device was designed and tested. The Prompt, TOugh and eCO-friendly (PTOCO) system is the first equipment in mini-scale that allows a good control of antioxidants extraction conditions. It is a simple and cheap device that only needs small amounts of sample and solvent to obtain sufficient volumes of extract for application in routine analytical methods. Twenty experiments from an experimental design were executed using only 0.5 g of oregano and 60 mL of water. The total antioxidant capacity assays, as well as the mass spectra, confirmed the extraction efficiency.

É altamente desejável desenvolver testes analíticos com resultados de elevada qualidade e reduzir o tempo que é utilizado para esta finalidade. Neste contexto, um novo método de metilação de ácidos graxos assistido por ultra-som, rápido e eficiente para obtenção de ésteres com melhor qualidade para análise de alimentos, foi otimizado e validado através da aplicação da metodologia de superfície de resposta, sendo obtido um tempo de esterificação ideal de 11,72 min, 71% mais rápido do que o melhor método, que é comumente utilizado para esta finalidade. O novo processo de metanólise pode ser eficazmente aplicado a amostras com ácidos graxos livres e os teores de umidade superior a 10 e 5%, respectivamente, sem o risco de oxidação de compostos durante o processo.

Actually, it is highly desirable to develop analytical assays with high quality results, while reducing the amount of time which is used for this finality. In this context, a new, fast and efficient ultrasound-assisted fatty acid methylation method, specially focused to obtain esters with better quality for food analysis, was optimized and validated through the application of response surface methodology, and an optimum esterification time of 11.72 min was achieved, 71% faster than the best method which is commonly used for this purpose. The new methanolysis procedure can be effectively applied to samples with free fatty acid and moisture contents up to 10 and 5% m/v, respectively, without risks of compound oxidation during the process.

O perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) é um parâmetro importante de qualidade e tipificação para alimentos em geral. Esses perfis funcionam como uma espécie de "impressão digital", e podem ser úteis para monitorar fraudes e deterioração em diversos tipos de alimentos. Para os óleos vegetais, o perfil de AG é geralmente determinado após hidrólise, metilação e análise por cromatografia gasosa (CG). Neste trabalho, a metilação do óleo de soja por métodos de catálise básica e ácida foi monitorada por CG-DIC e também por espectrometria de massas ambiente com ionização sonic-spray (EASI-MS). Os principais parâmetros monitorados por EASI-MS foram o perfil de AG e a possível geração de hidroperóxidos dos ésteres metílicos, que foram comparados. O método catalisado por base mostrou-se superior em relação aos demais, por ser mais barato, menos tóxico, não originar produtos de oxidação e ter maior rendimento (95,66% m/m contra 92,86% e 94,51% dos métodos catalisados por ácido).

The fatty acids (FA) profile is an important parameter for quality control and typification for foods in general. These profiles work as a sort of "fingerprint", and may be useful to monitor frauds and deterioration of diverse types of foods. For vegetable oils, the FA profile is commonly determined after hydrolysis, methylation and gas chromatography (GC) analysis. In this work, the acid and base-catalyzed soybean oil methylation methods was monitored via GC-FID and also by ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry (EASI-MS). The base-catalyzed method is much superior regarding other esterification assays, because it is cheaper, less toxic, no oxidation products are formed and its reaction yield is greater (95.66% m/m against 92.86% and 94.51% from acid-catalyzed methylation methods, respectively).

As capacidades antioxidante de sete frutas nativas e exóticas do Brasil foram avaliadas usando os métodos DPPH•, ABTS•+ e FRAP, além da determinação do conteúdo de fenólicos totais e composição de ácidos graxos. Murici e dovialis apresentaram os maiores conteúdos de compostos fenólicos (243,42 e 205,98 mg EAG 100 g-1, respectivamente), e maiores capacidades antioxidante pelo método de FRAP (24,97 e 23,70 µmol Fe2+ g-1, respectivamente). Pelos métodos de DPPH• e ABTS•+, dovialis apresentou a maior capacidade antioxidante, 9,59 e 10,41 ET g-1, respectivamente. Os maiores teores dos ácidos alfa-linolênico e linoleico foram encontrados na siriguela (107,86 mg AG g-1 LT) e tomatinho do mato (215,50 mg AG g-1 LT), respectivamente. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) dos ácidos graxos gerou três significantes PCs, que representaram 99,75% do conjunto de dados da variância. Os dados de PCA das análises de antioxidantes geraram dois significantes PCs, representando 97,00% do total de variância.

The antioxidant capacities of seven exotic and native fruits from Brazil were evaluated using DPPH•, ABTS•+ and FRAP assays, in addition to their total phenolic content and fatty acid composition. Murici and dovialis presented the highest total phenolic contents (243.42 and 205.98 mg GAE 100 g-1, respectively), and the highest antioxidant capacities by the FRAP assay (24.97 and 23.70 µmol Fe2+ g-1, respectively). In the DPPH• and ABTS•+ assays, dovialis presented the highest antioxidant capacity, 9.59 and 10.41 TE g-1, respectively. The highest alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid contents were found in siriguela (107.86 mg FA g-1 TL) and tomatinho do mato (215.50 mg FA g-1 TL), respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) of fatty acids yielded three significant PCs, which accounted for 99.75% of the data set total variance. The PCA data of the antioxidant analyses yielded two significant PCs, which accounted for 97.00% of the total variance.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um estudo sobre a composição físico-química e, especialmente sobre a composição de ácidos graxos nos lipídios totais de cabeças de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus), submetidas a diferentes tempos (0, 10, 20, 30 dias) de fornecimento de ração suplementada com óleo de linhaça (fonte do ácido a-linolênico, 18:3n-3 LNA), em substituição ao óleo de girassol. Não houveram diferenças (P>0,05) entre os teores de umidade, cinza, proteína e lipídios totais para os diferentes tratamentos (tempos de fornecimento). Os teores de lipídios totais das cabeças variaram de 8,41 a 10,13% e foi encontrado um total de 27 ácidos graxos nestes lipídios para todos os tratamentos. Os ácidos graxos majoritários foram 18:2n-6 (29,66 a 32,11%), 18:1n-9 (29,68 a 31,71%) e 16:0 (15,53 a 16,63%). Houve um aumento nos teores percentuais do ácido 18:3n-3, da somatória de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e uma diminuição da razão n-6/n-3, com diferenças (P<0,05) entre o tratamento A (tempo zero) e os demais tratamentos que receberam óleo de linhaça. Não houveram diferenças (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos para a razão entre ácidos graxos polinsaturados e saturados (AGPI/AGS).

The main of this study was to analyze the physical-chemical composition and, especially the fatty acids composition, in the total lipids of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) heads, submitted to different ration supply times (0, 10, 20, 30 days) with flaxseed oil (source of a-linolenic acid 18:3 n-3, LNA), in substitution to the sunflower oil. There were not significant differences among (P>0,05) the moisture, ash, protein, and total lipids values for the different treatments (times of supply). The values of total lipids found in the heads varied from 8.41 to 10.13%, and 27 fatty acids were found in these lipids in all treatments. The majority fatty acids were 18:2n-6, 18:1n-9 and 16:0. There was an increase in the LNA acid percentage values, in the omega-3 (n-3) sum, and a decrease of the n-6/n-3 reason, with significant differences among the treatment A (zero time) and other treatments that received flaxseed oil. There were not significant differences among the treatments in relation to polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids (PUFA/SFA) rate.