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Investigating the resistance of common bean germplasm to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and its implications for breeding
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Barcelos, Quélen de Lima

; Ishikawa, Francine Hiromi

; Costa, Larissa Carvalho

; Pádua, Paula Furtado de

; Abreu, Ângela de Fátima Barbosa

; Ramalho, Magno Antonio Patto

; Santos, João Bosco dos

; Souza, Elaine de

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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2024, Volume 24 N. 4 elocation e499324412

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract Common bean breeding obtained cultivars with high yield and resistance to diseases. We evaluated anthracnose resistance of genotypes from breeding programs where selection was made mainly to increase grain yield. A germplasm collection of 845 lines were assessed with four of the most frequent Colletotrichum lindemuthianum races found in Brazil (65, 73, 81 and 89). In addition to high reaction variability, we identified 633 lines resistant to at least one race. Most resistant lines have a Carioca grain type. The virulence indexes ranged from 51.7% to 63.2% (races 81 and 73) and resistance indexes ranged from 0% (susceptible) to 100% (resistant). This study presents complete characterization about resistance to anthracnose of a wide collection, provides information about cultivars that can be directly introduced in current breeding programs and shows that breeding focused on increasing grain yield has also been successful in selecting resistant genotypes to anthracnose disease. diseases 84 65, 65 (65 73 8 89. 89 . 89) variability 63 race type 517 51 7 51.7 632 2 63.2 0 susceptible (susceptible 100 resistant. (resistant) disease 6 (6 5 51. 63. 10 (resistant ( 1

https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332024v24n4a49

A half century of a bean breeding program in the South and Alto Paranaíba regions of Minas Gerais
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Lemos, Roxane do Carmo

; Abreu, Ângela de Fátima Barbosa

; Souza, Elaine Aparecida de

; Santos, João Bosco dos

; Ramalho, Magno Antonio Patto

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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2020, Volume 20 N. 2 elocation e295420211

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract The success of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crops in Brazil is due to the development of new cultivars. The aim of the present study was to critically analyze the fifty years of a bean breeding program at the Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA) and estimate the genetic progress (GP) achieved for grain yield. The estimated genetic progress for grain yield was 0.35% per year, which is associated with visible improvement in plant architecture, resistance to some pathogens, and better carioca bean grain quality. The program was found to be efficient, generating 119 theses and 43 dissertations during the period under study. In addition, hundreds of articles have been published, especially studies aimed at improving the efficiency of genetic breeding programs. Over the past few years, partnerships with other public institutions in performing Value for Cultivation and Use tests have resulted in 12 recommended cultivars.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332020v20n2c27 531 downloads

Recurrent selection in common bean aiming at resistance to white mold in a greenhouse
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Lopes, Fernanda Souza

; Leite, Monik Evelin

; Porto, Antonio Carlos Mota

; Miguel, Luciana Aparecida

; Reis, Vanessa de Oliveira Lima

; Santos, João Bosco dos

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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jan 2019, Volume 19 N. 1 Pages 95 - 101

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Abstract The objectives of this study were to estimate the genetic progress of mass selection for white mold resistance in common bean, evaluated in a greenhouse in cycle XII of recurrent selection (900 S0 plants), and compare it with field selection in previous cycles. In addition, progress was compared with microsatellite marker-assisted selection (MAS) among S0:1 progenies. The 79 most resistant S0:1 were evaluated under field conditions using a 9×9 simple lattice design; the 21 best S0:2 and those selected from cycles IX, X, and XI were evaluated in a 6×6 triple lattice. Genetic progress was 4.25% per cycle, and 12.17% between cycles XI and XII, showing higher selection efficiency in the greenhouse. The phenotypic gain and gain from assisted selection among the S0:1 progenies were 5.08 and 1.57%, respectively, and the low value of MAS was due to only two markers (BM189 and BMD20) explaining the resistance.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-70332019v19n1a13 2175 downloads

Increasing the resistance of common bean to white mold through recurrent selection
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Leite, Monik Evelin

; Dias, Juliana Andrade

; Souza, Danuza Araujo de

; Alves, Filipe Couto

; Pinheiro, Lucas Rezende

; Santos, João Bosco dos

Scientia Agricola

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feb 2016, Volume 73 N. 1 Pages 71 - 78

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT White mold, caused by Sclerotinea sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most important diseases of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. Physiological resistance and traits related to disease avoidance such as architecture contribute to field resistance. The aim of this study was to verify the efficiency of recurrent selection in physiological resistance to white mold, “Carioca” grain type and upright habit in common bean. Thirteen common bean lines with partial resistance to white mold were intercrossed by means of a circulant diallel table, and seven recurrent selection cycles were obtained. Of these cycles, progenies of the S0:1, S0:2 and S0:3 generations of cycles III, IV, V and VI were evaluated. The best (8 to 10) progenies of the seven cycles were also evaluated, in two experiments, one in the greenhouse and one in the field. Lattice and/or randomized block experimental designs were used. The traits evaluated were: resistance to white mold by the straw test method, growth habit and grain type. The most resistant progenies were selected based on the average score of resistance to white mold. Subsequently, they were evaluated with regard to grain type and growth habit. Recurrent selection allowed for genetic progress of about 11 % per year for white mold resistance and about 15 % per year for the plant architecture. There was no gain among cycles for grain type. Progeny selection and recurrent selection were efficient for obtaining progenies with a high level of resistance to white mold with “Carioca” grain type and upright habit.

https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0084 3019 downloads

Reaction of common bean progenies to white mold derived from recurrent selection
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Souza, Danuza Araújo de

; Pereira, Fernanda Aparecida Castro

; Dias, Juliana Andrade

; Leite, Monik Evelin

; Santos, João Bosco dos

Ciência Rural

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apr 2014, Volume 44 N. 4 Pages 583 - 587

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a resistência ao mofo branco de progênies de feijão, provenientes de seleção recorrente para resistência à mancha angular. O material vegetal utilizado foi obtido de um programa de seleção recorrente, iniciado com o intercruzamento entre sete linhagens com grãos tipo carioca e dez fontes de resistência à mancha angular no esquema dialelo parcial. Para avaliação da resistência ao mofo branco, foi verificada a reação desses 17 genitores mais as 35 progênies obtidas, ao ácido oxálico. Foi observada uma ampla variabilidade nos genitores, indicando que alguns possuem alelos de resistência ao mofo branco e, assim, há possibilidade de associação desses alelos no programa de seleção recorrente e obtenção de progênies com níveis superiores de resistência. As progênies que se apresentaram como mais resistentes foram MAV-1.7, MAV-3.36, MAVI-21 e MAVI-60. Mesmo em ciclos iniciais, algumas progênies apresentaram nota média de reação ao mofo branco semelhante à da cultivar 'G-122', que apresenta bom nível de resistência a essa doença. Isso leva a inferir que a população original utilizada já possuía algum nível de resistência fisiológica para a reação à absorção ao ácido oxálico e também para a resistência à mancha angular. Assim, entre as progênies selecionadas para a resistência à mancha angular, tipo de grão e produtividade, pelo menos quatro apresentam nível de resistência ao mofo branco semelhante à fonte de resistência 'G-122'.

This study was realized with the objective of verifying the resistance to white mold of common bean progenies derived from recurrent selection for resistance to angular leaf spot. The plant material used was obtained from a program of recurrent selection, which was started by crossing seven lines with carioca grain type with ten sources of resistance to angular leaf spot according to the partial diallel scheme. To evaluate the resistance to white mold, it was verified the reaction of 17 parents plus 35 selected progenies, to oxalic acid. Huge heterogeneity among the parents was observed, showing that some of them have resistance alleles to white mold, and thus, there is a possibility of recombine these alleles through the recurrent selection and obtaining progenies with high levels of resistance. Even in initial cycles, some progenies exhibited resistance to white mold similar to the one of cultivar 'G-122', which presents good level of resistance to this disease. This leads to infer that the original population already had some level of physiological resistance for the reaction to absorption of oxalic acid, and also for resistance to angular leaf spot. Thus, among the selected progenies for resistance to angular leaf spot, grain type and high yield, at least four progenies have resistance to white mold similar to the source of resistance 'G-122'.

2022 downloads Cited 2 times in SciELO

BRSMG Realce: Common bean cultivar with striped grains for the state of Minas Gerais
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Melo, Leonardo Cunha

; Abreu, Ângela de Fátima Barbosa

; Ramalho, Magno Antonio Patto

; Carneiro, José Eustáquio de Souza

; Paula Júnior, Trazilbo José de

; Del Peloso, Maria José

; Pereira, Helton Santos

; Faria, Luís Cláudio de

; Pereira Filho, Israel Alexandre

; Moreira, José Aloísio Alves

; Martins, Maurício

; Vieira, Rogério Faria

; Martins, Fábio Aurélio Dias

; Coelho, Maurício Antônio de Oliveira

; Costa, Joaquim Geraldo Cáprio da

; Wendland, Adriane

; Santos, João Bosco dos

; Diaz, José Luiz Cabrera

; Carneiro, Pedro Crescêncio de Souza

; Del Giúdice, Marcos Paiva

; Faria, Josias Correia de

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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mar 2014, Volume 14 N. 1 Pages 61 - 64

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

The common bean cultivar "BRSMG Realce", recommended for the state of Minas Gerais, has high yield potential and resistance to powdery mildew, bacterial wilt and to anthracnose pathotypes 65, 73, 77, 81, 91, 475 and 479. The plants and pods are high, resulting in lower loss during mechanical harvest.

2002 downloads Cited 2 times in SciELO

Selection of carioca common bean progenies resistant to white mold
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Carvalho, Renato Sérgio Batista

; Lima, Igor Almeida

; Alves, Filipe Couto

; Santos, João Bosco dos

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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oct 2013, Volume 13 N. 3 Pages 172 - 177

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

A backcross breeding program between commercial common bean cultivars (VC3 and M20) and sources of resistance (Ex-Rico 23 and G122) was conducted with a view toward selecting carioca (beige with brown stripes) progenies resistant to white mold. Forty-eight progenies (27 F2:6 BC1 and 21 F1:5 BC2) were evaluated for yield, growth habit, grain type and pathogen response by two methodologies for assessment ("straw test" and "oxalic acid"). The methods were effective in discriminating the progenies, showing differing results, for they may assess different resistance mechanisms. Thus, they should be used together. Simultaneous selection for yield, growth habit, grain type and white mold resistance proved to be viable. The most appropriate strategy was to use lower intensities of selection and prioritize traits such as resistance and grain type, which are essential for commercial acceptance. Two progenies proved their superiority for the breeding program for they combine the traits of resistance and favorable grain type.

1136 downloads

Evaluation efficiency of severity of angular leaf spot in common bean based on diseased and healthy leaf area
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Parrella, Rafael Augusto da Costa

; Santos, João Bosco dos

; Parrella, Nádia Nardely Lacerda Durães

; Silva, Diego Velásquez Faleiro e

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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oct 2013, Volume 13 N. 3 Pages 178 - 185

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

A severidade da mancha angular do feijoeiro foi avaliada com base nas áreas sadia e doente da folha e na escala diagramática. Foram avaliadas 12 linhagens de feijão nas épocas das secas e das águas. Em cada época foram conduzidos dois experimentos contíguos, com e sem controle químico do patógeno. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens das áreas sadia e doente da folha, severidade da doença segundo uma escala diagramática, área abaixo da curva sob progresso da doença e produtividade de grãos. As áreas sadia e doente da folha são eficientes para avaliar a severidade da mancha angular com uma amostra de 20 a 30 folíolos por parcela. A avaliação de todos os caracteres na área útil ou bordadura da parcela não difere, indicando que a bordadura por parcela é desnecessária. A avaliação da severidade na metade superior da planta discrimina as linhagens mais eficientemente.

This study compared severity of angular leaf spot in common bean lines, based on the healthy and diseased leaf area, and the graded scale. We used 12 common bean lines in the dry and rainy seasons. Two contiguous experiments were conducted in each season, with and without chemical control of the pathogen. We evaluated the percentage of the healthy and diseased leaf area; severity based on a graded scale and the area under the disease progress curve; and yield. The diseased or healthy leaf area is efficient to evaluate the severity of angular leaf spot with a sample of 20 to 30 leaflets per plot. For all traits, the results of central and border areas did not differ, indicating that the evaluation of border rows is unnecessary and, finally, the severity assessment of the upper plant half can discriminate the lines more efficiently.

1316 downloads

BRSMG União: common bean cultivar with jalo grain for the state of Minas Gerais
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Ramalho, Magno Antonio Patto

; Abreu, Ângela de Fátima Barbosa

; Santos, João Bosco dos

; Carneiro, José Eustáquio de Souza

; Melo, Leonardo Cunha

; Paula Júnior, Trazilbo José de

; Pereira, Helton Santos

; Del Peloso, Maria José

; Martins, Maurício

; Pereira Filho, Israel Alexandre

; Martins, Fábio Aurélio Dias

; Coelho, Maurício Antônio de Oliveira

; Moreira, José Aloisio Alves

; Giúdice, Marcos Paiva Del

; Vieira, Rogério Faria

; Faria, Luís Cláudio de

; Teixeira, Hudson

; Carneiro, Pedro Crescêncio de Souza

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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dec 2012, Volume 12 N. 4 Pages 285 - 288

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

The bean cultivar BRSMG União as a new option of a bean cultivar with jalo grains for the state of Minas Gerais. The cultivar BRSMG União had an average grain yield of 9.8% above the mean of the controls (Jalo EEP 558 and BRS Radiante) and was resistant to powdery-mildew.

955 downloads

10.

BRSMG Madrepérola: common bean cultivar with late-darkening Carioca grain
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Carneiro, José Eustáquio de Souza

; Abreu, Angela de Fatima Barbosa

; Ramalho, Magno Antonio Patto

; Paula Júnior, Trazilbo José de

; Del Peloso, Maria José

; Melo, Leonardo Cunha

; Pereira, Helton Santos

; Pereira Filho, Israel Alexandre

; Martins, Maurício

; Vieira, Rogério Faria

; Martins, Fábio Aurélio Dias

; Coelho, Maurício Antônio de Oliveira

; Carneiro, Pedro Crescêncio de Souza

; Moreira, José Aloísio Alves

; Santos, João Bosco dos

; Faria, Luís Cláudio de

; Costa, Joaquim Geraldo Cáprio da

; Teixeira, Hudson

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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dec 2012, Volume 12 N. 4 Pages 281 - 284

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

The cultivar BRSMG Madrepérola, recommended for cultivation in Minas Gerais, has the feature of maintaining a light grain color for a longer period than other Carioca grain cultivars. The yield potential is high and the resistance level good to the major anthracnose races in the region.

1564 downloads Cited 1 time in SciELO

11.

Natural selection for efficiency in the use of nitrogen in common bean identified by analysis of microsatellites and grain yield
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Leite, Monik Evelin

; Lima, Igor Almeida

; Pereira, Dyanna Rangel

; Santos, João Bosco dos

Electronic Journal of Biotechnology

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nov 2012, Volume 15 N. 6 Pages 5 - 5

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

This study was carried out in order to verify whether natural selection acts on segregating common bean populations grown in the presence and absence of N, and to verify that natural selection affects the frequency of microsatellite alleles specifically, and in order to identify those that can assist in selection. Four populations from the crosses Ouro Negro x CI-107 and VC-5 x IAPAR-81 were carried forward in bulk to F8 at both levels of N. Ouro Negro and VC-5 are considered stress tolerant to nitrogen and IAPAR-81 and CI-107 responsive. One hundred progenies were obtained from each cross and grown in the presence and absence of N. DNA was extracted from 400 progenies, of which 194 were evaluated in the rainy season and 79 in the winter crop for grain yield. These progenies were evaluated in two separate experiments with and without N, in a 14 x 14 lattice design during rainy season and 9 x 9 in the winter season. We selected 35 pairs of polymorphic primers from the parents, with 20 being common from the two crosses. Using DNA of the 400 progenies, it was found that natural selection acted in 33 loci, in at least one environment and cross, and that alleles of the four parents were favoured by natural selection. QTLs were identified for the response rate of N and for grain yield and the linked markers are potential for assisted selection, especially the two most stable; BMD-20, in response to the use of N and PVBR-93 for grain yield.

https://doi.org/10.2225/vol15-issue6-fulltext-6 1263 downloads

12.

Minimum number of common bean plants per plot to assess field resistance to white mold
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Carneiro, Flávia Fernandes

; Zeviani, Walmes Marques

; Santos, João Bosco dos

; Carvalho, Renato Sérgio Batista

; Alves, Felipe Couto

; Dias, Juliana Andrade

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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dec 2011, Volume 11 N. 4 Pages 358 - 364

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar o número mínimo de plantas por plota para avaliar a resistência do feijoeiro ao mofo branco em campo. Treze cultivares foram inoculadas com seis isolados de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições, com plota constituída de quinze plantas por metro linear. A inoculação foi realizada utilizando o método do straw test. Oito dias após a inoculação foi realizada a avaliação utilizando uma escala diagramática de 1 (plantas assintomáticas) a 9 (morte da planta). Foram utilizados os métodos: curvatura máxima, modelo segmentado linear, modelo segmentado quadrático e o modelo CV relativo, para determinar o número mínimo de plantas por plota. Houve diferença significativa entre as cultivares, entre os isolados e entre a interação cultivares x isolado. Observou-se que oito plantas por plota é um número adequado para avaliar a reação de feijoeiro ao mofo branco.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the minimum number of plants per plot to assess the field resistance in common bean to white mold. Thirteen cultivars were inoculated with six isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications and plots consisting of 1-m rows with 15 plants. Plants were inoculated by the straw test as proposed by Petzoldt and Dickson (1996), to evaluate partial resistance in a greenhouse. Eight days after inoculation the disease severity was evaluated on a 1-9 diagrammatic scale, where 1 = asymptomatic plants to 9 = plant death. To determine the minimum number of plants per plot, the following methods were used: maximum curvature, segmented linear model, quadratic segmented model and the relative CV model. There were significant differences among cultivars and isolates and no significant cultivar - isolate interaction. It was observed that eight plants per plot is an adequate number to assess the reaction of common bean to white mold.

1419 downloads Cited 2 times in SciELO

13.

Genetic variability among cassava accessions based on SSR markers
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Ribeiro, Márcia de Nazaré Oliveira

; Carvalho, Samuel Pereira de

; Santos, João Bosco dos

; Antonio, Rafaela Priscila

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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sep 2011, Volume 11 N. 3 Pages 263 - 269

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Objetivou-se caracterizar e estimar a similaridade genética entre 93 acessos de mandioca. A amplificação do DNA foi realizada com 14 primers microssatélites. Os produtos de amplificação foram separados por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida, evidenciando-se a formação de bandas polimórficas, por meio das quais os acessos foram discriminados. A similaridade genética entre os acessos de mandioca foi estimada por meio do coeficiente de Dice. A análise de agrupamento foi feita com o método UPGMA. 26 alelos foram amplificados com 2 a 4 alelos por loco. O coeficiente de similaridade genética variou de 0,16 a 0,96. Os valores médios para heterozigosidade observada e esperada foram 0,18 e 0,46, respectivamente. 20 agrupamentos de similaridade genética foram detectados, demonstrando a existência de diversidade entre os acessos, sugerindo a possibilidade de geração de híbridos heteróticos.

The aim of this study was to characterize and estimate the genetic similarity among 93 cassava accessions. The DNA amplification was performed with 14 microsatellite primers. The amplification products were separated by a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, showing a polymorphism formation, through which the accessions were discriminated against. The genetic similarity among accessions of cassava was estimated by the Dice coefficient. Cluster analysis was carried out using the UPGMA method. The polymorphic primers amplified a total of 26 alleles with 2-4 alleles per loci. The genetic similarity ranged from 0.16 to 0.96. The average values for observed and expected heterozygosity were 0.18 and 0.46, respectively. Twenty genetic similarity clusters were determined, demonstrating diversity among accessions, suggesting the possibility of heterotic hybrid generation.

2160 downloads

14.

Genetics of common bean resistance to white mold
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Carneiro, Flávia Fernandes

; Santos, João Bosco dos

; Gonçalves, Paulo Roberto Carvalho

; Antonio, Rafaela Priscila

; Souza, Thaís Paula de

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology

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jun 2011, Volume 11 N. 2 Pages 165 - 173

Abstract: Pt En | Text: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

O objetivo foi estudar a natureza e a magnitude dos efeitos genéticos da resistência ao mofo branco. Para se obter as estimativas de parâmetros genéticos, foram utilizados os genitores resistente (G122) e suscetível (M20), as gerações F1, F2 e progênies F2:3. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados com duas repetições. Cada progênie foi submetida, duas vezes (repetição), à inoculação do micélio (Straw test) após, aproximadamente, 28 e 38 dias da semeadura. Seis a oito dias após a inoculação, foi realizada a avaliação em nível de planta individual e em nível de média de progênies por meio de uma escala diagramática de 1 a 9. O modelo aditivo-dominante adotado foi eficiente e no controle da resistência houve predomínio de efeito aditivo. As estimativas da herdabilidade no sentido amplo obtidas indicam que a seleção é mais eficiente com base na média de progênies e inoculações sucessivas.

The objective of the research was to investigate the nature and magnitude of the genetic factors involved in the resistance of the common bean to white mold. The lines G122 (resistant) and M20 (susceptible) were crossed to yield F1 and F2 generations and F2:3 progenies. The experiment was set up using the random block design with two replications, each of which was evaluated twice with fungal inoculations being performed on 28 and 38 day-old plants using the straw test method. Six to eight days after inoculation evaluations were conducted on individual plants and at the level of means of progenies using a diagrammatic scale ranging from 1 to 9. The additive-dominance model adopted was efficient, and the genetic control of resistance was predominantly due additive effects. Estimates of broad-sense heritability indicated that selection would be more efficient when based on the means of progenies and when successive inoculations are employed.

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15.

Natural selection in common bean microsatellite alleles and identification of QTLs for grain yield
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Leite, Monik Evelin

; Santos, João Bosco dos

; Carneiro, Flávia Fernandes

; Couto, Karla Rodrigues

Electronic Journal of Biotechnology

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- SciELO Analytics

jan 2011, Volume 14 N. 1 Pages 5 - 6

Abstract: En | Text: En | PDF: En

Natural selection acts to select better adapted individuals or alleles in segregating population and help plant breeding. The objective of this work was to verify the effect of natural selection on microsatellite alleles as indicators of better adaptation and identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for grain yield. This study evaluated 107 progenies from the F8 and 107 from the F24 generation derived from crossing Carioca MG and ESAL 686 lines, carried out by the bulk method, and evaluated in three different seasons: winter 2001; rainy 2001 and dry 2002. It was utilized 22 polymorphic markers and the natural selection acted in all of them. The frequency of the alleles of the parent Carioca MG, the most adapted, was increased in all of the 22 loci in F8 and 19 loci in F24. Selection affected each locus with different intensities in different generations. All of the selected alleles can be important for breeding program. QTLs were identified in generation F8 and F24 at varied magnitudes. The best marker PVttc002 explained 11.76% of variation in grain yield. However, an elevated interaction between QTLs and the environments was observed, showing the great difficulty in assisted selection.

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