Resumo Ensaios não destrutivos (END) que avaliam a constituição ou degradação de estruturas são de grande interesse na Engenharia Civil. Entre as técnicas de END, destaca-se o teste de Velocidade de Pulso Ultrassônico (UPV); no entanto, embora seu uso seja difundido, ainda não existem aplicações que empreguem esse método para determinar a constituição do concreto in situ. Portanto, este artigo aborda a identificação do teor de agregados graúdos em amostras de concreto por meio de uma Rede Neural Artificial (RNA) treinada com um banco de dados de ensaios numéricos que simularam UPV. Neste artigo, o teor de agregados graúdos será descrito como uma porcentagem da área total de um modelo bidimensional de concreto. Três arquiteturas de redes neurais artificiais foram avaliadas. As duas primeiras, treinadas com 13 ou 22 trajetórias, resolveram um problema de classificação para cinco teores de agregados, e a terceira, treinada com 22 trajetórias, resolveu um problema de regressão. Seu desempenho foi comparado com o de outras soluções de regressão, a saber, Regressor XGB, Random Forest e Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários, e mostrou-se superior, com desvios médios de -2,55% a +2,17%. Assim, este artigo demonstrou que o uso da RNA em combinação com o teste UPV tem o potencial de identificar o teor de agregados graúdos em concretos. Os resultados positivos sugerem que essa abordagem é promissora e ressaltam a necessidade de validação experimental adicional em pesquisas futuras. END (END Civil destacase destaca se (UPV) entanto difundido situ Portanto (RNA avaliadas primeiras 1 2 trajetórias terceira regressão saber XGB Ordinários mostrouse mostrou superior 2,55% 255 55 -2,55 217 17 +2,17% Assim concretos futuras (UPV 2,55 25 5 -2,5 21 +2,17 2,5 -2, +2,1 2, -2 +2, - +2 +

Abstract Nondestructive tests that assess the constitution or degradation of structures are of great interest in Civil Engineering. Among the non-destructive testing techniques, the Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test stands out; however, although its use is widespread, there are still no applications that employ this method to determine the constitution of concrete in situ. Therefore, this article addresses the identification of the coarse aggregate content in concrete specimens by an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) trained with a database of numerical tests that simulated UPV. In this paper, the coarse aggregate content will be described as a percentage of the total area of a two-dimensional concrete model. Three artificial neural network architectures were evaluated. The first two, trained with 13 or 22 paths, solved a classification problem for five aggregate contents, and the third, trained with 22 paths, solved a regression problem. Its performance was compared with those of other regression solutions, namely XGB Regressor, Random Forest, and OLS (Ordinary Least Squares), and showed superior, with -2.55% to +2.17% average deviations. Thus, this paper demonstrated that the use of ANN in combination with UPV test has the potential to identify the coarse aggregate content in concretes. The positive results suggest that this approach is promising and highlights the need for further experimental validation in future research. Engineering nondestructive non destructive techniques (UPV out however widespread situ Therefore (ANN twodimensional two dimensional model evaluated 1 2 paths contents third solutions Regressor Forest Ordinary Squares, Squares , Squares) superior 2.55% 255 55 -2.55 217 17 +2.17 deviations Thus concretes research 2.55 25 5 -2.5 21 +2.1 2.5 -2. +2. 2. -2 +2 - +

RESUMO: O objetivo que direciona este trabalho é o de refletir teoricamente sobre a promoção de uma Alfabetização Científica e Tecnológica (ACT) como transformação social, no contexto de sala de aula, a partir de uma Tecnologia Social (TS). Nessa perspectiva, revisitamos os conceitos previamente estabelecidos na literatura sobre a ACT e transformação social e apresentamos proposições de um referencial teórico para o contexto escolar. Na perspectiva da ACT escolar, apontamos algumas considerações para se desenvolver a transformação social, entre elas: o ensino de Ciências como prática social, a inserção da TS como um modelo social e didático a ser estudado, a intencionalidade do professor em desenvolver a ACT escolar e a argumentação como prática epistêmica para a identificação da ACT como transformação social RESUMO (ACT aula TS. . (TS) elas estudado (TS

ABSTRACT: The objective behind this work is to reflect theoretically on understanding and identifying possibilities for promoting Scientific and Technological Literacy (STL) as social transformation, in the classroom context, based on Social Technology (ST). Considering this perspective, we revisit ideas already consolidated in the literature on STL and social transformation and present propositions for a theoretical framework for the school context. From the perspective of school STL, we point out some considerations to developing social transformation, including science teaching as a social practice, the insertion of ST as a social and didactic model to be studied, the teacher's intentionality in developing school STL and argumentation as an epistemic practice to identify STL as Social Transformation ABSTRACT (STL context ST. . (ST) studied teachers teacher s (ST

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo es reflexionar teóricamente sobre la comprensión e identificación de posibilidades para promover la Alfabetización Científica y Tecnológica (ACT) como transformación social, en el contexto del aula, basada en la Tecnología Social (TS). Considerando esta perspectiva, revisamos ideas ya consolidadas en la literatura sobre ACT y transformación social y presentamos propuestas para un marco teórico para el contexto escolar. Desde la perspectiva de la ACT escolar, señalamos algunas consideraciones para desarrollar la transformación social, entre ellas: la enseñanza de las ciencias como práctica social, la inserción de la TS como modelo social y didáctico a estudiar, la intencionalidad del docente en desarrollar la ACT escolar y la argumentación como práctica epistémica para identificar la ACT como transformación social RESUMEN (ACT aula TS. . (TS) ellas estudiar (TS

ABSTRACT Potassium (K) vertical mobility in soils has often been overestimated and used as a rationale for recommending the broadcast application of this nutrient in fertility management programs, especially in soils with low cation exchange capacity (CEC). This study aimed to evaluate the vertical distribution of K in two land uses: areas with natural vegetation and crop fields managed under no-tillage (NT) fertilized with K. For this purpose, 49 soil profiles from the Brazilian subtropical state of Rio Grande do Sul were sampled, comprising 45 profiles from areas under NT management and four profiles from sites with natural vegetation. Soil samples were collected in 19 very thin layers: 1 cm layer in the first 10 cm, 2.5 cm layer from 10 to 25 cm, and 5 cm layer from 25 to 40 cm. Sampling sites were then grouped according to their CEC, categorized as < 7.5, 7.6-15.0, and 15.1-30.0 cmolc dm-3. Both crop fields and natural fields exhibit a similar vertical gradient model, characterized by a strong accumulation of K in the soil within the uppermost centimeters. This gradient is notably enhanced by the addition of K fertilizers, leading to a substantial portion of K becoming inaccessible to the root system. The optimal level of available K for the topsoil soils was found within an average range of 4 to 12.5 cm of soil depth. Consequently, K fertilization resulted in two main outcomes: (i) an excess of K in the upper soil layers, which increases the potential for K loss through surface erosion and runoff, and (ii) a limited migration of K towards the deeper soil layers until reaching the root growth zone. There is an urgent need to: (a) reaffirm the official recommendations of public agencies that the replacement of K exported by crops should be carried out in the furrow, along the sowing line, and as deep as possible; and (b) reconsider the diagnostic soil layer for assessing the status of K availability in soils under NT management. (K programs CEC. CEC . (CEC) uses notillage no tillage (NT purpose sampled 2 2. 75 7 7.5 7.615.0, 76150 7.6 15.0, 6 15 0 7.6-15.0 15.130.0 151300 15.1 30.0 30 15.1-30. dm3. dm3 dm 3. 3 dm-3 model centimeters fertilizers system 125 12 12. depth Consequently outcomes i (i runoff ii (ii zone (a furrow line possible b (b (CEC 7. 615 7.615.0 7615 76 150 15.0 7.6-15. 130 15.130. 15130 151 15. 300 30. 15.1-30 dm- 61 7.615. 761 7.6-15 13 15.130 1513 15.1-3 7.615 7.6-1 15.13 15.1- 7.61 7.6-

Resumo Fundamento A utilização do teste timed up and go (TUG) na avaliação da aptidão cardiorrespiratória em cardiopatas não está bem definida na literatura. Objetivos Testar a associação entre o TUG e o consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico), construir uma equação com base no TUG para prever o VO2pico e determinar um ponto de corte para estimar um VO2pico ≥ 20 mL.kg−1.min−1. Métodos Estudo transversal com 201 indivíduos portadores de doença arterial coronariana ou insuficiência cardíaca, com idade entre 36 e 92 anos, submetidos ao TUG e ao teste cardiopulmonar de exercício. Foram realizadas análises de correlação, curva ROC, regressão linear múltipla e Bland-Altman. Um p < 0,05 foi adotado como significante. Resultados A média de idade da amostra total foi 67 ± 13 anos, e 70% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino. A média de VO2pico foi de 17 ± 6 mL.kg−1.min−1 e a média de desempenho no TUG foi de 7 ± 2,5 segundos. A correlação entre o VO2pico e o TUG foi r = −0,54 (p < 0,001) e R2 de 0,30. Foi desenvolvida a equação com base no TUG: V O 2 pico = 33 , 553 + ( − 0 , 149 ∗ idade ) + ( − 0 , 738 ∗ T U G ) + ( − 2 , 870 ∗ sexo ); sendo atribuído o valor 0 ao sexo masculino e 1 ao sexo feminino (R ajustado: 0,41; R2 ajustado: 0,40). O VO2pico estimado pela equação foi 18,81 ± 3,2 mL.kg−1.min−1 e o determinado pelo teste cardiopulmonar de exercício foi 18,18 ± 5,9 mL.kg−1.min−1 (p > 0,05). O melhor ponto de corte para o VO2pico ≥ 20 mL.kg−1.min−1 foi de ≤ 5,47 segundos (área sob a curva: 0,80; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,74 a 0,86). Conclusões O TUG e o VO2pico apresentaram associação significativa. A equação preditiva do VO2pico foi desenvolvida e validada internamente com bom desempenho. O ponto de corte no TUG para prever um VO2pico ≥ 20 mL.kg−1.min−1 foi ≤ 5,47 segundos. (TUG literatura VO2pico, VOpico VO (VO2pico) mLkg1min1 mLkgmin mL kg min cardíaca 3 9 anos ROC BlandAltman. BlandAltman Bland Altman. Altman Bland-Altman 005 05 0,0 significante 70 mL.kg−1.min− 25 5 2, 054 54 −0,5 0,001 0001 001 R 030 30 0,30 55 14 73 87 ajustado 0,41 041 41 0,40. 040 0,40 . 40 0,40) 1881 18 81 18,8 32 3, 1818 18,1 59 5, 0,05. 0,05) 547 47 5,4 área 0,80 080 80 95% 95 074 74 0,7 0,86. 086 0,86 86 0,86) significativa (VO2pico mLkg mLkg1min 00 0, mL.kg−1.min −0, 0,00 000 03 0,3 8 0,4 04 4 188 18, 181 0,8 08 07 −0

Abstract Background The use of the timed up and go (TUG) test to assess cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with heart disease has not been well defined in the literature. Objectives Test the association between TUG and peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), construct an equation based on TUG to predict VO2peak, and determine a cutoff point to estimate VO2peak ≥ 20 mL/kg/min. Methods This cross-sectional study included 201 patients with coronary artery disease or heart failure, between 36 and 92 years of age, who underwent TUG and cardiopulmonary exercise test. Correlation, ROC curve, multiple linear regression, and Bland-Altman analyses were performed. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results The mean age of the total sample was 67 ± 13 years, and 70% of participants were male. The mean VO2peak was 17 ± 6 mL/kg/min, and the mean TUG time was 7 ± 2.5 seconds. The correlation between VO2peak and TUG was r = −0.54 (p < 0.001), and R2 was 0.30. The following equation was developed based on TUG: V O 2 peak = 33.553 + ( − 0.149 × age ) + ( − 0.738 × TUG ) + ( − 2.870 × sex ); a value of 0 was assigned to the male sex and 1 to the female sex (adjusted R: 0.41; adjusted R2: 0.40). The VO2peak estimated by the equation was 18.81 ± 3.2 mL/kg/min, and the VO2peak determined by cardiopulmonary exercise test was 18.18 ± 5.9 mL/kg/min (p > 0.05). The best cutoff point in the TUG for VO2peak ≥ 20 mL/kg/min was ≤ 5.47 seconds (area under the curve: 0.80; 95% confidence interval: 0.74 to 0.86). Conclusions TUG and VO2peak showed a significant association. A prediction equation for VO2peak was developed and validated internally with good performance. The cutoff point in the TUG to predict VO2peak ≥ 20 mL/kg/min was ≤ 5.47 seconds. (TUG literature VOpeak , VO (VO2peak) mLkgmin mL kg min crosssectional cross sectional failure 3 9 Correlation curve regression BlandAltman Bland Altman performed 005 05 0.05 70 25 5 2. 054 54 −0.5 0.001, 0001 0.001 001 0.001) R 030 30 0.30 33553 33 553 33.55 0149 149 0.14 0738 738 0.73 2870 870 2.87 0.41 041 41 0.40. 040 0.40 . 40 0.40) 1881 18 81 18.8 32 3. 1818 18.1 59 5. 0.05) 547 47 5.4 area 0.80 080 80 95 interval 074 74 0.7 0.86. 086 0.86 86 0.86) performance (VO2peak 00 0.0 −0. 000 0.00 03 0.3 3355 55 33.5 014 14 0.1 073 73 287 87 2.8 0.4 04 4 188 8 18. 181 0.8 08 07 0. −0 335 33. 01 28

Abstract Amazonian várzeas are annually flooded for at least five months, which influences the occurence of waterbirds. This study investigates the species richness and composition, and individual abundance of waterbird assemblages in 10 várzea lakes on the lower Amazon River across a seasonal cycle. A total of 7,970 birds belonging to 52 species were recorded. Of these, 25 species were present in all four phases of the cycle, 5 in three phases, 10 in two and 12 during just one phase. Families with the highest species richness were Ardeidae and Scolopacidae. In the dry season, we recorded the highest species richness and the highest total abundance values. Thirteen species showed variation in abundance across the seasonal cycle, most being more abundant in the dry season Variation in species richness, abundance, and composition suggests that research on waterbird assemblages in Amazonian várzeas should consider all phases of the seasonal cycle. Furthermore, the occurrence of several migratory species demonstrates the importance of this region for the conservation of this group. Multi-year monitoring would contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of Amazonian várzea waterbird assemblages. months waterbirds 1 cycle 7970 7 970 7,97 these 2 phase Scolopacidae values Furthermore group Multiyear Multi year 797 97 7,9 79 9 7,

Abstract Changes in climate, which can be understood as fluctuations in climate patterns as a reflection of natural or anthropic interventions, can generate changes in the environment and consequently affect the diversity of organisms. Fungi are extremely important in organic matter cycling in different environments, mainly forest areas, decomposing dead wood. To better understand the effects of climate change on two wood-degrading Agaricomycetes, their potential neotropical distribution was modeled using known occurrence data, available in the GBIF database and in specific literature, and associated with predictor variables extracted from Worldclim. A modeling package in R environment was used to analyze the present and future suitability for the optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. The results indicate the climate as an important factor in the distribution of Auricularia brasiliana and Megasporoporia neosetulosa. The suitability factors for the metrics used indicate that the models can be used to analyze climatic areas and that temperature and precipitation strongly influence the permanence of species in these locations. The results also indicate areas that can be affected by climatic effects, consequently causing a decrease in the occurrence and permanence of these fungi in the Neotropics. Our models can be useful as future guidelines in conservation studies for fungi. interventions organisms environments wood wooddegrading degrading Agaricomycetes data literature Worldclim scenarios neosetulosa locations Neotropics

Resumo Este trabalho analisa o impacto da corrosão na estabilidade global de colunas em concreto armado, avaliando a eficácia dos critérios de redução de rigidez propostos pela ABNT NBR 6118:2014. A partir das análises, utilizando-se modelos em elementos finitos que reproduziram o comportamento dos materiais, definiu-se que a corrosão causa a intensificação dos esforços globais de segunda ordem na estrutura. Entretanto, em situações críticas, a perda de equilíbrio na seção transversal conduziu à falha estrutural antes mesmo da perda de estabilidade. O estudo foi realizado tanto por meio de uma análise não-linear geométrica, quanto pela aplicação do coeficiente γz, onde concluiu-se que a posterior adição de efeitos reológicos pode conduzir a uma configuração que ultrapasse os limites propostos pela norma brasileira.

Abstract This paper analyzes the impact of corrosion on the global stability of reinforced concrete columns, evaluating the effectiveness of the stiffness reduction criteria proposed by ABNT NBR 6118:2014. It was defined through finite element models that corrosion causes the intensification of the second-order effects. However, in critical situations, the failure in the transversal section led to structural collapse even before the stability loss. The study was conducted through nonlinear geometric analyses and applying the γ z coefficient. It was concluded that the subsequent addition of rheological effects could exceed the limits proposed by the ABNT NBR 6118:2014.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza el impacto de la corrosión en la estabilidad global de las columnas de hormigón armado, evaluando la efectividad de los criterios de reducción de rigidez propuestos por la ABNT NBR 6118: 2014. Con los análisis, utilizando modelos de elementos finitos que reproducían el comportamiento de los materiales, se definió que la corrosión provoca la intensificación de los esfuerzos globales de segundo orden en la estructura. Sin embargo, en situaciones críticas, la pérdida de equilibrio en la sección transversal resultó en una falla estructural incluso antes de la pérdida de la estabilidad. El estudio se llevó a cabo tanto a través de un análisis geométrico no lineal como mediante la aplicación del coeficiente γz, donde se concluyó que la posterior adición de efectos reológicos puede conducir a una configuración que va más allá de los límites propuestos por la norma brasileña.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the development of antimicrobial materials for different applications, especially in the biomedical field. In this context, chitosan is one of the most employed materials due to its highly attractive properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and antimicrobial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and fungi. In this review, we discuss the different methods used to obtain chitosan and point out how they affect the structural and chemical properties of this material, followed by a detailed discussion on how these properties influence its antimicrobial activities. Additionally, we summarize the most accepted antimicrobial mechanisms of action for chitosans. Specifically, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview on the last findings and progress reported in the literature on the factors that influence the antimicrobial activity of chitosan, e.g., polymeric average molecular weight ( M W ¯), average degree of acetylation ( D A ¯), water-soluble derivatization and sample degree of purity. The data available in the literature indicate that in addition to the structural properties, the effectiveness of such antimicrobial activity of chitosan is also dependent on the target microorganisms. This review will help researchers to better understand the mechanism of action of chitosan against microorganisms based on its structural characteristics.

ABSTRACT Bases are chemical species that donate electrons, accept protons, or release hydroxyls (OH–) in aqueous solution. In Soil Science, “base saturation”, “exchangeable bases” or “basic cations” has been widely used to distinguish Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ from H+ and Al3+ cations. This terminology is confusing since none of these cations are truly a base in chemistry sense. However, in the absence of the proposition of a correct term, the term “base saturation” remains in use nowadays, causing confusion among students, professionals, and even among professors and researchers in Soil Science, as it leads to the erroneous interpretation that the soil acidity can be corrected by adding these cations to the soil. Here, we present the historical background of this nomenclature and a theoretical foundation that justifies the abolition of the use of these terms in Soil Science. We consider that the most correct is to call it “Ca-Mg-K-Na saturation”, which, despite being long, would refer directly and without any misinterpretation of the terminology. In Soil Fertility, the “base saturation” is often calculated only as a function of the sum of Ca, Mg, and K, since the Na content is negligible in most tropical and subtropical soils. Thus, one could use the term “Ca-Mg-K saturation”. Likewise, it is also suggested to abolish the use of the term “sum of bases” and use the term “sum of Ca-Mg-K” or “sum of Ca-Mg-K-Na” instead when necessary.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la asociación de la estructura de las unidades básicas de salud (UBS) y del proceso de trabajo de los equipos de atención primaria con los determinantes sociales y las tasas de hospitalización por afecciones que podrían tratarse en la atención primaria en menores de 5 años en Brasil. Métodos. Estudio longitudinal ecológico, con datos secundarios del Sistema de Informaciones Hospitalarias y los tres ciclos del Programa Nacional de Mejora del Acceso y de la Calidad de la Atención Básica (PMAQ-AB) (2012, 2014, 2017-2018). Se analizaron 42.916 UBS. Se aplicó un modelo multinivel con pendiente fija e intercepción aleatoria. En el primer nivel, se analizaron el desenlace (tasas de hospitalización por afecciones que podrían tratarse en los servicios de atención primaria) y las variables explicativas (indicadores estructurales y procedimentales) consolidados por UBS. En el segundo nivel, se incluyeron determinantes sociales municipales (representados por un criterio de estratificación que combina el tamaño del municipio con indicadores que influyen en la gestión de salud). Se utilizó la prueba de la t con la corrección de Bonferroni para comparar las medias de los indicadores entre las regiones y la regresión lineal multinivel para estimar los coeficientes de correlación. Resultados. La tasa de hospitalización por afecciones que podrían tratarse en los servicios de atención primaria en menores de 5 años fue de 62,78/100 mil habitantes por área estimada de cobertura de UBS. Los siguientes factores presentaron una asociación directa con el desenlace: participación en uno o más ciclos del PMAQ-AB; planificación del equipo; horario especial; dependencias de atención infantil en la unidad; y disponibilidad de vacunas. La variable relativa a equipos, materiales e insumos y la clasificación como municipio pequeño o mediano se asociaron inversamente con las hospitalizaciones por afecciones que podrían tratarse en los servicios de atención primaria. Conclusiones. Las hospitalizaciones de menores de 5 años por afecciones que podrían tratarse en los servicios de atención primaria pueden reducirse mejorando los indicadores estructurales y procedimentales de las UBS y los determinantes sociales municipales.

ABSTRACT Objective. To investigate whether structural aspects of primary care units (PCUs) and the work processes of primary care teams are associated with the rate of hospitalizations for primary care-sensitive conditions (HPCSC) in children younger than 5 years of age in Brazil. Method. For this longitudinal ecological study, secondary data were obtained from the Brazilian Hospital Information System and from three cycles of the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB) (2012, 2014, 2017/2018). The analysis included 42 916 PCUs. A multilevel random intercept model with fixed slope was used. In the first level, the outcome (HPCSC rates) and explanatory variables (structure and process indicators) aggregated by PCU were analyzed. Social determinants (represented by a stratification criterion combining municipality population and health care management indicators) were entered in the second level. The t test with Bonferroni correction was used to compare indicator means between regions, and multilevel linear regression was used to estimate the correlation coefficients. Results. The HPCSC rate in children younger than 5 years was 62.78/100 thousand population per estimated PCU coverage area. A direct association with the outcome was observed for: participation in one or more PMAQ-AB cycles; team planning; special hours; dedicated pediatric care area; and availability of vaccines. Equipment, materials, supplies, and being a small or medium-size municipality were inversely associated with HPCSC. Conclusions. HPCSC rates in children below 5 years of age may potentially be reduced through improvements in PCU structure and process indicators and in municipal social determinants.

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar a associação da estrutura das unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) e do processo de trabalho das equipes de atenção primária com determinantes sociais e taxas de internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária (ICSAP) em menores de 5 anos no Brasil. Métodos. Estudo longitudinal ecológico, com dados secundários do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares e dos três ciclos do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB) (2012, 2014, 2017/2018). Foram analisadas 42 916 UBS. Foi realizada modelagem multinível com angulação fixa e intercepto aleatório. No primeiro nível, foram analisados o desfecho (taxas de ICSAP) e as variáveis explicativas (indicadores estruturais e processuais), agregados por UBS. No segundo nível, foram incluídos determinantes sociais municipais (representados por critério de estratificação que combina o porte do município com indicadores que influenciam a gestão de saúde). Utilizou-se o teste t com correção de Bonferroni para comparar as médias dos indicadores entre as regiões, e a regressão linear multinível para estimar os coeficientes de correlação. Resultados. A taxa de ICSAP em menores de 5 anos foi de 62,78/100 mil habitantes por área estimada de cobertura de UBS. Apresentaram associação direta com o desfecho: participação em um ou mais ciclos do PMAQ-AB; planejamento da equipe; horário especial; dependências para atenção infantil na unidade; e disponibilidade de vacinas. A variável equipamentos, materiais e insumos e a classificação como município de porte pequeno ou médio associaram-se inversamente às ICSAP. Conclusões. As ICSAP em menores de 5 anos podem ser potencialmente reduzidas pela melhoria dos indicadores estruturais e processuais das UBS e dos determinantes sociais municipais.

ABSTRACT The reduction of water quality typically starts in small streams and rivers; tributaries interconnected to major rivers. In this regard, this study aimed to investigate waste disposal of small wine and liquor agribusinesses by monitoring the water quality of two streams, tributaries of the Soturno and Jacuí rivers, located in the Quarta Colônia region the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. We began monitoring water quality in July 2008 and continued uninterruptedly until May 2009. We collected water samples at three different locations (source, upstream, and downstream) in triplicate, totaling 162 samples. We investigated 24 variables that makeup chemical, physical and biological parameters of water quality. With the results, we concluded that the diffuse sources of pollution in the "Liquor stream" are associated with wastewater of small agribusinesses and nearby residences, in contrast, the source of the "Wine stream" showed the most chemical changes in water quality, and whose diffuse sources of pollution are more associated with agricultural activity than the small agribusinesses activity. The variables of chemical and biological oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, total iron, total manganese, and total phosphorus presented values higher than those of Class II waters in both streams. Therefore, small agribusinesses need to adequately dispose of the waste in order to meet existing legislation comprehensively.

RESUMEN La reducción de la calidad del agua por lo general comienza en pequeños arroyos y ríos; afluentes que están interconectados para llegar a los principales cauces. Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar la disposición de residuos en la pequeña agroindustria de vinos y licores en afluentes del Río Soturno y Río Jacuí. Las corrientes que reciben los residuos de las actividades agroindustriales (licores y vinos), ubicado en la región de la cuarta colonia de inmigrantes italianos en Rio Grande do Sul / Brasil fueron monitoreadas. Este proceso comenzó en 07/2008 y continuó ininterrumpidamente hasta 05/2009. Las muestras de agua fueron recolectadas en tres puntos diferentes (al este, aguas arriba y abajo) por triplicado, por un total de 162 muestras. Se investigaron 24 que componen los parámetros químicos, físicos y biológicos de la calidad del agua. Con los resultados, concluimos que las fuentes difusas de contaminación en la “Corriente de licor” están asociadas con aguas residuales de pequeños agronegocios y residencias cercanas, en contraste, la fuente de la “Corriente del vino” mostró la mayor cantidad de cambios químicos en la calidad del agua, y cuyas fuentes difusas de contaminación están más asociadas a la actividad agrícola que a la pequeña actividad agroindustrial. Las variables de demanda química y biológica de oxígeno, oxígeno disuelto, hierro total, manganeso total y fósforo total presentaron valores superiores a los de las aguas Clase II en ambos arroyos. Por lo tanto, las pequeñas empresas agrícolas deben eliminar adecuadamente los desechos para cumplir de manera integral la legislación existente.

Biomaterials have been intensively investigated due to the increase in the elderly population and high prevalence of several disorders, such as cardiovascular and orthopedic diseases. Polymeric and composite polymeric materials in combination with different processing techniques, such as electrospinning, solution blow spinning, ultrathin film preparation, and 3D printing are promising for obtaining biomaterials with patient-specific applications. Here, we provide a review on recent advances and perspectives for synthetic and natural polymers as well as composites in the design of biomaterials. After introducing basic information about biomaterials, we describe the fundamentals of manufacturing techniques and highlight possible biomedical applications.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a estrutura das unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) e o processo de trabalho das equipes de atenção básica em saúde no cuidado à criança no Brasil. Métodos Estudo ecológico com dados dos três ciclos do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica 2012-2018, por Unidade da Federação e suas macrorregiões. Foram analisados sete indicadores estruturais e 13 processuais. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para comparar as médias dos indicadores entre as macrorregiões nacionais. Resultados Participaram dos três ciclos do programa 85.845 equipes, agrupadas em 68.320 UBS. No último ciclo avaliativo (2017/2018), apresentaram maiores médias percentuais de adequação entre os indicadores estruturais: funcionamento da unidade (99%), equipamentos/materiais (82%), disponibilidade de vacinas (74%) e dispensação de medicamentos (70%). População descoberta (68%) e agendamento para especialistas (52%) corresponderam aos menores percentuais de adequação dos indicadores processuais. Conclusão Os indicadores de processo apresentaram melhores adequações que os indicadores estruturais.

Abstract Objective To assess the structure of primary health care centers (PHCCs) and the work process of primary care teams in child care in Brazil. Methods This was an ecological study with data from the three cycles of the Program for Primary Health Care Access and Quality Improvement 2012-2018, by states and regions. Seven structural and thirteen procedural indicators were analyzed. Student’s t-test was used to compare indicator averages between regions. Results 85,845 teams participated in the three cycles of the program, grouped into 68,320 PHCCs. In the last evaluation cycle (2017-2018), mean percentage adequacy rates were higher among the structure indicators: health center operation (99%), equipment/materials (82%), vaccine availability (74%) and medication dispensing (70%). Population without coverage (68%) and making appointments with specialists (52%) corresponded to the lowest percentages of adequacy of process indicators. Conclusion Process indicators had higher levels of adequacy than structure indicators.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la estructura de las unidades básicas de salud (UBS) y el proceso de trabajo de los equipos de atención primaria en el cuidado infantil en Brasil. Métodos Estudio ecológico con datos de los tres ciclos del Programa de Mejora del Acceso y Calidad de la Atención Básica 2012-2018, por unidad federativa y regiones. Se analizaron siete indicadores estructurales y trece procedimentales. La prueba t de Student se utilizó para comparar medias de los indicadores entre los macrorregiones. Resultados Participaron 85.845 equipos de los tres ciclos del programa, agrupados en 68.320 UBS. En el último ciclo (2017/2018), mostraron mayores porcentajes de adecuación entre los indicadores estructurales: funcionamiento de la unidad (99%), equipos/materiales (82%), vacunas (74%) y dispensación de medicamentos (70%). Población sin cobertura (68%) y programación para especialistas (52%) correspondieron a los porcentajes más bajos de adecuación de los indicadores procedimentales. Conclusión Los indicadores del proceso mostraron mejores adaptaciones que los estructurales.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a estrutura das unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) e o processo de trabalho das equipes de atenção básica em saúde no cuidado à criança no Brasil. Métodos Estudo ecológico com dados dos três ciclos do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica 2012-2018, por Unidade da Federação e suas macrorregiões. Foram analisados sete indicadores estruturais e 13 processuais. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para comparar as médias dos indicadores entre as macrorregiões nacionais. Resultados Participaram dos três ciclos do programa 85.845 equipes, agrupadas em 68.320 UBS. No último ciclo avaliativo (2017/2018), apresentaram maiores médias percentuais de adequação entre os indicadores estruturais: funcionamento da unidade (99%), equipamentos/materiais (82%), disponibilidade de vacinas (74%) e dispensação de medicamentos (70%). População descoberta (68%) e agendamento para especialistas (52%) corresponderam aos menores percentuais de adequação dos indicadores processuais. Conclusão Os indicadores de processo apresentaram melhores adequações que os indicadores estruturais.

Abstract Objective To assess the structure of primary health care centers (PHCCs) and the work process of primary care teams in child care in Brazil. Methods This was an ecological study with data from the three cycles of the Program for Primary Health Care Access and Quality Improvement 2012-2018, by states and regions. Seven structural and thirteen procedural indicators were analyzed. Student’s t-test was used to compare indicator averages between regions. Results 85,845 teams participated in the three cycles of the program, grouped into 68,320 PHCCs. In the last evaluation cycle (2017-2018), mean percentage adequacy rates were higher among the structure indicators: health center operation (99%), equipment/materials (82%), vaccine availability (74%) and medication dispensing (70%). Population without coverage (68%) and making appointments with specialists (52%) corresponded to the lowest percentages of adequacy of process indicators. Conclusion Process indicators had higher levels of adequacy than structure indicators.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la estructura de las unidades básicas de salud (UBS) y el proceso de trabajo de los equipos de atención primaria en el cuidado infantil en Brasil. Métodos Estudio ecológico con datos de los tres ciclos del Programa de Mejora del Acceso y Calidad de la Atención Básica 2012-2018, por unidad federativa y regiones. Se analizaron siete indicadores estructurales y trece procedimentales. La prueba t de Student se utilizó para comparar medias de los indicadores entre los macrorregiones. Resultados Participaron 85.845 equipos de los tres ciclos del programa, agrupados en 68.320 UBS. En el último ciclo (2017/2018), mostraron mayores porcentajes de adecuación entre los indicadores estructurales: funcionamiento de la unidad (99%), equipos/materiales (82%), vacunas (74%) y dispensación de medicamentos (70%). Población sin cobertura (68%) y programación para especialistas (52%) correspondieron a los porcentajes más bajos de adecuación de los indicadores procedimentales. Conclusión Los indicadores del proceso mostraron mejores adaptaciones que los estructurales.

Objective: To asses the structure of basic health units (UBS) and the work process of primary care teams in child care in Brazil. Methods: Ecological study with data from the three cycles of the Program for Improving Access and Quality in Primary Care 2012-2018, by federated unit and regions. Seven structural and thirteen procedural indicators were analyzed. The t test was used to compare means of the indicators between regions. Results: 85,845 teams participated in the three cycles of the program, grouped into 68,320 UBS. In the last evaluation cycle (2017-2018), they showed higher percentages of adequacy among the structural indicators: unit functioning (99%), equipment/materials (82%), vaccines (74%) and medication dispensing (70%). Discovered population (68%) and scheduling for specialists (52%) corresponded to the lowest percentages of adequacy of process indicators. Conclusion: The processe indicators showed better adjustments than the structural indicators.

Objetivo: Analisar a estrutura das unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) e o processo de trabalho das equipes de atenção básica em saúde no cuidado à criança no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico com dados dos três ciclos do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica 2012-2018, por unidade da federação e suas macrorregiões. Foram analisados sete indicadores estruturais e 13 processuais. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para comparar as médias dos indicadores entre as macrorregiões nacionais. Resultados: Participaram dos três ciclos do programa 85.845 equipes, agrupadas em 68.320 UBS. No último ciclo avaliativo (2017/2018), apresentaram maiores percentuais de adequação entre os indicadores estruturais: funcionamento da unidade (99%), equipamentos/materiais (82%), disponibilidade de vacinas (74%) e dispensação de medicamentos (70%). População descoberta (68%) e agendamento para especialistas (52%) corresponderam aos menores percentuais de adequação dos indicadores processuais. Conclusão: Os indicadores de processo apresentaram melhores adequações que os indicadores estruturais.