Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor used in different commercial polymers, is a persistent pollutant commonly found in effluents. Conventional wastewater treatment processes have low chemical removal efficiency and are expensive. This work evaluated BPA removal using laccase enzyme produced from white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. For the enzymatic production, residues of acai berry and pineapple were used as laccase inducers. The use of natural inducers led to a high enzyme production (1139 and 1031 U mL−1 to acai and pineapple, respectively). Bisphenol A was removed to a concentration lower than LOD (limit of detection) after 4 h. The degradation mechanism of BPA occurred by oxidation of methyl to hydroxymethyl group in a propane portion, with breakdown of the aromatic ring. The developed technology brought to the scene a new green, viable methodology, using vegetable waste, adding value to these residues and bringing an alternative to the BPA treatment. BPA, , (BPA) polymers effluents expensive ostreatus 1139 (113 103 mL1 mL 1 mL− respectively. respectively . respectively) limit detection h portion ring green methodology waste (BPA 113 (11 10 11 (1 (

O uso de fungos na descoloração de corantes com métodos economicamente viáveis de produção de água bacteriologicamente segura há muito vem sendo descrito por diversos autores. Este trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a eficiência da remoção de corante artificial FD&C azul no 2 Indigotina, com uso do fungo de degradação branca Trametes versicolor em combinação com a filtração lenta. Para a realização dos trabalhos, foram instalados dois protótipos de filtros lentos denominados FL-A e FL-B - no sobrenadante do filtro FL-A foi inoculado o referido fungo, e o filtro FL-B foi utilizado como controle (sem inoculação do microrganismo). O melhor percentual de remoção do corante pelo fungo Trametes versicolor em combinação com a filtração lenta foi de 44,74% 24 horas após a atividade máxima registrada de lacase. Os resultados mostraram que a filtração lenta combinada com o tratamento com o fungo T. versicolor não apresenta grande potencial para remoção de cor em 21 dias de tratamento, visto que os produtos microbianos gerados interferem no processo de filtração, diminuindo a eficiência do processo físico. Entretanto, restringindo o tempo de tratamento a 24 horas após a atividade enzimática máxima, o tratamento combinado apresentou boa eficiência.

The use of fungi in the decolorization of dyes with economically viable methods of producing bacteriologically safe water has long been described by several authors. This study aimed to investigate the removal efficiency of artificial coloring FD&C Blue no 2 Indigo, using the degradation white fungus Trametes versicolor in combination with slow sand filtration. Two prototype filters slowly termed FL-A and FL-B were installed - the supernatant water of filter FL-A was inoculated with the fungus, while filter FL-B was used as control. The best percentage of dye removal by the fungus Trametes versicolor in combination with the slow sand filtration was 44.74% achieved 24 hours after the maximum laccase activity. The results show that the combination of the fungus T. versicolorwith slow sand filtration treatment presents no great potential for color removal at 21 days of treatment, whereas microbial products generated interfere with the filtration process, lowering the efficiency of the physical process. However, with the restriction of the handling time into 24 hours after the maximum enzymatic activity, combined treatment showed good efficiency.

Indústrias farmacêuticas, têxteis e alimentícias são umas das responsáveis por grande parte da carga de poluentes lançados no meio ambiente. Pesquisa de substâncias possivelmente presentes no efluente da indústria farmacêutica é justificada pela possibilidade de considerar um tratamento adequado para seus efluentes por meio de sua caracterização físico-química. Neste trabalho, as características físico-químicas de um efluente da indústria farmacêutica foram estudadas: concentrações de compostos fenólicos, metais pesados, fósforo total, nitrato, demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), oxigênio dissolvido (OD). O teste do micronúcleo in vivo foi realizado em camundongos Swiss, para a averiguação e possível genotoxicidade e mutagenicidade de um efluente farmacêutico do pólo farmacêutico de Anápolis - Goiás. Em todas as amostras coletadas, apenas os compostos fenólicos apresentaram concentrações acima dos valores estabelecidos pela Resolução CONAMA 430/2011. As altas concentrações de fenóis totais e a sinergia entre metais encontrados nos efluentes podem estar ligadas à mutagenicidade e genotoxicidade encontrada no efluente, visto que os resultados do teste de micronúcleo indicaram maior formação de micronúcleos quando os camundongos foram expostos ao efluente. Através dos resultados obtidos observou-se a necessidade da caracterização desses efluentes para a indicação do tratamento mais adequado.

The pharmaceutical, textile and food industry bear much of the responsibility for environmental pollution. In order to appropriately treat and mitigate the effects of pharmaceutical effluent, it is necessary to study it in order to determine its physical and chemical composition. In this work, the physicochemical characteristics of a pharmaceutical effluent were studied, to include the concentration of phenolic compounds, heavy metals, total phosphorus, nitrate, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO). The in vivo micronucleus test was performed in mice, for investigation and possible genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the effluent from the pharmaceutical hub in Anápolis - Goiás. In all samples, only the phenolics showed concentrations above the values established by CONAMA Resolution 430/2011. The high concentrations of total phenols and synergy between metals found in wastewater can be linked to mutagenicity and genotoxicity found in the effluent, since the results of the micronucleus test indicated higher micronucleus formation when the mice were exposed to the effluent. The results of the study highlighted the necessity of characterizing these effluents in order to determine an appropriate treatment.

Se não for tratado de forma adequada e eficientemente, os resíduos produzidos pela indústria química podem contaminar o meio-ambiente. Utilizar fungos capazes de degradar compostos orgânicos (por exemplo, fenol), pode ser um método para tratar efluentes proeminentes de insústrias farmacêuticas, em particular, os fungos da podridão branca. O objetivo deste trabalho foi tratar um efluente farmacêutico pelo fungo Pycnoporus sanguineus. Três amostras de efluentes foram coletadas em uma indústria farmacêutica. A produção de enzimas como a lacase e manganês peroxidase foi determinado. A sua produção durante o tratamento com o fungo P. sanguineus atingiu concentrações máximas de 4,48 U.mL-1 (Efluente 1), 8,16 U.mL-1 (Efluente 2), 2,8 U.mL-1 (Efluente 3) e 0,03 Abs.min-1 (efluente 2), respectivamente, durante 96 horas de tratamento biológico. Efeitos genotóxicos dos efluentes brutos e tratados também foram investigados usando o ensaio em que foi avaliada a formação de micronúcleos (MN) na medula óssea de camundongos. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento biológico reduziu a frequência de MN, de um modo dependente da dose, em comparação com amostras não tratadas. A diminuição de cerca de 20% e 45% da concentração de compostos fenólicos foi observada em todo o tratamento, o que confirma que a produção de lacase pode ser relacionada com a degradação de compostos tóxicos presentes no efluente. Por conseguinte, a biodegradação do fungo P. sanguineus parece um método promissor para a mineralização de compostos recalcitrantes presentes em efluentes farmacêuticos.

If not properly and efficiently treated, wastes produced by the chemical industry can contaminate the environment. Using fungi able to degrade organic compounds (e.g. phenol) seems to be a prominent method to treat pharmaceutical wastewaters, in particular, the white-rot fungus. The aim of this work was to treat pharmaceutical effluent by the Pycnoporus sanguineus fungus. Three effluent samples were collected in a pharmaceutical industry. The production of enzymes such as laccase and manganese peroxidase was determined. Their production increased throughout the treatment with the P. sanguineus fungus, reaching maximum concentration of 4.48 U.mL-1 (Effluent 1), 8.16 U.mL-1 (Effluent 2), 2.8 U.mL-1 (Effluent 3) and 0.03 Abs.min-1 (Effluent 2), respectively, during 96 hours of biological treatment. Genotoxic effects of the raw and treated effluents were also investigated using the in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus (MN) assay. Results showed the biological treatment reduced the frequency of MN, in a dose-dependent manner, when compared to untreated sample. The decreasing of around 20% and 45% of phenolics concentration was observed throughout the treatment, confirming that laccase production can be related to the degradation of toxic compounds present in the effluent. Therefore, the biodegradation by the P. sanguineus fungus seems a promising method for the mineralization of recalcitrant compounds present in pharmaceutical effluents.

Tyrosinase is an enzyme of industrial interest. The production and characterization of tyrosinase from P. sanguineus CCT-4518 were investigated. The selection of inductors, luminosity influence, inoculum size and type of culture medium on the production of tyrosinase and the effect of inhibitors on enzyme activity were performed. Optimum conditions for intracellular tyrosinase production was observed after 2 days using 0.15% L-tyrosine as inducer, in the presence of light, with inoculum size of 10 mycelium discs, using 2% malt extract broth medium, incubated at 30°C, and constant agitation of 150 rpm. Tyrosinase activity was completely inhibited by the addition of 6 mM salicylhydroxamic acid or phenylthiourea, however an inhibition of 4.15% was recorded by the addition of 0.1 mM sodium azide. No inhibition could be detected in case of 0.1 mM phenyl methanesulfonyl fluoride addition. Optimal conditions for intracellular tyrosinase activity using L-dopa as substrate were observed at pH 6.6 and 45°C. Thermal stability studies indicated that the enzyme is stable at 45°C for 15 minutes. Higher temperatures decreased tyrosinase activity. Enzyme production was confirmed by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the protein profile was investigated by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.