Taking into account the relevance of polyethylene for modern society and the role of catalysts for the production of this material, in the present work, we carried out a review of the main catalytic systems used in industry and academia. Most systems consist of coordination compounds, whose structural versatility allows the tuning of the characteristics of polyethylene for different applications. The structural aspects and chemical reactivity of such systems are discussed based on the existing literature and experimental data.

The inadequacy of strategies used for the heterogeneization of metallocene catalysts is pointed out as one of the main causes of the lack of industrial employability of such polymerization catalysts. The main problems are the necessity of large quantity of MAO (cocatalyst) and the inability to control molecular mass distribution of the polymers. Based on this background, the main strategies for the heterogeneization of metallocenes are here reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are presented and discussed on theoretical and practical perspective. Considering the results reported on the different researches, outcomes of heterogeneization strategies are pointed out.

This work proposes the study of heterogeneous photocatalysis using TiO2 impregnated in zeolites beta, ZSM-5, mordenite, NaXb, NaXp and NaY for the decomposition of methylene blue. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, IR, textural analyses by N2 adsorption, SEM, DRS and the reaction of decomposition was monitored by UV visible. The results indicated that didn't have structural changes in the catalysts after Ti impregnations, only in the case of NaY and NaX zeolites. The better photocatalyst to metylene blue decomposition was beta/Ti zeolite due had one structure more accessible (with bigger porous) helping in TiO2 dispersion and catalytic active.

This work proposes the synthesis of zeolite A by IZA standard proceedures starting from a natural clay. The clay was used in its natural form and after calcination at 900ºC. The resulting materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and porosity analysis by nitrogen adsorption. Results showed low surface area for Na-A zeolite in sodium form, but a higher one in CaA based on the nitrogen accessibility. The presence of cubic crystals for the A phase was observed in the SEM micrographies. The new procedure starting from natural clay favors the formation of sodalite while that using the calcinated clay gives A.

The main topics related to the use of dual-site catalysts in the production of polymers with broad molecular weight distribution are reviewed. The polymerization using dual-site catalysts is more economical and allows to produce a higher quality product than other processes, such as polymer blend and multistage reactors. However, the formulation of these catalysts is quite complicated since the same catalyst must produce distinct polymer grades. In addition, the release of patents concerning the combination of metallocenes and new technologies for polymerization shows that polymerization processes using dual-site catalysts are of current industrial interest.

Neste trabalho foram preparados catalisadores a partir da imobilização do precursor catalítico (nBuCp)2ZrCl2 em adutos de cloreto de magnésio (MgCl2.nEtOH). Observou-se que o conteúdo residual de etanol do suporte teve influência significativa no teor de metal fixado, o qual variou de 0,5 a 1,5% em peso de Zr/MgCl2, bem como na atividade do catalisador em homopolimerização de etileno. Dentro da faixa de temperatura de 25 a 75°C, o maior rendimento foi obtido com o catalisador preparado a 25°C. Com base nos resultados, foram sugeridas as reações, possíveis de ocorrer, durante a preparação do catalisador. Os polímeros foram avaliados quanto ao seu peso molecular e polidispersão.

This work describes the preparation of catalysts by the immobilization of bis(n-butylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium dichloride, (nBuCp)2ZrCl, on magnesium dichloride adducts, MgCl2.nEtOH. The metal content on the support, which varied from 0,5 to 1,5 wt.-% Zr/MgCl2 and the catalysts activity were dependent on the ethanol content. In the temperature immobilization range between 25 and 75°C, the highest Zr incorporation and polymerization yield were obtained with the catalyst prepared at 25°C. Based on the results obtained in this work, a series of reactions that may occur between the catalyst components during its preparation are proposed. The polyethylenes obtained were characterized by its molecular weight and polydispersivity.