Abstract The sugarcane in Brazil is passing through a management transition that is leading to the abolition of pre-harvest burning. Without burning, large amounts of sugarcane trash is generated, and there is a discussion regarding the utilization of this biomass in the industry versus keeping it in the field to improve soil quality. To study the effects of the trash removal on soil quality, we established an experimental sugarcane plantation with different levels of trash over the soil (0%, 50% and 100% of the original trash deposition) and analyzed the structure of the bacterial and fungal community as the bioindicators of impacts. The soil DNA was extracted, and the microbial community was screened by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in two different seasons. Our results suggest that there are no effects from the different levels of trash on the soil chemistry and soil bacterial community. However, the fungal community was significantly impacted, and after twelve months, the community presented different structures among the treatments.

Avaliaram-se as perdas de solo e de água por erosão, em um latossolo roxo muito argiloso, com 0,03 m m-1 de declividade, da área experimental da Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Oeste, em Dourados (MS), entre junho de 1987 e maio de 1995. Os tratamentos, aplicados antes da semeadura de trigo e de soja, cultivados em sucessão, foram: (i) escarificação + gradagem niveladora (ES), (ii) gradagens pesada + niveladora (GP), (iii) plantio direto (PD) e (iv) aração com arado de discos + duas gradagens niveladoras, sem cobertura vegetal (DE). O preparo de solo e a semeadura foram realizados no sentido do declive. O PD foi o tratamento mais eficiente, tanto no controle de perdas de solo e de água quanto em rendimentos de grãos de soja e de trigo. As perdas médias de solo e de água por erosão, relativas aos sistemas PD, ES, GP e DE, foram, respectivamente, de: 0,8; 2,8; 5,3 e 7,3 t ha-1 ano-1 e 27, 80, 112 e 149 mm ano-1. O PD, quando comparado ao DE, controlou 89% das perdas de solo e 82% das de água. O PD mostrou rendimentos médios de grãos, tanto de soja como de trigo, 17% superiores aos do GP. O ES apresentou rendimentos médios 5% superiores em soja e 12% superiores em trigo, quando comparados aos do GP. Este último, dos tratamentos cultivados, foi o menos eficaz, seja no controle à erosão, seja nos rendimentos de soja e trigo. O fator erosividade, R, foi estimado em 6.411 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 ano-1, e a erodibilidade, K, foi de 0,0045 t h MJ-1 mm-1. Entre junho/94 e maio/95, o período de maior intensidade de perdas por erosão por unidade de tempo foi do preparo de solo à semeadura da soja, e o de maiores perdas absolutas foi o de 30 a 60 dias após a semeadura dessa cultura. Isso demonstra a importância de adequada cobertura do solo, entre novembro e março, e reforça a recomendação do Sistema de Plantio Direto para a região de Dourados (MS).

Soil and water losses were evaluated from 1987 to 1995, on a very clayey red dusky latosol, with 0.03 m m-1 slope, of Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Oeste, at Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Soil tillage systems used for growing wheat and soybean in succession were: chisel plow + tandem disk (ES), offset disk + tandem disk (GP), no tillage (PD) and conventional tillage, with no vegetable cover (DE). All tillage operations and seeding were in the up and down hill. PD was the most efficient tillage system to control soil and water losses and was the most productive. GP was the least efficient. Means of soil and water losses for PD, ES, GP and DE were, respectively: 0.8; 2.8; 5.3 and 7.3 t ha-1 year-1, and 27, 80, 112, and 149 mm year-1. Compared to DE, the PD controlled 89% of soil and 82% of water erosion losses, and yielded 17% more soybean and wheat grain than GP. As for wheat, ES was 12% more productive than GP. Rainfall-runoff erosivity factor (R) was 6.411 MJ mm ha-1 h-1 year-1, and the erodibility fator (K) was 0.0045 t h MJ-1 mm-1, reflecting characteristics of high infiltration and high internal drainage of this soil. During the 1994/95 growing season, the highest soil loss period per time unit was from seedbed preparation to seeding soybean, and the period of highest absolute soil erosion losses was from 30 to 60 days after seeding soybean. This shows the great importance of soil cover, specially during the inicial cropping phase, and support the recommendation of the no tillage system for this region.