Abstract The shape of the galls can be adjusted by factors such as natural enemies and climatic conditions to which the galls are subjected. Studies that evaluate the climatic regime as a possible driver of the morphology of galls are scarce and do not consider Neotropical systems. To fill this knowledge gap, this study evaluated the influence of seasonality on the morphology of Cecidomyiidae galls induced on Myrcia neoobscura (Myrtaceae) growing in the Cerrado of Bahia. A total of 270 galls were sampled during the dry and rainy seasons. The average monthly precipitation was obtained. The galls were refrigerated, weighed, and measured within 72 h of collection. The average weight of the galls ranged from 0.106 g to 0.780 g; while, the volume ranged from 35.07 mm3 to 726.70 mm3 and the surface area from 20.03 mm2 to 719.57 mm2. The average weight, volume, and surface area of galls were approximately 50% higher during the rainy season than during the dry season. These three variables were also positively related to average precipitation. These results support the hypothesis that seasonality may contribute to the observed variation in the final shape of galls on a local scale.

Resumo: Os sistemas remanescentes de água doce estão historicamente ameaçados, principalmente devido às atividades humanas, como agricultura e urbanização. As consequências de tais atividades são inúmeras, e entre elas há a diminuição de habitats adequados para a fauna ameaçada. No cerrado brasileiro, a odonatofauna de veredas e matas ripárias ainda são pouco exploradas, fato que dificulta os esforços de conservação do grupo. Assim, realizamos um inventário em diversos pontos urbanos e rurais com essas fitofisionomias em Uberlândia, na região do Triângulo Mineiro, oeste de Minas Gerais. No total, foram encontradas 101 espécies de Odonata, sete famílias e 46 gêneros no município, com 76 e 66 espécies, respectivamente, pertencentes a pontos de veredas e de matas. Dessa diversidade, oito espécies foram os primeiros registros no estado de Minas Gerais: Neuraeschna claviforcipata Martin, 1909, Phyllocycla cf. medusa Belle, 1988, Diastatops intensa Montgomery, 1940, Oligoclada pachystigma Karsch, 1890, O. xanthopleura Borror, 1931, Angelagrion nathaliaeLencioni, 2008, Telebasis sanguinalis Calvert, 1909 e Telebasis simulacrum (Calvert, 1909). Nós também coletamos Erythrodiplax anaGuillermo-Ferreira & Vilela 2016, uma espécie listada como em perigo (EN) pela lista vermelha da IUCN. Além disso, incluímos algumas notas taxonômicas de fêmeas de Forcepsioneura machadorum, uma espécie recém-descoberta na região. Nossos resultados contribuem para o banco de dados Odonata no Brasil e destacam a importância dos inventários em ecossistemas aquáticos pouco explorados.

Abstract: Remaining freshwater systems are historically under threat mainly due to human activities such as agriculture and urbanization. The consequences of such activities are innumerous, and among them there is a decrease of suitable habitats for threatened fauna. In the Brazilian Cerrado, the odonatofauna of palm swamps and riparian forests are still poorly explored, a fact that difficult conservation efforts of the group. Thus, we performed an inventory in several urban and rural sites containing these phytophysiognomies in Uberlândia, Triângulo Mineiro region, western Minas Gerais state. In total, we found 101 Odonata species, seven families and 46 genera in the municipality, with 76 and 66 species, respectively, belonging to palm swamp and forest sites. From this diversity, eight species were first records in the state of Minas Gerais: Neuraeschna claviforcipata Martin, 1909, Phyllocycla cf. medusaBelle, 1988, Diastatops intensa Montgomery, 1940, Oligoclada pachystigma Karsch, 1890, O. xanthopleura Borror, 1931, Angelagrion nathaliaeLencioni, 2008, Telebasis sanguinalis Calvert, 1909 and Telebasis simulacrum (Calvert, 1909). We also sampled Erythrodiplax anaGuillermo-Ferreira & Vilela 2016, a species listed as endangered (EN) by the IUCN red list. Additionally, we include some taxonomic notes of Forcepsioneura machadorum females, a newly discovered species in the region. Our results contribute to the Odonata database in Brazil and highlights the importance inventories in poorly explored aquatic ecosystems.

Abstract Dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) are widely distributed among freshwater ecosystems of tropical and temperate environments. They are also particularly sensitive to anthropogenic changes. The objective of this study was to inventory the odonate fauna of a section of the Sucupira Reservoir on Rio Uberabinha, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and to document the species composition of the odonate fauna during the dry and rainy seasons. The study also aimed to describe the distribution of the sampled species in Brazilian states. Sampling took place in August and September of 2017 (dry season) and in February and March of 2018 (rainy season), and recorded 860 individuals of 43 species belonging to 26 genera and six families. Six new records representing the families Gomphidae, Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae were recorded for the state of Minas Gerais. Seventeen species were collected only during the rainy season and eight only during the dry season, while 18 species were found in both seasons. The rainy season had greater abundance, with four times as many individuals as the dry season. This study increases the number of records for Odonata in the Minas Gerais state, and reinforces the trend for greater predominance of this group during the rainy season in this biome.

Resumo: Odonata é considerada a segunda ordem de insetos com maior número de espécies de insetos aquáticos. Sua riqueza global é estimada em cerca de 6.000 espécies descritas. A odonatofauna encontrada no Brasil representa cerca de 14% da riqueza mundial, no entanto, o conhecimento sobre a distribuição de libélulas brasileiras ainda é incipiente. Este estudo teve como objetivo um inventário das espécies de libélulas presentes em habitats aquáticos de uma Área Preservada de acordo com o Código Florestal Brasileiro, localizada no bioma Cerrado do Triângulo Mineiro, em Minas Gerais. Na estação seca, de abril a junho de 2017, foram coletados 680 espécimes pertencentes a 36 espécies e seis famílias. Entre as espécies coletadas, Elasmothemis williamsoni foi observada pela primeira vez no Estado de Minas Gerais, e foi encontrada também uma nova espécie de gênero Tigriagrion (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) que está sendo descrita. Considerando o rápido avanço da agricultura sobre os sistemas naturais do Cerrado, as listas de espécies podem ser importantes para definir áreas prioritárias para a conservação de espécies de Odonata.

Abstract: Odonata is considered, among the aquatic insect orders, the second largest group in number of species. Its global richness is estimated in about 6,000 described species. The Brazilian richness represents around 14% of the world's odonatofauna, however, the knowledge on Brazilian dragonflies distribution is still poor. This study purpose an inventory of the dragonflies species present in aquatic habitats from a Preserved Area according to the Brazilian Forest Code, located in the Cerrado biome at Triângulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais. In the dry season, from April to June of 2017, we collected 680 specimens belonging to 36 species and six families. Among the collected species, Elasmothemis williamsoni was observed by the first time in Minas Gerais State, and we also found a new species of Tigriagrion (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae) which is being described by taxonomists. Considering the fast agricultural advance over natural Cerrado systems, species lists can be important to define priority conservation areas for odonate species.

ABSTRACT Host-parasite interactions between plants may reduce the vegetative and reproductive performance of the host plant. Although it is well established that parasitic plants may negatively affect the metabolism and the number of vegetative/reproductive structures of their hosts, the effects of this interaction on the reproductive characteristics of the host plant are poorly understood. Here we document the interaction between Cuscuta partita (Convolvulaceae) and its main host, Zornia diphylla (Fabaceae), in the Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. We measured diverse reproductive/vegetative attributes of Z. diphylla in 60 plots randomly distributed in patches that were parasitized and not parasitized by C. partita. Both vegetative and reproductive attributes, such as the number of branches, leaves and flowers, and the individual biomass of Z. diphylla were significantly reduced by the parasitism. The number of pollen grains and ovules per flower were not affected by the parasitism, but since the parasitism reduced flower production, the total number of pollen and ovules per individual and population may also be reduced. Additionally, pollen viability was significantly reduced in the flowers of parasitized individuals. We conclude that C. partita may negatively impact the vegetative and reproductive performance of its main host, Z. diphylla in distinct ways in the Caatinga.

Resumo Este trabalho aborda a arte popular criativa como oferta complementar ao produto “turismo cultural” em espaço urbano, uma experiência que tem como chave interpretativa o descobrimento das reflexões e interpretações acerca da inovação estratégica do produto artesanal na cidade de Loulé, na região Algarve, em Portugal. Sob esse pressuposto, interessa-nos aqui não a descrição dos artesãos e artesanatos, mas a discussão acerca da relação entre arte popular e criatividade, uma abordagem integrada nas tendências do turismo cultural. Nesse contexto, o artigo traz o exemplo do projeto de Técnicas Ancestrais e Soluções Atuais (TASA). Desse modo, considera-se como método a subjetividade das entrevistas e dos trabalhos de campo, por meio dos quais foi possível observar as situações do cotidiano, os espaços e lugares dos artesãos com sua arte popular criativa. O texto traz argumentos e análises acerca do turismo nos contextos cultural e criativo e na experiência de valorização da arte popular em Loulé.

Abstract This work approaches the creative folk art as a complementary offering to the product “cultural tourism” in urban space, an experience that has the unraveling of reflections and interpretations about the strategic innovation of craft products in the city of Loulé, in Algarve region, in Portugal, as an interpretive key. By this assumption, we are not interested in a description of artisans and crafts, but in the discussion about the relationship between folk art and creativity, an integrated approach in the trends of cultural tourism. In this context, the article offers the example of Ancestral Techniques and Current Solutions (ATCS) project. Thus, we consider the subjectivity of interviews and fieldwork as a method, and, through those ones, we observed everyday situations, spaces and places of artisans with their creative folk art. Therefore, the text brings arguments and analysis about tourism in the cultural and creative contexts and in the experience of valorization of folk art in Loulé.

Resumen En este trabajo se aborda el arte popular creativo como una oferta complementaria al producto “turismo cultural” en el espacio urbano, una experiencia cuya clave interpretativa se desentraña las reflexiones e interpretaciones de la innovación estratégica de los productos artesanales en la ciudad de Loulé, en la región Algarve en Portugal. Bajo este supuesto, no nos interesa aquí una descripción de los artesanos y artesanías, pero la discusión sobre la relación del arte popular y la creatividad, un enfoque integrado en las tendencias del turismo cultural. En este contexto, el artículo ofrece el ejemplo del proyecto de Técnicas Ancestrales y Soluciones Actuales (TASA). Por lo tanto, se considera como un método de la subjetividad de entrevistas y trabajo de campo y, a través de ellos, observamos situaciones cotidianas, espacios y lugares de artesanos con su arte popular creativo. Por lo tanto, el texto aporta argumentos y análisis sobre el turismo en los contextos culturales y creativos en la experiencia de valorización del arte popular en Loulé.

ABSTRACT For pioneer plants, shaded habitats represent a stressful condition, where sunlight exposure is below the optimum level and so leaves expand in order to intercept a greater amount of light. We investigated changes in both phenotypic variation and stress of Bauhinia brevipes in sunny and shaded microhabitats. Leaf area was used as a measure of phenotypic variation, whereas leaf asymmetry (difference between right and left sides of leaves), was used as a measure of stress. We hypothesized an increase in leaf area and stress in shaded locations, which might indicate that B. brevipes was compensating for low light absorption, and elevated levels of stress, respectively. Plants in the sun fitted a fluctuating asymmetry pattern (normal distribution of right minus left sides), while shaded plants were clearly antisymmetric (bimodal distribution of leaf side differences). Leaf asymmetry and area were 5% and 26.8% higher in plants in the shade compared to plants in the sun, respectively. These results were expected since B. brevipes is found predominantly in open areas; so sunlight exposure is important for its development. The presence of antisymmetry is rare in studies of developmental instability, and here it might indicate higher stress compared to plants with fluctuating asymmetry.

Resumo: Objetivo Analisar a eficiência de substratos orgânicos e inorgânicos para a amostragem de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em matas ripárias de Cerrado. Objetivos específicos (i) Caracterizar a sucessão ecológica e riqueza taxonômica dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos em um afluente de um ribeirão de mata de galeria; (ii) analisar a influência da sazonalidade sobre a colonização de macroinvertebrados; e (iii) verificar o efeito dos tipos de substratos artificiais sobre a riqueza e a abundância da comunidade bentônica. Métodos As amostragens foram realizadas nas estações chuvosa e seca do ano de 2014, e foram instalados no curso d’água dois tipos de substratos: os orgânicos (leaf packs) e os inorgânicos (lajota), organizados por pares. No total foram realizadas seis coletas por estação, que ocorreram em dias determinados, para se verificar a colonização, sucessão, riqueza e abundância da comunidade bentônica. Os substratos foram cuidadosamente triados e os organismos foram identificados até o menor nível taxonômico possível. Resultados A sucessão ecológica foi claramente observada, com a ocorrência inicial de organismos das famílias Chironomidae e Baetidae, colonizadores iniciais, e uma ocorrência tardia de outros organismos como Helotrephidae e Trichoptera, colonizadores tardios. Não houve diferença significativa na riqueza e abundância entre as estações estudadas (chuva e seca), porém o substrato orgânico apresentou valores significativamente maiores que o substrato inorgânico para estes parâmetros. Conclusão Os substratos artificiais orgânicos são mais eficientes na caracterização da comunidade dos macroinvertebrados bentônicos na área de estudo, por se assemelharem mais às condições do substrato naturalmente encontrado no ambiente.

Abstract: Aim To analyze the efficiency of organic and inorganic substrates in samples of benthic macroinvertebrates of riparian forests from the Cerrado. Specific objectives (i) characterize the ecological succession and taxonomic richness of benthic macroinvertebrates in stream affluent of a riparian forest; (ii) analyze the influence of seasonality on the colonization of macroinvertebrates; and (iii) determine the effect of the types of artificial substrates on the richness, composition and abundance of the benthic community. Methods Sampling was carried out in the rainy and dry seasons, and we installed in the watercourse two types of substrates: organic (leaf packs) and inorganic (bricks), organized in pairs. Six samples per season were done to verify colonization, succession, richness and abundance of benthic community. The substrates were carefully sorted and the organisms were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Results The ecological succession was clearly observed, with the initial occurrence of Chironomidae and Baetidae (considered early colonizers), and a late occurrence of organisms such as Helotrephidae and Trichoptera (considered late colonizers). No significant difference was found in the richness and abundance among the studied seasons (rainy and dry), but the organic substrate was significantly higher than the inorganic substrate for these parameters. Conclusion Organic artificial substrates are more efficient in characterizing the community of benthic macroinvertebrates in the study area, because they are more similar to the conditions of the substrate found naturally in the environment.

We tested the preference prediction of plant vigor hypothesis by examining the relationship between gall occurrence and leaf size. We also examined the effect of galls on leaf asymmetry, which is a measure of developmental instability. Gall occurrence did not increase with leaf size, thereby providing no support to the preference prediction. Galled leaves were significantly more asymmetric than ungalled leaves. Moreover, leaf asymmetry increased with both gall occurrence and gall size, indicating that galls boosted the stress levels in Ouratea polygyna.

Um inventário de insetos galhadores e suas plantas hospedeiras foi realizado para a Mata Atlântica de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. As galhas e suas plantas hospedeiras foram amostradas em seis fragmentos de Mata Atlântica. Cento e trinta e seis diferentes morfotipos de galhas de insetos em 79 espécies de plantas hospedeiras pertencentes a 35 famílias de plantas e 53 gêneros foram registrados. As famílias de plantas mais atacadas por insetos galhadores foram: Lecythidaceae, Myrtaceae e Nyctaginaceae. O grupo mais frequente de galhador foi Diptera da família Cecidomyiidae (95%), seguido por Lepidoptera e Coleoptera. Galhas ocorreram mais frequentemente sobre as folhas e caules, possuíam um formato globoso e formas elípticas, de cor verde e ausência de tricomas nas paredes externas. Os dados indicam uma riqueza intermediária de insetos indutores de quando comparado com outras florestas atlânticas brasileiras.

An inventory of gall inducing insects and their host plants in the Atlantic forest of Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil is presented. Samples of galls and their host plants were taken in six fragments of Atlantic forest. One hundred thirty-six different morphotypes of insect galls on 79 host plant species belonging to 35 plant families and 53 genera were recorded. The host plant families most attacked by galling insects were: Lecythidaceae, Myrtaceae, and Nyctaginaceae. The most frequent galling taxa were Diptera of the Cecidomyiidae family (95%), followed by Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Galls occurred most frequently on leaves and stems, had globoid and elliptical shapes, green color and absence of trichomes on the external walls. The data indicate an intermediary richness of gall inducing insects when compared to other Brazilian Atlantic forests.

Fungos endofíticos representam um grande e ainda pouco explorado componente da biodiversidade. O trabalho avaliou a riqueza e a distribuição endofítica nas folhas de Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae). Foram obtidas 1110 colônias que foram agrupadas, por suas características morfológicas em 126 táxons. O número total de táxons por estágio foliar foi: 102 em folhas maduras, 93 em folhas recém-expandidas e 79 em não expandidas. O principal gênero de endofítico encontrado foi Phomopsis, seguido por Dothiorella, Pestalotiopsis e Acremonium. A riqueza e o número de isolados não foram estatisticamente influenciadas pela região foliar. Contudo, alguns táxons foram específicas de um estágio foliar; seis foram isoladas apenas em folhas não expandidas, nove em folhas recentemente expandidas e 17 foram encontradas apenas em folhas maduras. A composição endofítica variou de acordo com as regiões foliares; a similaridade (índice de Jaccard) entre as regiões das folhas de diferentes estágios variou de 0,36 a 0,46, indicando uma alta variação espacial da comunidade de fungos endofíticos dentro da folha. A alta riqueza de endofíticos neste hospedeiro demonstra uma significante contribuição dos fungos para a biodiversidade tropical e a necessidade de pesquisas futuras nesta área.

Endophytic fungi represent large, yet unexplored components of biodiversity. This work evaluated the richness and the distribution of endophytes in the leaves of Bauhinia brevipes (Fabaceae). A total of 1110 colonies were recovered from the samples and grouped by their morphological traits into 126 taxa. The total number of taxa according to leaf development was: 102 in mature leaves, 93 in recently expanded leaves and 79 for unfolded leaves. The major endophyte genera were Phomopsis, followed by Dothiorella, Pestalotiopsis and Acremonium. The richness and the isolate numbers of endophytes were not statistically affected by leaf region. However, some taxa were leaf-age specific; six were isolated only from unfolded leaves, nine from recently expanded leaves and 17 were exclusively found in mature leaves. The composition of endophytes varied with leaf region; the similarities (Jaccard's Index) among the leaf regions of different leaf ages ranged from 0.36 to 0.46, indicating a high spatial variation in the community of endophytic fungi inside the leaves. The high richness of endophytes in this host plant highlights a significant contribution of fungi to tropical biodiversity and the need for further research in this area.

Diversidade de insetos indutores de galhas na floresta tropical seca (caatinga) de Pernambuco. Este artigo reporta sobre a riqueza de insetos galhadores na vegetação de caatinga de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram registrados 64 diferentes tipos de galhas coletadas principalmente em folhas e caules de 48 espécies de plantas hospedeiras pertencentes a 17 famílias e 31 gêneros. Os tipos morfológicos de galhas mais comuns foram esferóide e discóides, glabro, predominantemente verde e com uma câmara. O principal táxon indutor de galhas foi Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). Os resultados deste estudo contribuem para o conhecimento da diversidade de insetos galhadores e planta-hospedeira na caatinga.

Diversity of gall-inducing insects in the tropical dry forest (caatinga) of Pernambuco. We report on the richness of galling insects in the vegetation of caatinga of Pernambuco state, Brazil. We recorded 64 different types of galls collected primarily from leaves and stems of 48 species of host plants belonging to 17 families and 31 genera. The most common gall morphological types were spheroid and discoid, glabrous, predominantly green and with one chamber. The main gall inducing taxon was the Cecidomyiidae (Diptera). The results of this study contribute to existing knowledge of galling insect and host-plant diversity in caatinga.

Neste estudo foram investigados os efeitos da luz, temperatura e armazenamento na germinação de sementes do ananás, Ananasananassoides, uma bromélia de sub-bosque de cerradão. As sementes foram submetidas aos testes nas temperaturas de 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35 ºC em fotoperíodo de 12 horas e escuro contínuo por 30 dias. As sementes foram consideradas fotoblásticas e as temperaturas ótimas para germinação foram 25 e 30 ºC. Sementes armazenadas por 12 meses a temperatura ambiente e a 4 ºC foram colocadas para germinar nas condições ótimas e apresentaram germinabilidade e tempo médio de germinação similares à sementes recém-coletadas independente da temperatura de armazenamento, demonstrando potencial fisiológico para formação de banco de sementes. Os resultados sugerem que de forma similar às florestas tropicais, a luz pode ser um importante fator que controla o recrutamento de plântulas a partir do banco de sementes para espécies de sementes pequenas de cerradão.

In this study we investigated the effects of light, temperature, and storage on seed germination of the wild pineapple Ananasananassoides, an understorey species found in cerrado woodlands. Seeds were germinated at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 ºC and a 12-hr photoperiod and continuous darkness for 30-d. Seeds were photoblastic and the optimum temperatures for germination were 25 and 30 ºC. Seeds stored for 12-mo at room temperature and at 4 ºC were set to germinate at optimum conditions. Germinability of stored seeds did not differ from that of recently collected seeds, regardless of storage temperature, indicating their physiological potential for seed bank formation. Our results suggest that as in tropical rainforests, light may be an important factor controlling recruitment from seed banks for small-sized species from the cerrado woodlands.

Duas novas espécies de Lopesia Rübsaamen, 1908 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Lopesiini), L. mimosae Maia, sp. nov. and L. pernambucensis Maia, sp. nov., que induzem galhas em Mimosa hostilis Benth. (Mimosaceae) são descritas e ilustradas com base em material da caatinga de Pernambuco, Brasil.

Two new species of Lopesia Rübsaamen (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associated with Mimosa hostilis (Mimosaceae) in Brazil Two new species of Lopesia Rübsaamen (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Lopesiini), L. mimosae Maia, sp. nov. and L. pernambucensis Maia, sp. nov., that induce galls on Mimosa hostilis Benth. (Mimosaceae) are described and illustrated based on material from "caatinga" in Pernambuco, Brazil.

Asphondylia fructicola sp. nov. é descrita e ilustrada com base na larva, pupa, macho, fêmea e galha. Essa espécie induz galhas nos frutos de Solanum sp. (Solanaceae) na Amazônia, Brasil.

Asphondylia fructicola sp. nov. is described and illustrated on the basis of the larva, pupa, male, female, and gall. This species induces galls on fruits of Solanum sp. (Solanaceae) in Amazonia, Brazil.