ABSTRACT Objective: We aimed to analyze the association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism with subclinical atherosclerosis measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC) in the baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study. Materials and methods: CAC was measured using a 64-detector computed tomographic scanner. The association of CAC > 0 was presented as an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) in logistic models and as β (95%CI) in linear models after multivariable adjustment for confounders. Results: We analyzed 3,809 participants (mean-age (SD) 50.5 (8.8); 51.7% women). In the main analysis, we did not find an association of diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism with CAC. However, in stratified analysis according to age strata, we found no significative interaction terms, an important heterogeneity between the groups, with the younger age strata showing an association of the group with both diseases and CAC > 0 (OR 7.16; 95%CI, 1.14; 44.89) with a wide but significative 95%CI, suggesting that the smaller number of participants in the younger group may influence the results. Our findings also showed an association of CAC > 0 and log (CAC+1) with diabetes in logistic (OR, 1.31; 95%CI, 1.05-1.63) and linear models (β, 0.24, 0.16, 0.40), respectively. Diabetes was independently associated with CAC > 0 in linear models. Discussion: In conclusion, our results showed a great heterogeneity in stratified analysis based on age in the younger age strata. Although we found no significant interaction factors, the smaller sample size for the analysis may influence the negative findings. Objective (CAC ELSABrasil ELSA Brasil study methods 64detector detector 64 scanner OR 95 95%CI 95CI CI (95%CI confounders Results 3809 3 809 3,80 meanage mean SD (SD 505 50 5 50. 8.8 88 8 (8.8) 517 51 7 51.7 women. women . women) However terms groups 7.16 716 16 1.14 114 1 14 44.89 4489 44 89 CAC+1 CAC1 (CAC+1 OR, 1.31 131 31 1.051.63 105163 1.05 1.63 05 63 1.05-1.63 β, (β 024 24 0.24 016 0.16 0.40, 040 0.40 , 40 0.40) respectively Discussion conclusion factors 6 9 380 80 3,8 8. (8.8 51. 7.1 71 1.1 11 44.8 448 4 CAC+ (CAC+ 1.3 13 051 1.051.6 10516 105 1.0 163 1.6 1.05-1.6 02 2 0.2 01 0.1 04 0.4 38 3, (8. 7. 1. 44. 1.051. 1051 10 1.05-1. 0. (8 1.051 1.05-1 ( 1.05-

Abstract Introduction: Child health actions in Brazil have their primary focus on early childhood. A new epidemiological profile is emerging for children after the first one thousand days: an increase in non-communicable chronic diseases. This research aimed to analyze the attributes of Primary Health Care comparatively among different age groups, using three years of age as the cutoff point. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional and conducted in three Primary Health Care Units and three Ambulatory Medical Assistance facilities in the Western Region of Sao Paulo. The PCA Tool Brazil was used as the assessment instrument. Results: A total of 311 interviews were conducted with caregivers of children aged 0 to 12 years; 153 children were under three years old, and 158 were three years or older. The attributes that showed statistically significant differences between age groups (< 3 years and > 3 years) were affiliation (4.9 × 3.8), longitudinality (5.7 × 5.2), information system (7.4 × 6.3), and services provided (5.4 × 4.5). Through linear regression analysis, it was observed that there was a trend for better overall and essential scores in the evaluations of the group of children under three years old who attended Primary Health Care Units. Conclusion: The comparative analysis of Primary Health Care attributes among pediatric age groups revealed a trend towards higher scores, according to caregivers’ perceptions, for children under three years old. This study suggests the need for the implementation of programs that can better address the healthcare needs of children beyond early childhood. Introduction childhood days noncommunicable non communicable diseases point Methods crosssectional cross sectional Paulo instrument Results 31 1 15 older < ( 4.9 49 4 9 (4. 3.8, 38 3.8 , 8 3.8) 5.7 57 5 7 (5. 5.2, 52 5.2 2 5.2) 7.4 74 (7. 6.3, 63 6.3 6 6.3) 5.4 54 4.5. 45 4.5 . 4.5) Conclusion perceptions 4. (4 3. 5. (5 7. (7 6.

Abstract Introduction: The association of diabetes with subclinical thyroid diseases may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. We analyzed the association of subclinical hypothyroidism, diabetes, and both diseases with carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT) as a surrogate maker for early cardiovascular disease in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Methods: Cross-sectional analysis with data from the 3rd visit (2017‒2019). Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association of subclinical hypothyroidism, diabetes and of both diseases with a cIMT presented as Beta (95% Confidence Interval – 95% CI) without adjustment, with adjustment for sociodemographic variables (Model 1) and multivariable adjustment (Model 1 more cardiovascular risk factors). We also used logistic regression models to analyze the Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% CI for the association of both diseases using cIMT > P75%. Results: After the exclusion of patients with previous cardiovascular disease, 5,077 participants with no diseases, 1578 with diabetes, 662 with subclinical hypothyroidism, and 234 with both diseases were included in the analysis. Linear regression models showed an association of cIMT with only diabetes (β = 0.019; 95% CI 0.012 to 0.027; p < 0.0001) and subclinical hypothyroidism more diabetes (β = 0.03; 95% CI 0.010‒0.047, p < 0.0001). The logistic regression model reported an association between diabetes and CIMT higher than P75% (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.30‒1.71). No interaction between diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism was detected using cIMT respectively as a continuous (p = 0.29) or as a categorical variable (p = 0.92). Discussion: Diabetes was associated with higher cIMT values. However, no additive effect of subclinical hypothyroidism associated with diabetes over cIMT was detected. Introduction IntimaMedia Intima Media (cIMT ELSABrasil. ELSABrasil ELSA Brasil . (ELSA-Brasil) Methods Crosssectional Cross sectional rd 2017‒2019. 20172019 2017‒2019 2017 2019 (2017‒2019) 95 (95 Model factors. factors factors) OR P75 P Results 5077 5 077 5,07 157 66 23 β 0.019 0019 0 019 0012 012 0.01 0.027 0027 027 0.0001 00001 0001 0.03 003 03 00100047 010 047 0.010‒0.047 0.0001. 149 49 1.49 1.30‒1.71. 130171 1.30‒1.71 30 71 1.30‒1.71) 0.29 029 29 0.92. 092 0.92 92 0.92) Discussion values However (ELSA-Brasil 2017201 2017‒201 201 (2017‒2019 9 (9 P7 507 07 5,0 15 6 2 001 01 0.0 0.02 002 02 0.000 0000 000 00 0010004 04 0.010‒0.04 14 4 1.4 13017 1.30‒1.7 3 7 0.2 09 0.9 201720 2017‒20 20 (2017‒201 ( 50 5, 0. 0.00 001000 0.010‒0.0 1. 1301 1.30‒1. 20172 2017‒2 (2017‒20 00100 0.010‒0. 130 1.30‒1 2017‒ (2017‒2 0010 0.010‒0 13 1.30‒ (2017‒ 0.010‒ 1.30 (2017 0.010 1.3 (201 (20 (2

Este estudo visa avaliar a não-aditividade dos efeitos de gênero, raça e escolaridade na saúde cardiovascular ideal entre os participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto - ELSA-Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal utilizando dados da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil, realizado entre 2008-2010. A Associação Americana do Coração definiu a pontuação de saúde cardiovascular ideal (ICH) como a soma dos indicadores da presença de sete fatores e comportamentos favoráveis à saúde: não fumante, índice de massa corporal ideal, atividade física e dieta saudável, níveis adequados de colesterol total, pressão arterial normal e ausência de diabetes mellitus. Interações multiplicativas e aditivas entre gênero, raça e escolaridade foram avaliadas usando o modelo de Poisson, como uma abordagem para discutir a interseccionalidade. A pontuação média de saúde cardiovascular foi de 2,49 (DP = 1,31). Este estudo encontrou uma interação positiva entre gênero e escolaridade (mulheres com Ensino Médio e Superior), tanto na escala aditiva quanto na escala multiplicativa, para a pontuação de saúde cardiovascular ideal. Houve tendência para maiores valores médios de saúde cardiovascular com o aumento da escolaridade, com diferença acentuada entre as mulheres. As pontuações mais baixas de saúde cardiovascular observadas reforçam a importância de compreender-se as experiências psicossociais que influenciam as atitudes em relação aos serviços de saúde, ao acesso à saúde e às escolhas de estilo de vida saudável, que afetam a ICH, para reduzir as desigualdades em saúde e propor políticas públicas mais adequadas como uma estratégia de assistência e prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares.

This study aims to assess the non-additivity effects of gender, race, and schooling on ideal cardiovascular health among participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health - ELSA-Brasil. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the baseline of ELSA-Brasil, conducted from 2008 to 2010. The American Heart Association defined a score of ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) as the sum of indicators for the presence of seven favorable health factors and behaviors: non-smoking, ideal body mass index, physical activity and healthy diet, adequate levels of total cholesterol, normal blood pressure, and absence of diabetes mellitus. Multiplicative and additive interactions between gender, race, and schooling were assessed using the Poisson regression model to discuss intersectionality. The mean cardiovascular health score was 2.49 (SD = 1.31). This study showed a positive interaction between gender and schooling (women with high school and higher education) in both additive and multiplicative scales for the score of ideal cardiovascular health. We observed a trend towards higher mean values of cardiovascular health for increased schooling, with a marked difference among women. The lowest cardiovascular health scores observed reinforce the importance of understanding the psychosocial experiences that influence health attitudes, access to health care, and healthy lifestyle choices, which affect ICH, to reduce inequities in health and propose more adequate public policies that assist and prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los efectos no aditivos de género, raza y educación en la salud cardiovascular ideal entre los participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto -ELSA-Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado a partir de datos de línea de base de ELSA-Brasil entre 2008-2010. La Asociación Americana del Corazón definió el puntaje ideal de salud cardiovascular (ICH) como la suma de indicadores de la presencia de siete factores y comportamientos favorables a la salud: no fumador, índice de masa corporal ideal, actividad física y alimentación saludable, niveles adecuados de colesterol total, presión arterial normal y ausencia de diabetes mellitus. Las interacciones multiplicativas y aditivas entre género, raza y educación se evaluaron utilizando el modelo de Poisson como un enfoque para discutir la interseccionalidad. La puntuación media de salud cardiovascular fue de 2,49 (DE = 1,31). Este estudio encontró una interacción positiva entre el género y la educación (mujeres con educación secundaria y universitaria), tanto en la escala aditiva como en la escala multiplicativa, para puntajes ideales de salud cardiovascular. Hubo una tendencia a valores medios más altos de salud cardiovascular conforme aumenta el nivel de educación, con una marcada diferencia entre las mujeres. Los puntajes más bajos de salud cardiovascular refuerzan la importancia de comprender las experiencias psicosociales que influyen en las actitudes hacia la salud, el acceso a la salud y la elección de un estilo de vida saludable, que inciden en el ICH, para reducir las desigualdades en salud y proponer políticas públicas más adecuadas como estrategia de asistencia y prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of hearing loss among adults stratified by the occurrence of hypertension, and to investigate the association between hypertension and hearing loss. METHODS Longitudinal observational study, part of the Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil, Longitudinal Study on Adult’s Health). Data from the first and second waves were analyzed, including information from audiological assessment and general health of the subjects. As outcome, we considered the presence of hearing loss (hearing thresholds above 25 dBHL at frequencies from 500 Hz to 8 kHz) and, as exposure variable, hypertension (report of medical diagnosis of hypertension; and/or use of drugs to treat hypertension; and/or pressure systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg; or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg). As covariables for adjustment were considered: sex, age, education, race / ethnicity, income, smoking, diabetes, and occupational exposure to noise. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, estimating the crude and adjusted relative risks, with 95% confidence intervals, in order to assess the factors associated with hearing loss. RESULTS In crude analyses, the incidence of hearing loss was higher for subjects with hypertension (9.7% versus 5.4%). The crude relative risks for hearing loss was almost double (1.93; 95%CI: 1.10–3.39) for subjects with hypertension in the right ear. In the adjusted analyses, the relative risks was not significant for the hypertension variable (1.42; 95%CI: 0.75–2.67). Being 60 years or older (RR: 5.41; 95%CI: 2.79–10.50) showed a statistically significant association with hearing loss, indicating that older adults have higher relative risks for hearing loss. CONCLUSION In the adjusted analyses controlled for multiple risk factors there was no association between hypertension and hearing loss. The dichotomous variable age (being 60 years or older), on the other hand, has shown a significant association with hearing loss.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare the incidence of hearing loss among adults stratified by the occurrence of hypertension, and to investigate the association between hypertension and hearing loss. METHODS Longitudinal observational study, part of the Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil, Longitudinal Study on Adult’s Health). Data from the first and second waves were analyzed, including information from audiological assessment and general health of the subjects. As outcome, we considered the presence of hearing loss (hearing thresholds above 25 dBHL at frequencies from 500 Hz to 8 kHz) and, as exposure variable, hypertension (report of medical diagnosis of hypertension; and/or use of drugs to treat hypertension; and/or pressure systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg; or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg). As covariables for adjustment were considered: sex, age, education, race / ethnicity, income, smoking, diabetes, and occupational exposure to noise. Poisson regression analysis was conducted, estimating the crude and adjusted relative risks, with 95% confidence intervals, in order to assess the factors associated with hearing loss. RESULTS In crude analyses, the incidence of hearing loss was higher for subjects with hypertension (9.7% versus 5.4%). The crude relative risks for hearing loss was almost double (1.93; 95%CI: 1.10–3.39) for subjects with hypertension in the right ear. In the adjusted analyses, the relative risks was not significant for the hypertension variable (1.42; 95%CI: 0.75–2.67). Being 60 years or older (RR: 5.41; 95%CI: 2.79–10.50) showed a statistically significant association with hearing loss, indicating that older adults have higher relative risks for hearing loss. CONCLUSION In the adjusted analyses controlled for multiple risk factors there was no association between hypertension and hearing loss. The dichotomous variable age (being 60 years or older), on the other hand, has shown a significant association with hearing loss.

This study aims to assess the non-additivity effects of gender, race, and schooling on ideal cardiovascular health among participants of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health - ELSA-Brasil. This is a cross-sectional study using data from the baseline of ELSA-Brasil, conducted from 2008 to 2010. The American Heart Association defined a score of ideal cardiovascular health (ICH) as the sum of indicators for the presence of seven favorable health factors and behaviors: non-smoking, ideal body mass index, physical activity and healthy diet, adequate levels of total cholesterol, normal blood pressure, and absence of diabetes mellitus. Multiplicative and additive interactions between gender, race, and schooling were assessed using the Poisson regression model to discuss intersectionality. The mean cardiovascular health score was 2.49 (SD = 1.31). This study showed a positive interaction between gender and schooling (women with high school and higher education) in both additive and multiplicative scales for the score of ideal cardiovascular health. We observed a trend towards higher mean values of cardiovascular health for increased schooling, with a marked difference among women. The lowest cardiovascular health scores observed reinforce the importance of understanding the psychosocial experiences that influence health attitudes, access to health care, and healthy lifestyle choices, which affect ICH, to reduce inequities in health and propose more adequate public policies that assist and prevent cardiovascular diseases.

Este estudo visa avaliar a não-aditividade dos efeitos de gênero, raça e escolaridade na saúde cardiovascular ideal entre os participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto - ELSA-Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal utilizando dados da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil, realizado entre 2008-2010. A Associação Americana do Coração definiu a pontuação de saúde cardiovascular ideal (ICH) como a soma dos indicadores da presença de sete fatores e comportamentos favoráveis à saúde: não fumante, índice de massa corporal ideal, atividade física e dieta saudável, níveis adequados de colesterol total, pressão arterial normal e ausência de diabetes mellitus. Interações multiplicativas e aditivas entre gênero, raça e escolaridade foram avaliadas usando o modelo de Poisson, como uma abordagem para discutir a interseccionalidade. A pontuação média de saúde cardiovascular foi de 2,49 (DP = 1,31). Este estudo encontrou uma interação positiva entre gênero e escolaridade (mulheres com Ensino Médio e Superior), tanto na escala aditiva quanto na escala multiplicativa, para a pontuação de saúde cardiovascular ideal. Houve tendência para maiores valores médios de saúde cardiovascular com o aumento da escolaridade, com diferença acentuada entre as mulheres. As pontuações mais baixas de saúde cardiovascular observadas reforçam a importância de compreender-se as experiências psicossociais que influenciam as atitudes em relação aos serviços de saúde, ao acesso à saúde e às escolhas de estilo de vida saudável, que afetam a ICH, para reduzir as desigualdades em saúde e propor políticas públicas mais adequadas como uma estratégia de assistência e prevenção das doenças cardiovasculares.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar los efectos no aditivos de género, raza y educación en la salud cardiovascular ideal entre los participantes del Estudio Longitudinal de Salud del Adulto -ELSA-Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado a partir de datos de línea de base de ELSA-Brasil entre 2008-2010. La Asociación Americana del Corazón definió el puntaje ideal de salud cardiovascular (ICH) como la suma de indicadores de la presencia de siete factores y comportamientos favorables a la salud: no fumador, índice de masa corporal ideal, actividad física y alimentación saludable, niveles adecuados de colesterol total, presión arterial normal y ausencia de diabetes mellitus. Las interacciones multiplicativas y aditivas entre género, raza y educación se evaluaron utilizando el modelo de Poisson como un enfoque para discutir la interseccionalidad. La puntuación media de salud cardiovascular fue de 2,49 (DE = 1,31). Este estudio encontró una interacción positiva entre el género y la educación (mujeres con educación secundaria y universitaria), tanto en la escala aditiva como en la escala multiplicativa, para puntajes ideales de salud cardiovascular. Hubo una tendencia a valores medios más altos de salud cardiovascular conforme aumenta el nivel de educación, con una marcada diferencia entre las mujeres. Los puntajes más bajos de salud cardiovascular refuerzan la importancia de comprender las experiencias psicosociales que influyen en las actitudes hacia la salud, el acceso a la salud y la elección de un estilo de vida saludable, que inciden en el ICH, para reducir las desigualdades en salud y proponer políticas públicas más adecuadas como estrategia de asistencia y prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares.

ABSTRACT Objective: Although some previous data have suggested a high iodine intake in Brazil, the prevalence of antithyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb) in the country is compatible with rates from countries with adequate iodine intake. This observation emphasizes the importance of knowing the incidence of TPOAb in Brazil. Materials and methods: This prospective analysis included euthyroid participants with negative TPOAb at baseline and a thyroid function assessment at a 4-year follow-up. TPOAb was measured by electrochemiluminescence and considered positive when titers were ≥34 IU/mL. TSH and free T4 (FT4) levels were determined by a third-generation immunoenzymatic assay. The incidence of TPOAb is expressed in percentage per year or as a cumulative incidence within the 4-year follow-up period. Results: Of 8,922 euthyroid participants (mean age 51.1 years; 50.9% women) with a negative TPOAb test at baseline, 130 presented incident TPOAb at the 4-year follow-up, yielding an annual incidence of TPOAb of 0.38%/year (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.37-0.39%/year) and a cumulative incidence over 4 years of 1.46% (95% CI, 1.21-1.71%). In men, the annual incidence was 0.32% (95% CI, 0.31-0.33%), and the cumulative incidence over 4 years was 1.23% (95% CI, 0.90-1.56%). In women, the annual incidence was 0.43%/year (95% CI, 0.42-0.44%/year) and the cumulative incidence over 4 years was 1.67% (95% CI, 1.30-2.04%). The only factor associated with incident TPOAb was the occurrence of thyroid diseases at follow-up. No differences in TPOAb incidence were detected across ELSA-Brasil research centers. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the incidence of TPOAb per year and at a 4-year follow-up period are compatible with those of a country with adequate iodine intake.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate incidence of subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Subjects and methods: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) is a prospective cohort study of 15,105 civil servants, examined at baseline and over a 4-year follow-up. This analysis included 9,705 participants with normal thyroid function at baseline, follow-up information about thyroid function and with no report of using drugs that may interfere in the thyroid function. Thyroid function was defined by TSH/FT4 levels or routine use of thyroid hormones/anti-thyroid medications. Annual and cumulative (over 4-year) incidence rates were presented as percentages (95% Confidence Intervals). Results: The incidence of all overt and subclinical thyroid disease was 6.7% (1.73%/year): 0.19% for overt hyperthyroidism (0.048%/year), 0.54% for subclinical hyperthyroidism (0.14%/year), 1.98% for overt hypothyroidism (0.51%/year), and 3.99% for subclinical hypothyroidism (1.03%/year). The incidence of all thyroid diseases was higher in women, when compared to men, with a low women:men ratio (1.36). For Blacks the highest incidence was for overt hyperthyroidism, while for Whites, the highest incidence was for overt hypothyroidism. However, the highest incidence of overt hyperthyroidism was detected in Asian descendants. The presence of antithyroperoxidase antibodies at baseline was associated with higher incidence of overt thyroid diseases. Conclusion: These results showed a high incidence of hypothyroidism, which is compatible with a country with a more-than-adequate iodine intake. The low women:men ratio of the incidence of thyroid dysfunction highlights the importance of the diagnosis of thyroid diseases among men in Brazil.

RESUMO Introdução: A maioria dos estudos que analisam a associação entre os níveis séricos de folato e a função cognitiva restringem suas avaliações a cenários clínicos específicos ou não incluem indivíduos de meia idade, nos quais estratégias preventivas para a função cognitiva podem ser mais viáveis. Objetivo: Examinar a associação entre os níveis séricos de folato e a função cognitiva na avaliação inicial do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Métodos: Foram analisados dados de 4.571 participantes do ELSA-Brasil em São Paulo, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos. Os testes cognitivos foram aprendizagem, recordatório tardio e reconhecimento de lista de palavras; fluência verbal e teste de trilhas parte B. Calculamos, para cada teste e globalmente, escores padronizados para idade, sexo e educação. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão linear para examinar as associações dos níveis séricos de folato com o desempenho nos testes cognitivos. Resultados: Em modelos ajustados para múltiplas variáveis, o folato sérico não esteve associado ao escore cognitivo global (β=-0,043; intervalo de confiança de 95%: [IC95%] -0,135 a 0,050 para 1º vs. 5º quintil), ou desempenho em qualquer teste cognitivo. Também não encontramos associações entre folato sérico e escores cognitivos globais em subgrupos estratificados por idade, sexo ou uso de suplementos vitamínicos. Conclusões: Não encontramos associações significativas entre folato sérico e desempenho cognitivo nesta grande amostra, caracterizada por um cenário sob políticas de fortificação alimentar e consequente baixa frequência de deficiência de folato. Resultados positivos de estudos anteriores podem não se aplicar às situações cada vez mais comuns em que a fortificação de alimentos é implementada, ou a indivíduos mais jovens. Introdução idade viáveis Objetivo ELSABrasil. ELSABrasil ELSA Brasil . (ELSA-Brasil) Métodos 4571 4 571 4.57 Paulo 3 7 anos aprendizagem palavras B Calculamos globalmente educação variáveis β=0,043 β0043 β β= 0,043 0 043 (β=-0,043 95% 95 IC95% IC95 IC [IC95% 0,135 0135 135 -0,13 0050 050 0,05 º vs quintil, quintil , quintil) vitamínicos Conclusões amostra implementada jovens (ELSA-Brasil 457 57 4.5 β=0,04 β004 0043 0,04 04 (β=-0,04 9 IC9 [IC95 0,13 013 13 -0,1 005 05 0,0 45 5 4. β=0,0 β00 004 (β=-0,0 [IC9 0,1 01 1 -0, 00 0, β=0, β0 (β=-0, [IC -0 β=0 (β=-0 - (β=- (β= (β

ABSTRACT Background: Most studies that analyze the association between serum folate levels and cognitive function either restrict their assessments to specific clinical scenarios or do not include middle-aged individuals, to whom strategies for preventing cognitive impairment may be more feasible. Objective: To examine the association between serum folate levels and cognitive function in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline assessment. Methods: Data from 4,571 ELSA-Brasil participants who live in the state of São Paulo, aged 35-74 years, were analyzed. The word list learning, delayed recall, word recognition, verbal fluency, and Trail Making Test Part B consisted in the cognitive tests. For each test, age, sex, and education-specific standardized scores and a global cognitive score were calculated. Crude and adjusted linear regression models were used to examine the associations of serum folate levels with cognitive test scores. Results: In multivariable-adjusted models, serum folate was not associated with global cognitive score (β=-0.043; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] -0.135 to 0.050 for lowest vs. highest quintile group), nor with any cognitive test performance. We did not find associations between serum folate and global cognitive scores in subgroups stratified by age, sex, or use of vitamin supplements either. Conclusions: We did not find significant associations between serum folate and cognitive performance in this large sample, which is characterized by a context of food fortification policies and a consequent low frequency of folate deficiency. Positive results from previous studies may not apply to the increasingly common contexts in which food fortification is implemented, or to younger individuals. Background middleaged middle individuals feasible Objective ELSABrasil ELSA Brasil (ELSA-Brasil assessment Methods 4571 4 571 4,57 Paulo 3574 35 74 35-7 years analyzed learning recall recognition fluency tests age sex educationspecific education calculated Results multivariableadjusted multivariable β=0.043 β0043 β β= 0.043 0 043 (β=-0.043 95 95%CI 95CI CI [95%CI 0.135 0135 135 -0.13 0050 050 0.05 vs group, group , group) Conclusions sample deficiency implemented 457 57 4,5 357 3 7 35- β=0.04 β004 0043 0.04 04 (β=-0.04 9 0.13 013 13 -0.1 005 05 0.0 45 5 4, β=0.0 β00 004 (β=-0.0 0.1 01 1 -0. 00 0. β=0. β0 (β=-0. -0 β=0 (β=-0 - (β=- (β= (β

Resumo Fundamento: A adiposidade abdominal é um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular. Objetivo: Determinar a magnitude da associação entre a adiposidade abdominal, segundo cinco diferentes indicadores, e a espessura médio-intimal de carótidas (EMI-C). Métodos: Usou-se dados de 8.449 participantes de 35 a 74 anos do ELSA-Brasil. Foi avaliado o efeito da circunferência da cintura (CC), razão cintura quadril (RCQ), índice de conicidade (Índice C), produto da acumulação lipídica (LAP) e índice de adiposidade visceral (IAV) sobre EMI-C. Os dados foram estratificados por sexo e analisados por meio de regressões linear e logística multivariadas. Foi adotado nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Participantes com EMI-C acima do P75 mostraram maior frequência de adiposidade abdominal (homens acima de 72% e mulheres acima de 66%) em comparação aos participantes com EMI-C abaixo do P75. A adiposidade abdominal foi associada com a média da EMI-C, principalmente por meio da CC entre homens (0,04 IC95%: 0,033; 0,058). A adiposidade abdominal identificada pelos indicadores CC, RCQ, LAP e IAV entre as mulheres mostrou efeito de 0,02 mm sobre a EMI-C (CC: 0,025 IC95%: 0,016; 0,035; RCQ: 0,026 IC95%: 0,016; 0,035; LAP: 0,024 IC95%: 0,014; 0,034; IAV: 0,020 IC95%: 0,010; 0,031). Na regressão logística múltipla a adiposidade abdominal diagnosticada pela CC mostrou importante efeito sobre a EMI-C em ambos os sexos (homens: OR = 1,47; IC95%: 1,22-1,77; mulheres: OR = 1,38; IC95%: 1,17-1,64). Conclusão: A adiposidade abdominal, identificada por meio da CC, RCQ, LAP e IAV, foi associada à EMI-C em ambos os sexos, com destaque para o tradicional indicador antropométrico CC.

Abstract Background: Abdominal adiposity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Objective: To determine the magnitude of the association between abdominal adiposity, according to five different indicators, and the carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). Methods: Data from 8,449 participants aged 35 to 74 years from the ELSA-Brazil study were used. The effect of waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), conicity index (C index), lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) on CIMT were evaluated. Data were stratified by gender and analyzed using multivariate linear and logistic regressions. A significance level of 5% was considered. Results: Participants with CIMT > P75 showed a higher frequency of abdominal adiposity (men >72% and women >66%) compared to those with CIMT < P75. Abdominal adiposity was associated with the mean CIMT, mainly through WC in men (0.04; 95%CI: 0.033; 0.058). The abdominal adiposity identified by the WC, WHR, LAP, and VAI indicators in women showed an effect of 0.02 mm on the CIMT (WC: 0.025, 95%CI: 0.016, 0.035; WHR: 0.026, 95%CI: 0.016, 0.035; LAP: 0.024, 95%CI: 0.014; 0.034; VAI: 0.020, 95%CI: 0.010, 0.031). In the multiple logistic regression, the abdominal adiposity diagnosed by WC showed an important effect on the CIMT in both genders (men: OR = 1.47, 95%CI: 1.22-1.77, women: OR = 1.38; 95%CI: 1.17-1.64). Conclusion: Abdominal adiposity, identified through WC, WHR, LAP, and VAI, was associated with CIMT in both genders, mainly for the traditional anthropometric indicator, WC.

Resumo Fundamento: A troponina cardíaca de alta sensibilidade I (TnI-as) tem desempenhado um papel importante na estratificação de risco dos pacientes durante a fase intra-hospitalar da síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), mas poucos estudos determinaram seu papel como marcador prognóstico de longo prazo no ambiente ambulatorial. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre os níveis de TnI-as medidos na fase subaguda após um evento de SCA e o prognóstico a longo prazo, em uma população altamente miscigenada. Métodos: Medimos os níveis de TnI-as em 525 pacientes em um período de 25 a 90 dias após a entrada em hospital por um evento de SCA; esses pacientes foram então divididos em tercis conforme os níveis de TnI-as, e acompanhados por até 7 anos. Comparamos as mortalidades por todas as causas e cardiovascular através de modelos de riscos proporcionais de Cox e adotando um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Após um acompanhamento médio de 51 meses, os pacientes no tercil mais alto apresentaram uma taxa de risco (HR) maior para mortalidade por todas as causas, após ajustes para idade, sexo, fatores de risco cardiovascular conhecidos, uso de medicação e fatores demográficos (HR: 3,84 IC 95%: 1,92-8,12). Esses achados persistiram após um ajuste adicional para uma taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) estimada < 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 e uma fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo < 0,40 (HR: 6,53; IC95%: 2,12-20,14). A mortalidade cardiovascular foi significativamente maior no tercil mais alto, após ajustes para idade e sexo (RR: 5,65; IC95%: 1,94-16,47) e tanto no primeiro modelo de ajuste multivariado (HR: 4,90; IC 95%: 1,35-17,82) quanto no segundo (HR: 5,89; IC95%: 1,08-32,27). Conclusões: Níveis elevados de TnI-as, medidos na fase estabilizada após um evento de SCA, são preditores independentes de mortalidade por todas as causas e de mortalidade cardiovascular em uma população altamente miscigenada.

Abstract Background: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) has played an important role in the risk stratification of patients during the in-hospital phase of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), but few studies have determined its role as a long-term prognostic marker in the outpatient setting. Objective: To investigate the association between levels of hs-cTnI measured in the subacute phase after an ACS event and long-term prognosis in a highly admixed population. Methods: We measured levels of hs-cTnI in 525 patients 25 to 90 days after admission for an ACS event; these patients were then divided into tertiles according to hs-cTnI levels and followed for up to 7 years. We compared all-cause and cardiovascular mortality using Cox proportional hazards models and adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: After a median follow-up of 51 months, patients in the highest tertile had a greater hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality after adjustment for age, sex, known cardiovascular risk factors, medication use, and demographic factors (HR: 3.84, 95% CI: 1.92-8.12). These findings persisted after further adjustment for estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and left ventricular ejection fraction < 0.40 (HR: 6.53, 95% CI: 2.12-20.14). Cardiovascular mortality was significantly higher in the highest tertile after adjustment for age and sex (HR: 5.65, 95% CI: 1.94-16.47) and both in the first (HR: 4.90, 95% CI: 1.35-17.82) and second models of multivariate adjustment (HR: 5.89, 95% CI: 1.08-32.27). Conclusions: Elevated hs-cTnI levels measured in the stabilized phase after an ACS event are independent predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a highly admixed population.

Resumo: Introdução: Doenças crônicas podem atuar como fator de aceleração na degeneração do sistema auditivo. Os estudos sobre a associação da presbiacusia com o diabetes mellitus e com a hipertensão arterial sistêmica mostraram conclusões controversas. Objetivo: Comparar a audiometria inicial (A1) com uma audiometria sequencial (A2) feita com um intervalo de três a quatro anos em uma população de idosos portadores de diabetes mellitus e/ou hipertensão arterial sistêmica, a fim de saber se a perda de acuidade auditiva nesses grupos é mais acelerada comparados com controles sem essas condições clínicas. Método: Participaram deste estudo 100 idosos. Para a análise dos limiares auditivos, foram usadas: uma avaliação audiológica completa feita anteriormente (A1) e uma nova avaliação audiológica (A2) feita após três a quatro anos da primeira. Os participantes foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: 20 indivíduos no grupo com diabetes mellitus, 20 no grupo hipertensão arterial sistêmica, 20 no grupo diabetes mellitus/hipertensão arterial sistêmica e 40 indivíduos no grupo controle, foram pareados com cada grupo de estudo, de acordo com as características referentes a idade e sexo. Foram usados os testes estatísticos Anova e Kruskal-Wallis, com nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: Na comparação da média de aumento anual dos limiares auditivos da avaliação A1 com a avaliação A2, considerando cada grupo estudo e seu respectivo controle, pode-se observar que para o grupo diabetes mellitus não houve diferença estatisticamente significante para qualquer das frequências; para o grupo hipertensão arterial sistêmica foram observadas diferenças significantes a partir de 4 kHz. Já para o grupo diabetes mellitus/hipertensão arterial sistêmica foram observadas diferenças significantes nas frequências de 500, 2k, 3k e 8 kHz. Conclusão: Verificou-se que o grupo hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi o que apresentou maior queda dos limiares auditivos no segmento estudado, quando comparado com os outros grupos, sugeriu que entre as três condições estudadas a hipertensão parece ser a que teve maior influência sobre a audição.

Abstract Introduction: Chronic diseases can act as an accelerating factor in the auditory system degeneration. Studies on the association between presbycusis and diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension have shown controversial conclusions. Objective: To compare the initial audiometry (A1) with a subsequent audiometry (A2) performed after a 3 to 4-year interval in a population of elderly patients with diabetes mellitus and/or systemic arterial hypertension, to verify whether hearing loss in these groups is more accelerated when compared to controls without these clinical conditions. Methods: 100 elderly individuals participated in this study. For the auditory threshold assessment, a previous complete audiological evaluation (A1) and a new audiological evaluation (A2) performed 3-4 years after the first one was utilized. The participants were divided into four groups: 20 individuals in the diabetes mellitus group, 20 individuals in the systemic arterial hypertension group, 20 individuals in the diabetes mellitus/systemic arterial hypertension group and 40 individuals in the control group, matching them with each study group, according to age and gender. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests were used, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: When comparing the mean annual increase in the auditory thresholds of the A1 with the A2 assessment, considering each study group and its respective control, it can be observed that there was no statistically significant difference for any of the frequencies for the diabetes mellitus group; for the systemic arterial hypertension group, significant differences were observed after 4 kHz. For the diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension group, significant differences were observed at the frequencies of 500, 2 kHz, 3 kHz and 8 kHz. Conclusion: It was observed that the systemic arterial hypertension group showed the greatest decrease in auditory thresholds in the studied segment when compared to the other groups, suggesting that among the three studied conditions, hypertension seems to have the greatest influence on hearing.

Resumo Introdução: o envelhecimento da população pode levar a uma maior prevalência de demência, doença renal crônica (DRC) e da coexistência dessas doenças. Objetivo: investigamos a associação entre DRC e desempenho cognitivo em adultos brasileiros (35-74 anos). Métodos: análise de dados da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal em Adultos (ELSA-Brasil), uma coorte multicêntrica envolvendo 15.105 funcionários públicos. A função renal foi definida pela TFG estimada CKD-Epi e pela razão albumina/creatinina (RAC). O desempenho cognitivo foi medido em avaliações que incluíram testes de memória de palavras, testes de fluência verbal e Teste de trilhas, versão B (Teste de Trilhas). Regressões logísticas e lineares múltiplas foram usadas para investigar a associação entre DRC e desempenho cognitivo global, bem como desempenho cognitivo reduzido em testes específicos. Resultados: Mais de 90% dos participantes não apresentaram DRC, mesmo considerando redução da TFG ou RAC aumentada, simultaneamente. O desempenho cognitivo reduzido foi detectado entre 15,8% dos participantes e os valores médios da TFG foram discretamente maiores entre os que apresentam desempenho cognitivo normal (86 ± 15 mL/min 1,73 m2 x 85 ± 16 mL/min/1,73 m2, p < 0,01). A idade, nível educacional, a cor da pele, o tabagismo, o consumo de álcool, a hipertensão e o diabetes estavam associados à cognição reduzida. Após o ajuste para essas variáveis, não houve associação entre DRC e desempenho cognitivo reduzido. Foram observados valores beta insignificantes ao analisar a DRC e as pontuações de todos os testes. Conclusão: estes resultados sugerem que o desempenho cognitivo permanece preservado até a função renal atingir piora significativa. Medidas preventivas para manter a função renal podem contribuir para a preservação da função cognitiva.

Abstract Introduction: The aging of the population may lead to an increased prevalence of dementia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their overlap. Objective: We investigated the association between CKD and cognitive performance among Brazilian adults (35-74 years). Methods: Baseline data analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Adults (ELSA-Brasil), a multicenter cohort comprising 15,105 civil servants, was performed. Kidney function was defined by the CKD-Epi-estimated GRF and albumin creatinin ratio (ACR). Cognitive performance was measured across tests that included the word memory tests, verbal fluency tests and Trail Making Test B. Multiple logistic and linear regressions were used to investigate the association between CKD and global as well as test-specific lowered cognitive performance. Results: More than 90% of participants did not present CKD even considering reduced GFR or increased ACR simultaneously. Lowered cognitive performance was detected among 15.8% of the participants and mean values of GFR were slightly higher among those with normal than with lowered cognitive performance (86 ± 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 x 85 ± 16 mL/min/1.73 m2, p < 0.01). Age, education, skin-color, smoking, drinking, hypertension, and diabetes were associated with lowered cognition. After adjustment for these variables, there was no association between CKD and lowered cognitive performance. Negligibly small beta values were observed when analyzing CKD and the scores of all tests. Conclusion: These results suggest that cognitive performance remains preserved until renal function reaches significant worsening. Preventive measures to maintain renal function may contribute to the preservation of cognitive function.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), as measured by ultrasound, has been used in large studies as a non-invasive marker for subclinical atherosclerosis. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) is a cohort of 15,105 civil servants in six Brazilian cities that included CIMT evaluation in its baseline assessment. The aim of the present narrative review was to provide an overview of ELSA-Brasil CIMT articles published up to July 31, 2017. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review of ELSA-Brasil CIMT studies using baseline assessment data. METHODS: We searched PubMed for the terms “ELSA-Brasil” and “intima-media”. This search yielded 21 published articles using CIMT data from the ELSA-Brasil baseline assessment, which were included in this review. We also present information about intima-media thickness assessment from ongoing onsite reevaluations of the study participants. RESULTS: Most published studies focused on the association with traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors. Studies also presented information about the ELSA-Brasil CIMT protocol at baseline and CIMT value distribution in this large sample. CONCLUSIONS: Analyses on the ELSA-Brasil data led to important insights on CIMT interpretation and physiology. Besides the highlighted contributions which have already been made in this field, new data gathered during the ongoing third onsite assessment will enable investigation of substantially new research questions.