The first objective of this study was to assess Marandu palisade grass in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICL), and two integrated crop-livestock-forest (ICLF) systems. The first ICLF had a single row of eucalyptus (ICLF-1L) and the second had three rows of eucalyptus (ICLF-3L). The second objective was to assess the performance, behaviour, and thermal comfort of Nellore cattle in these systems during summer and winter. The data were collected for two years after the systems were implemented. Sixty Nellore cattle were used. Dry forage mass (DFM) was similar in all systems with a higher percentage of leaves observed in ICLF-3L in winter compared with ICL. Forage in the ICLF-1L and ICLF-3L systems contained more crude protein (CP) than ICL. The radiant thermal load was lower for ICLF-1L and ICLF-3L, with a lower globe temperature in ICLF-3L. The stocking rate was lowest for ICLF-3L. Two years after the systems had been established, the trees provided low density shade and implementing the ICLF-1L and ICLF-3L systems improved the CP content of the grass without changing the levels of DFM and performance of the cattle. The trees reduced the total thermal energy exchanged between the animal and the environment, improving thermal comfort, but did not influence cattle behaviour or their haematological parameters.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a pastagem, o desempenho, o conforto térmico e os parâmetros hematológicos de bovinos Nelore na fase de terminação em sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária com duas densidades de árvores (ILPF-1L= 196 árvores ha-1 e ILPF-3L=448 árvores ha-1) e em pleno sol (ILP). Foram avaliados a massa e a composição morfológica da forragem, o ganho médio diário, o ganho de peso por área e a taxa de lotação no verão e no outono, bem como as variáveis climáticas dos sistemas em três horários e parâmetros hematológicos dos animais (n=60). A massa de forragem foi superior no tratamento ILP e no verão (P<0,05). Porém, a redução da massa de forragem nos sistemas ILPFs não interferiu no desempenho dos animais (P>0,05). A temperatura ambiente, a temperatura do globo e o índice de temperatura e umidade foram melhores nos tratamentos com sombreamento e no período da manhã, proporcionando maior conforto aos animais, sendo ainda confirmado pelo menor volume globular dos bovinos em ILP (P<0,05). Conclui-se que os sistemas com componente arbóreo diminuem a massa de forragem, mas essa redução não altera o desempenho dos animais na fase de terminação. Além disso, os sistemas ILPFs melhoram o conforto térmico, entretando essa melhora não foi suficiente para favorecer o desempenho.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate pasture, performace, thermal comfort, and haematological parameters of Nellore cattle in the finishing phase in integrated crop-livestock systems with two tree densities (ICLF-1L= 196 ha -1 trees and ICLF-3L= 448 ha -1 trees) and in full sun (ICL). The forage mass morphological composition of the pasture average daily gain, weight gain per area, stocking rate of the animals were evaluated in summer and autumn, and the climatic variables of systems we evaluated at three different times, and haematological parameters of the animals (n= 60). The forage mass was higher in the ICL treatment and summer (P<0.05). However, the reduction of the forage mass in the ILPFs systems did not interfere with the performance of the animals (P>0.05). Ambient temperature, globe temperature and temperature and humidity index were better in shade treatments and in the morning, providing greater comfort to the animals, and was also confirmed by the lower globular volume of the bovines in ICL (P<0.05). It is concluded that the systems with trees reduce the forage mass but this reduction does not alter the animals’ performance in the finishing phase. In addition, ICLFs improve the thermal comfort of the animals, however, this improvement was not enough to favor their performance.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize the displacement patterns of Nellore cattle in areas of crop livestock and crop livestock forest integration systems with density of 196 and 448 eucalyptus ha-1. Paddock maps were drawn from satellite images of the experimental area. In each evaluated system there was one trained observer, that on the paddock map recorded the place the animals stayed every 10 minutes. The exploration of the area by the animals was observed for 12 hours, starting at 6 a.m. and ending at 6 p.m. The displacement of the animals in the ILP system during the evaluation was bigger than the ILPFs systems, resulting in greater exploration of the area, this fact was due the presence of trees that, for the animals resembled fences, limiting the exploration of the paddock in ILPFs. In the ILPF with higher density of trees, this behavior was more evident. In the period from 10:10 a.m. to 14:00 p.m. the displacement of the animals was decrease by the high temperatures in all systems, although it was more effective in the ILP system. It is concluded that the displacement of cattle is influenced by the presence and density of arboreal component integrated crop livestock system.

RESUMO A barata Blattella germanica é uma das espécies mais conhecidas, encontrada em residências, restaurantes, depósitos, hospitais, supermercados e indústrias alimentícias. O controle tradicionalmente tem sido realizado por meio de diversos métodos, destacando-se as pulverizações com inseticidas. A tecnologia de aplicação de defensivos tem fornecido subsídios para a melhoria das aplicações e obtenção do melhor rendimento da pulverização, um processo mecânico de geração de um grande número de pequenas gotas por meio da aplicação de um inseticida sobre um alvo definido. O bico de pulverização é um dos componentes de grande influência para o sucesso na aplicação de um inseticida. Este conjunto é composto de várias partes e a ponta de pulverização é a mais importante, pois regula a vazão, o diâmetro e deposição das gotas. Empregou-se as pontas de pulverização TT11001-VP, DG110015, TXA8001 VK (Spraying Systems Co®) e K9717 (Guarany®). Foram utilizados os inseticidas clorpirifós (Dursban 4E®), lambdacialotrina (Demand CS 2,5®) e betaciflutrina (Responsar 1,5®) nas dosagens recomendadas sob uma pressão de 50 lb/pol2 (333 kPa) e volume de aplicação de 40 mL/m2. O tipo de ponta de pulverização interferiu na eficiência residual de inseticidas no controle de Blattella germanica. As pontas de pulverização TT11001 VP, DG110015, TXVS4 foram superiores ao K9717. conhecidas residências restaurantes depósitos hospitais alimentícias métodos destacandose destacando se definido importante vazão Empregouse Empregou TT11001VP, TT11001VP TTVP VP TT TT11001-VP DG110015 DG TXA TXA800 Spraying Co® Co K K971 Guarany®. Guarany Guarany® . (Guarany®) Dursban 4E®, 4E E 4E® , 4E®) Demand 2,5® 25 2 5 Responsar 1,5® 15 1 lbpol2 lbpol lb pol2 pol lb/pol 333 (33 kPa 4 mLm2 mLm mL m2 m mL/m2 TT1100 TXVS DG11001 TXA80 K97 (Guarany® 2,5 1,5 33 (3 mL/m TT110 DG1100 TXA8 K9 (Guarany 2, 1, 3 ( TT11 DG110 TT1 DG11 DG1

ABSTRACT The cockroach Blattella germanica is one of the most known species. They are found in houses, restaurants, storehouses, hospitals, supermarket and food industries. The traditional control have been made through different methods; the most used is insecticide pulverization. The technology of insecticides application have given conditions to improve the application and to obtain better efficiency the spraying process. The spray nozzle is one the components that most influences the success of insecticide application, which is composed by different parts, the spray tip being the most important one because it regularizes the flowing out, the size of the drops and the shape of the drops imitted. The spray tip used in this study were TT11001-VP, DG110015, TXA8001 VK (Spraying Systems Co®) and K9717 (Guarany®). The insecticides used were the chlorpyrifos (Dursban 4E®), lambdacyhalothrin (Demand CS 2,5®) and betacyfluthrin (Responsar 1,5®) in doses recommended under pressure of 50 lb/pol2 and volume of application of 40mL/L. The type of spray tip interfered on the residual efficiency of insecticides for Blattella germanica control while the spray tips TT11001 VP, DG110015, TXA 8001 VK were superior to K9717. species houses restaurants storehouses hospitals industries methods pulverization process parts out imitted TT11001VP, TT11001VP TTVP VP TT TT11001-VP DG110015 DG TXA800 Spraying Co® Co K K971 Guarany®. Guarany Guarany® . (Guarany®) Dursban 4E®, 4E E 4E® , 4E®) Demand 2,5® 25 2 5 Responsar 1,5® 15 1 lbpol2 lbpol lb pol2 pol lb/pol 40mLL mLL 40mL L mL 40mL/L TT1100 800 DG11001 TXA80 K97 (Guarany® 2,5 1,5 TT110 80 DG1100 TXA8 K9 (Guarany 2, 1, TT11 8 DG110 TT1 DG11 DG1

ABSTRACT The present work had the objective of evaluating the effect of the induced rain on the azoxystrobin efficiency, tenacity and sistemic action in the coffee rust control. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions, being used the experimental design by hazard with 7 treatments and 12 replications, in wich half of the plants had the soil covered by an aluminium paper sheet. After 60 and 120 minutes of fungicide spraing the plants were submited to 30 mm of controlled rain for 30 minutes and inoculated with spores of H. vastatrix. Azoxystrobin stood out in the control of the coffee rust, being always superior to the standard copper oxicloryte in all the studied parameters. Significant differences in the severity of the disease among the two conditions, covered and discovered soil, were observed for the treatments with azoxystrobin, being always the discovered condition superior to covered, one indicating its sistemic effect. efficiency conditions 1 replications sheet 6 3 H vastatrix parameters

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de chuva induzida sobre a eficiência, persistência e sistemicidade de azoxystrobin no controle da ferrugem em mudas de café. O experimento foi realizado em condições de casa de vegetação sendo utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com 7 tratamentos e 12 repetições, no qual metade das plantas teve o solo coberto por uma lâmina de papel alumínio. Após 60 e 120 minutos da pulverização as plantas foram submetidas a 30 mm de chuva controlada durante 30 minutos e inoculadas com esporos de H. vastatrix. Azoxystrobin destacou-se no controle da ferrugem sendo sempre superior ao padrão oxicloreto de cobre em todos os parâmetros estudados. Diferenças significativas na severidade da doença entre as duas condições de solo, coberto e descoberto, foram observadas, para os tratamentos com azoxystrobin, sendo sempre a condição descoberto superior a coberto, indicando sua sistemicidade. eficiência café 1 repetições alumínio 6 3 H vastatrix destacouse destacou se estudados observadas

ABSTRACT This work was carried out in order to evaluate the role of a simulated rain at different times after systemic fungicides application as a factor of reduction on fungicides action. Coffee plants, with 5 to 6 pairs of leaves, were sprayed with CO2 and hollow cone spray nozzles, volume of 400 L/ha and without stick addition. After 30, 60 and 120 minutes of spraying, part of plants received a rain of 20 mm for 6 minutes, applied by experimental equipment of induced rainy simulation. Coffee plants were inoculated with an aqueous suspension of Hemileia vastatrix spores (2 mg/mL), 24 hours after the fungicide spraying. Plants were maintained 72 h in acclimatized chamber, and dark conditions, at 22 ° C and relative humidity at 80 %. Evaluations were made at 37, 47 and 57 days after inoculation, based on disease incidence and in the severity of leaf area affected. Experimental delineation was randomized blocks with 14 treatments and 10 replicates and each plot represented by a plant. Control plants showed first rust disease symptoms 25 days after inoculation. Fungicide treatments showed symptoms only 37 days after inoculation. Tetraconazole and cyproconazole fungicides showed excellent coffee leaf rust control in all rainy intervals (30, 60 and 120 min) after fungicide spraying, indicating fast systemic action of the products in the leaves. There were no differences between dosis of tetraconazole tried. Light fitotoxicity was observed on the coffee leaves treated by cyproconazole fungicide. CO nozzles 40 Lha L ha addition 30 12 spraying 2 simulation ( mg/mL, mgmL mg/mL , mg mL mg/mL) 7 chamber conditions 8 % 4 inoculation affected 1 plant 3 (30 min tried (3

RESUMO O presente trabalho, conduzido em casa de vegetação, avaliou a influência de uma chuva simulada após a pulverização, sobre a ação de fungicidas sistêmicos, em diferentes intervalos de tempo. As pulverizações foram efetuadas sobre mudas de café com 5 a 6 pares de folhas, com bico jato cônico vazio; volume de 400 L/ha e sem adição de adjuvantes. Após 30, 60 e 120 minutos da pulverização, metade das mudas receberam uma chuva de 20 mm durante 6 min., aplicada por equipamento experimental de simulação de chuva induzida. Todas as mudas foram inoculadas 24 horas após a pulverização, com uma suspensão de esporos de Hemileia vastatrix, na concentração de 2 mg/mL de urediniosporos e mantidas por 72 horas em câmara climatizada, no escuro, temperatura de 22 0 C e umidade relativa de 80 % e em seguida transferidas para a casa de vegetação. Foram efetuadas avaliações aos 37, 47 e 57 dias após a inoculação, visando-se incidência dos sintomas da doença e a severidade na área foliar afetada. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com 14 tratamentos e 10 repetições, representadas cada uma por uma planta. Os sintomas da ferrugem nas testemunhas surgiram a partir dos 25 dias após a inoculação. Os tratamentos com fungicidas apresentaram sintomas a partir dos 37 dias da inoculação. Tetraconazole e cyproconazole apresentaram excelente nível de controle da ferrugem aos 30, 60 e 120 min de chuva aplicada após a pulverização, indicando rápida sistemicidade nas folhas. Não houve diferenças entre as doses testadas do tetraconazole. Foram observados leves sintomas de fitotoxicidade do cyproconazole nas folhas do cafeeiro. trabalho vegetação pulverização sistêmicos tempo vazio 40 Lha L ha adjuvantes 30 12 min. induzida vastatrix mgmL mg mL 7 climatizada escuro 8 4 inoculação visandose visando se afetada 1 repetições planta 3 tetraconazole cafeeiro