Abstract Leishmaniasis is a disease of public health relevance that demands new therapeutic alternatives due to the toxicity of conventional treatments. In this study, 27 plants of interest to the Unified Health System (SUS) were evaluated for cytotoxicity in macrophages, leishmanicidal activity and production of nitric oxide (NO). None of the species demonstrated cytotoxicity to macrophages (CC50 >100 μg/mL). Extracts from Chenopodium ambrosioides, Equisetum arvense, Maytenus ilicifolia showed greater efficacy in inducing the death of Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes with IC50 of 68.4, 82.3, 75.7 μg/mL, respectively. The species Cynara scolymus, Punica granatum and Passiflora alata were the most effective in inducing an increase in the indirect concentration of NO (41.31, 29.30 and 28.86 µM, respectively) in cultures of macrophages infected with L. amazonensis. Furthermore, Punica granatum was also the most effective species in inducing an increase in NO in macrophages infected by Leishmania chagasi (19.90 µM). The results obtained so far support the continuation of studies, with the possibility of developing safer and more effective treatments for leishmaniasis, using natural products. The identification of plants that stimulate the production of NO in macrophages infected by Leishmania opens doors for more detailed investigations of the mechanism of action of these natural products. study 2 SUS (SUS NO. . (NO) CC50 CC (CC5 100 >10 μg/mL. μgmL μg/mL μg mL μg/mL) ambrosioides arvense IC IC5 684 68 4 68.4 823 82 3 82.3 757 75 7 75. respectively scolymus 41.31, 4131 41 31 (41.31 2930 29 30 29.3 2886 28 86 28.8 µM L Furthermore 19.90 1990 19 90 (19.9 µM. µM) studies leishmaniasis products (NO CC5 (CC 10 >1 6 68. 8 82. 41.31 413 (41.3 293 29. 288 28. 19.9 199 1 9 (19. > 41.3 (41. 19. (19 41. (41 (1 (4 (

Abstract The Pyroligneous extract is a product from the combustion of plant biomass with applications in the fields of health, industrial chemistry, and agriculture. The discovery of new molecules with therapeutic potential and of natural origin continues to be one of the great challenges for research centres around the world. The following work aims to analyze, through a technological prospection, the use of pyroligneous extracts for therapeutic purposes. To carry out the study, searches were carried out in documents deposited in Brazil, Europe, and the United States and searched on platforms specialized in patents. The number of inventions using pyroligneous extract with therapeutic applications is still quite small, however, innovations have been observed for the treatment of diseases of great clinical relevance such as cancer and hypertension. The systematic mapping of innovations is of great importance for the development of new technologies. health chemistry agriculture world analyze prospection purposes study Brazil Europe patents small however hypertension technologies

The current annual consumption of insecticides in agriculture in Brazil is over three million tons. The exposure happens through food that is contaminated with toxic waste and respiratory and dermal absorption. Biological control with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) has assumed increasing importance replacing the use of conventional insecticides. However, the tests used to justify approval for use and market release of Bt products, and the protocols used to assess the development of toxicity, are extremely superficial. In addition, more studies comparing effects between males and females and during pregnancy and lactation have not been conducted. Thus, the hypothesis tested in this study was if the administration of the XenTari® WG (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Aizawai) biological insecticide and Decis® 25CE (Deltamethrin) synthetic insecticide, at concentrations that do not cause clinical signs of maternal toxicity, could interfere in the histophysiology of the organs of neonate rats. Thirty-five pregnant albino rats, Rattus norvegicus albinus, were randomly distributed in seven groups: Group I received placebo (water); Groups II, III, and IV received 1.0, 10.0, and 20.0 mg of XenTari®/kg respectively; and Groups V, VI, and VII received 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg of Deltamethrin/kg, respectively. The results showed that the highest doses of insecticides reduced the number of neonates. No histopathological alterations were observed in the kidneys, however, lipidosis, diffuse mononuclear inflammatory cells, and sinusoids congestion were observed in the liver. Rats from groups IV and VII presented atresia in the ovaries. Neonates from Group IV showed congestion and hemosiderin deposition in the testicle's blood vessels, which is characteristic of a process of hemolysis. In conclusion, both insecticides presented similar effects on organs and number of neonates born to rats exposed to sub-lethal doses that did not cause clinical symptoms of maternal intoxication.

El consumo anual actual de insecticidas en la agricultura en Brasil es más de tres millones de toneladas. Aproximadamente el 60% de los trabajadores rurales expuestos a los insecticidas son mujeres. La exposición ocurre a través de alimentos contaminados con desechos tóxicos y la absorción respiratoria y dérmica. El control biológico con Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) ha adquirido una importancia creciente en la sustitución del uso de insecticidas convencionales. Sin embargo, las pruebas utilizadas para justificar la aprobación para el uso y la liberación del mercado de los productos Bt, y los protocolos utilizados para evaluar el desarrollo de toxicidad, son muy superficiales. Además, no se han realizado estudios que que permitan comparar los efectos entre hombres y mujeres y durante el embarazo y la lactancia. Por lo tanto, la hipótesis planteada en este estudio fue si la administración del Grupo de Trabajo XenTari ® (B. thuringiensis subsp. Aizawai) insecticida biológico y Decis ® 25CE (deltametrina) insecticidas sintéticos, en concentraciones que no causan signos clínicos de toxicidad materna, podría interferir en la histofisiología de los órganos de las ratas recién nacidas. Treinta y cinco ratas albinas preñadas, Rattus norvegicus albino, fueron distribuidas aleatoriamente en siete grupos: Grupo I recibió un placebo (agua), los Grupos II, III y IV recibieron 1,0, 10,0 y 20,0 mg de XenTari ® / kg, respectivamente, y Grupos V, VI y VII recibieron 1,0, 2,0 y 4,0 mg de deltametrina / kg, respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron que las dosis más altas de insecticidas redujeron el número de neonatos. No se observaron alteraciones histopatológicas en los riñones, sin embargo, se observaron en el hígado, lipidosis, difusas células inflamatorias mononucleares, y la congestión de sinusoides. Las ratas de los grupos IV y VII presentaron atresia ovárica. Los recién nacidos de grupo IV mostraron congestión y depósito de hemosiderina en los vasos sanguíneos del testículo, lo cual es característico de un proceso de hemólisis. En conclusión, los insecticidas presentaron efectos similares en los órganos y en el número de recién nacidos de ratas expuestas a dosis sub-letales, que no causan síntomas clínicos de toxicidad materna.

Nós analisamos a riqueza, a composição e a massa de serpentes em dois ambientes na Mata Atlântica da Ilha do Cardoso (25º 03' S e 47º 53' W), uma ilha (22.500 ha), localizada no município de Cananéia, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Estimamos um índice de disponibilidade de artrópodos (em mm³) em cada ambiente através da taxa de captura em armadilhas de queda estabelecidas no chão da floresta. Coletamos frutos caídos ao longo de trilhas nos ambientes estudados (a massa de frutos forneceu um índice da disponibilidade de frutos) e pequenos mamíferos foram amostrados em grades com 120 armadilhas as quais cobriram um ambiente na mata de planície (5,2 ha) e um na floresta de encosta (3,6 ha). A abundância e massa de pequenos mamíferos foi padronizada para o tamanho de cada área amostrada (em g.ha-1). Para amostrar as serpentes estabelecemos 20 armadilhas de queda em cada ambiente e mensalmente realizamos transectos durante quatro dias consecutivos (totalizando 1000 m de extensão em cada área) ao longo de trilhas nos ambientes estudados. As serpentes foram medidas, pesadas, marcadas e soltas. A abundância e massa total de serpentes foram padronizadas para o tamanho de cada área amostrada. As áreas diferiram consistentemente na produtividade de artrópodos, de frutos e de pequenos mamíferos, e também na riqueza, composição e massa total de serpentes. Encontramos um total de 36 indivíduos (massa total = 9884 g) de 12 espécies de serpentes pertencentes a três famílias (Colubridae, Elapidae and Viperidae) na mata de planície, enquanto na mata de encostaamostramos apenas 9 indivíduos de 2 espécies (massa total=1820g). Nossos resultados sugerem que a mata de planície, que teve maior produtividade de of artrópodos, de frutos e de pequenos mamíferos, mantém uma comunidade de serpentes com maior riqueza, diversidade e biomassa do que a mata de encosta.

We analyzed richness, composition and mass of snakes in two sites in the Atlantic forest of Ilha do Cardoso (25º 03' S and 47º 53' W), an island (22,500 ha), Cananéia municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. A monthly index of arthropod availability (in mm³) was estimated in each site through capture rates in pit-fall traps. Fallen fruits were collected along trails in the study sites (mass of fruit gave an index of fruit availability) and small mammals were sampled in grids with 120 traps which covered the lowland (5.2 ha) and in the slope forests (3.6ha). The abundance and mass of small mammals were standardized for the size of each sampled area (in g.ha-1). To sample snakes we established 20 pit-fall traps in each area and performed monthly transects in four consecutive days (totaling 1000 m long) along trails in the study sites. Snakes found were measured, weighted marked and released. Abundance and total mass of snakes were standardized by the size of each area. The areas differed consistently in in the productivity of arthropods, fruits and small mammals, and also in richness, composition and total mass of snakes. We found 36 individuals (total mass = 9884 g) of 12 snake species belonging to three Families (Colubridae, Elapidae and Viperidae) in the lowland forest, whereas in the slope forest we sampled only 9 individuals of 2 species (total mass = 1820 g). Our results suggest that the area of lowland forest, showing higher productivity of arthropods, fruits and small mammals, maintains a snake community with a higher richness, diversity and biomass than its slope forest counterpart.

Presents the design and present progress in the research project entitled "Structure of power, participation and education: a study of the situation of Adult and Youth Education in the context of neoconservatism, policies of adjustment and poverty", directed by María Teresa Sirvent. The objective of the research is to analyse the demand and supply of Adult and Youth Education in selected regions of the Argentine. Three regional research teams are engaged in the study. The purpose of the research is to describe and interpret the demand, to elaborate essential features for educational policy and pedagogical recommendations. The methodological approach combines the quantitative and qualitative with participative mechanisms. The development of the research process has allowed attention to be concentrated on the possibility of reproduction or of rupture in a) the situation of profound educational poverty (level of educational risk) in which 75% of the population over 15 years of age which has attended but no longer attends school finds itself and b) the principle of accumulative advance in education (referring to the fact that those who have most education, demand more education and make use of the opportunities created). The findings obtained also reveal the interaction of subjective and objective aspects of distinct life paths (family, work and social participation) which can account for educational decisions in addition to critical aspects in the formation of educators. In conclusion, contributions for an educational policy based on the perspective of lifelong education are presented.

Presenta el diseño y los avances de la investigación "Estructura de poder, participación y educación: Estudio de la situación de la Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos en un contexto de neoconservadurismo, políticas de ajuste y pobreza"(Dir.: Sirvent). Esta investigación tiene como objeto de análisis: la demanda y la oferta por educación de jóvenes y adultos en regiones seleccionadas de Argentina. El estudio se desarrolla a través de la articulación de tres equipos de investigación regionales. Se busca obtener una descripción e interpretación de la demanda y elaborar lineamientos de políticas educativas y recomendaciones pedagógicas. El abordaje metodológico es combinado: cuantitativo _ cualitativo con instancias participativas. El proceso de investigación desarrollado ha permitido centrar nuestra preocupación en la posibilidad de reproducción o de ruptura de: a) la situación de profunda pobreza educativa (Nivel de Riesgo Educativo) en que se halla el 75 % de la población de 15 años y más que asistió pero no asiste más a la escuela en nuestro país y b) del principio de avance acumulativo en educación (referido a que es quien más educación tiene, más educación demanda y se apropia). Los avances obtenidos develan además, el entramado de aspectos subjetivos y objetivos de las distintas trayectorias de vida (familiar, laboral, de participación social) que puede dar cuenta de las decisiones educativas, así como aspectos críticos de la formación de los educadores. Al final del artículo se presentan aportes para una política educativa desde la perspectiva de la educación permanente.

O presente trabalho descreve um procedimento para separação, preconcentração e determinação sequencial de quantidades traço de cobre e zinco em amostras de água natural, por espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-AES). Este método é baseado na complexação dos íons cobre(II) e zinco(II) pelo 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) e sorção sobre a resina Amberlite XAD-2. Parametros tais como: quantidade de TAN, efeito de pH sobre a complexação e sorção dos complexos, tempo de agitação para completa sorção, concentração dos íons metálicos, massa de resina Amberlite XAD-2 necessária, dessorção dos íons metálicos da resina XAD-2 e volume da amostra foram estudados. Os resultados demonstraram que os íons cobre(II) e zinco(II), na faixa de 0,10 a 100,00 mig, contidos em volume de solução amostra de 400 mL, na faixa de pH de 5,7 a 8,3, sob a forma de complexos do TAN, é quantitativamente retido sobre a resina XAD-2. O tempo de agitação requerido para sorção é de 1 hora usando uma massa de resina de 1,4 g. A solução para determinação de cobre e zinco por ICP-AES é obtida, após a dessorção dos íons da resina, usando 5 mL de ácido clorídrico 2 mol L-1, agitando o sistema por 5 min. O procedimento foi aplicado na determinação de cobre e zinco em várias amostras de água natural. A técnica da adição padrão foi aplicada e as recuperações obtidas revelaram que o procedimento proposto tem uma boa exatidão e precisão. Um alto fator de enriquecimento (80) e a simplicidade são as principais vantagens neste procedimento.

The present paper describes a procedure for separation, preconcentration and sequential determination of trace amounts of copper and zinc in natural water samples, by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The proposed method is based on the complexation of copper(II) and zinc(II) ions by 1-(2-thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) and sorption on to Amberlite XAD-2 resin. Parameters such as: TAN amount, pH effect on the complexation and sorption of TAN complexes, agitation time for complete sorption, concentration of metal ion, mass of Amberlite XAD-2, desorption of metal ions from XAD-2 resin and sample volume were studied. The results demonstrated that the copper(II) and zinc(II) ions, in the range of 0.10 to 100.00 mug, contained in a solution sample volume of 400 mL, in the pH range of 5.7 to 8.3, on the form of TAN complexes had been quantitatively retained on to XAD-2 resin. The shaking time required for sorption is 1 h using a resin mass of 1.4 g. The solution for determination of copper and zinc by ICP-AES is obtained, after desorption of the ions from the XAD-2 resin, using 5 mL of 2 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid and shaking the system for 5 min. The procedure was applied to the determination of copper and zinc in several natural water samples. The standard addition technique was applied and the obtained recoveries revealed that the proposed procedure has a good accuracy. A high enrichment factor (80) and simplicity are the main advantages in this analytical protocol.