Abstract This study evaluated the oil content obtained from andiroba seeds by pressurized n-propane at different conditions of temperature (25, 35, and 45 °C) and pressure (40, 60, and 80 bar), and conventional extraction technique using n-hexane as the solvent. Kinetic extraction curves were fitted using Sovová’s mathematical model. The chemical characterization of the oil was reported as well as the protein content in the extraction by-product. Pressurized extractions conducted at 25 °C provided the highest oil recovery (~45 wt%) from the seeds. The increase in pressure at 25 ºC favored obtaining oil with higher Stigmasterol contents, however, the Squalene content was higher in the oil obtained at 40 bar. The oils with the highest concentration phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were obtained at 80 bar. Extraction with n-propane provided oils with higher levels of phenolic compounds, however, with antioxidant activity similar to conventional extraction. For all evaluated extractions, the product showed a predominance of oleic and palmitic acids, with similar values of oxidative stability. The extraction of the by-product with the highest soluble protein content was obtained under mild processing conditions (25 °C and 40 bar) with n-propane. npropane n propane 25, 35 4 C 40, (40 60 8 bar, bar , nhexane hexane solvent Sovovás Sovová s model byproduct. byproduct product. 2 ~45 (~4 wt% wt contents however acids stability (2 npropane. propane. 3 (4 6 ~4 (~ ( ~

OBJECTIVE: To test whether swimming training benefits femoral neck strength in young diabetic rats under insulin therapy. METHODS: A total of 60 male Wistar rats (age: 40 days) were divided equally into the following six groups: control sedentary, control exercise, diabetic sedentary, diabetic exercise, diabetic sedentary plus insulin and diabetic exercise plus insulin. Diabetes was induced with a unique intraperitoneal injection (60 mg/kg body weight) of streptozotocin. Seven days after the injection and after 12 hours of fasting, the animals with blood glucose levels ≥300 mg/dL were considered diabetic. Seven days after the induction of diabetes, the animals in the exercise groups were subjected to progressive swimming training (final week: 90 min/day; 5 days/week; 5% load) for eight weeks. The animals in the insulin groups received a daily dose of insulin (2-4 U/day) for the same period. RESULTS: Severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes reduced the structural properties of the femoral neck (trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness and collagen fiber content). The femoral neck mechanical properties (maximum load and tenacity) were also impaired in the diabetic rats. Insulin therapy partially reversed the damage induced by diabetes on the structural properties of the bone and mitigated the reductions in the mechanical properties of the bone. The combination of therapies further increased the femoral neck trabecular bone volume (∼30%), trabecular thickness (∼24%), collagen type I (∼19%) and type III (∼13%) fiber contents, maximum load (∼25%) and tenacity (∼14%). CONCLUSIONS: Eight weeks of swimming training potentiates the recovery of femoral neck strength in young rats with severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes under insulin therapy.

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a influência da adubação nitrogenada e potássica sobre algumas variáveis biométricas da cultura da cana-de-açúcar segunda soca. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos, contendo Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, implantados numa área experimental do Instituto Federal Goiano Campus Rio Verde, GO. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, analisado em esquema fatorial 2×5, cujos tratamentos foram, com e sem adubação nitrogenada (0 e 120 kg de N/ha), combinados com cinco doses de potássio (0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1). As variáveis biométricas altura de planta, comprimento e número de folhas, número de plantas, comprimento e diâmetro do colmo, número de colmo e comprimento médio do colmo foram determinadas aos 150, 190, 230 e 270 dias após o corte. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou o comprimento das folhas, porém limitou a quantidade por planta. Já para o comprimento médio dos colmos e altura de plantas somente houve incrementos com uso do nitrogênio sem a presença da adubação potássica. O potássio proporcionou incrementos para altura de planta quando não houve adubação com N, enquanto para o diâmetro de colmo a dose de 240 kg ha-1 obteve o maior valor quando associado à adubação nitrogenada.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on some biometric variables of the second sugarcane ratoon. The experiment was conducted in pots containing Dystrophic Red Latosol, implanted in an experimental area of the Goiano Federal Institute Campus Rio Verde, GO. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with three replications, analyzed in a 2×5 factorial scheme, being that treatments was with and without nitrogen fertilization (0 e 120 kg of N/ha), combined with five potassium rates (0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1). The biometric variables plant height, leaf length and number, number of plants, stalk length and diameter, stalk number and mean stalk length were determined at 150, 190, 230 and 270 days after the cut. The application of nitrogen increased leaf length, but limited the amount of leaves per plant. As for the average stalk length and plant height, there were only increases with nitrogen use without the presence of potassium fertilization. Potassium yielded increases in plant height when there was no fertilization with N, while for the stalk diameter the 240 kg ha-1 dose obtained the highest value when associated with nitrogen fertilization.

Enquanto o exercício aeróbico regular promove adaptações benéficas ao músculo esquelético, o exercício físico exaustivo induz lesões musculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se um programa de natação com baixa intensidade é capaz de proteger músculos esqueléticos contra lesões induzidas por exercício exaustivo. Ratos Wistar (peso: 376,50 ± 4,36g; idade: 90 dias) foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: controle sedentário (CS); sedentário submetido a teste de exaustão (SE); treinado em natação (TN); treinado em natação submetido a teste de exaustão (TNE). Animais dos grupos TN e TNE foram submetidos a um programa de natação sem sobrecarga por 90 minutos/dia, cinco dias/semana, durante 17 semanas. Após este período, os grupos SE e TNE foram submetidos a um teste de exaustão em natação. Após eutanásia, fragmentos dos músculos sóleo e reto femoral foram coletados e submetidos à análise histológica e de proteínas de choque térmico (HSP70). Os resultados mostraram que o tempo até a exaustão foi maior no grupo TNE que no SE (125,0 ± 6,0 vs. 90,0 ± 8,5min, respectivamente, P < 0,05). Os níveis de lactato sanguíneo durante o teste e exaustão foram menores no grupo TNE que no SE (5,31 ± 0,22 vs. 8,76 ± 0,59mmol/L, respectivamente, P < 0,05). A frequência de fibras lesadas nos músculos foi maior nos grupos SE (sóleo: 34,86 ± 0,04; reto femoral: 37,57 ± 0,07) e TNE (sóleo: 41,57 ± 0,08; reto femoral: 39,57 ± 0,05), comparada aos grupos CS (sóleo: 13,88 ± 0,81; reto femoral: 16,75 ± 0,79) e TN (sóleo: 24,14 ± 0,06; reto femoral: 24,0 ± 0,05), respectivamente (P < 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa nos níveis de HSP70 dos músculos analisados entre os quatro grupos. Concluimos que apesar do treinamento em natação melhorar o desempenho dos animais no teste de exaustão, não promoveu proteção aos seus músculos esqueléticos contra as lesões induzidas pelo exercício exaustivo

While regular aerobic exercise promotes beneficial adaptations to the skeletal muscle, acute exhaustive exercise causes structural damage to the skeletal muscle cells. The aim of this study was to verify whether a low-intensity swimming program protects the skeletal muscles against damage induced by exhaustive exercise. Male Wistar rats (weight: 376.50 4.36g; age: 90 days) were randomly divided into four groups: sedentary control (SC, N=8); sedentary submitted to exhaustive test (SE, N=7); swimming trained (TN, N=7); swimming trained submitted to exhaustive test (TNE, N=7). Animals of TN and TNE groups were submitted to a swimming regimen without overload for 90 min/day, 5 days/wk, during 17 weeks. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, animals from SE and TNE groups were submitted to an exhaustive exercise protocol. At sacrifice, fragments of soleus and rectus femoris muscles were collected and submitted to histological analysis and heat shock protein (HSP70) expression measurement. The results showed that the time until exhaustion was greater in the STE than in SE group (125.0 6.00 vs. 90.0 8.48 min, respectively, P<0.05). The levels of blood lactate during exhaustive exercise were lower in animals from TNE than SE (5.31 ± 0.22 vs. 876 ± 0.59 mmol/L, respectively, P<0.05)The frequency of damaged fibers in the muscles was greater in SE (soleus: 34.86±0.04; rectus femoris: 37.57 ± 0.07) and STE (soleus: 41.57±0.08; rectus femoris: 39.57 ± 0.05), compared to groups SC (soleus: 13.88±0.81; rectus femoris: 16.75 ± 0.79) and ST (soleus: 24.14±0.06; rectus femoris: 24.0 ± 0.05), respectively (P<0.05). There was no significant difference at the HSP70 levels of the analyzed muscles among the four groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, although a low-intensity swimming training increased the animals' performance in the exhaustive exercise test, it did not protect their skeletal muscles against damage induced by exhaustive exercise

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the rate of long-term poliovirus excretors in people known to have B-cell immune deficiency disorders. METHODS: An active search for chronic excretors was conducted among 306 persons known to have immunoglobulin G (IgG) deficiency in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, and the United Kingdom, and 40 people with IgA deficiency in the United States. Written informed consent or assent was obtained from the participants or their legal guardians, and the studies were formally approved. Stool samples were collected from participants and cultured for polioviruses. Calculation of the confidence interval for the proportion of participants with persistent poliovirus excretion was based on the binomial distribution. FINDINGS: No individuals with long-term excretion of polioviruses were identified. Most participants had received oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and almost all had been exposed to household contacts who had received OPV. Polioviruses of recent vaccine origin were transiently found in four individuals in Mexico and Brazil, where OPV is recommended for all children. CONCLUSION: Although chronic poliovirus excretion can occur in immunodeficient persons, it appears to be rare.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la tasa de excretores crónicos de poliovirus entre las personas con trastornos de inmunodeficiencia de células B. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda activa de excretores crónicos entre 306 personas con deficiencia demostrada de inmunoglobulina G (IgG) en los Estados Unidos, México, el Brasil y el Reino Unido, y entre 40 personas con deficiencia de IgA en los Estados Unidos. Se obtuvo el consentimiento o asentimiento informado de los participantes o de sus representantes legales, así como la autorización oficial pertinente para realizar el estudio. Se recogieron muestras de heces de los participantes para determinar en cultivo la presencia de poliovirus. A partir de la distribución binomial se calculó el intervalo de confianza del porcentaje de pacientes con excreción persistente del poliovirus. RESULTADOS: Ninguno de los individuos resultó ser excretor crónico del poliovirus. La mayoría de los participantes habían recibido vacuna antipoliomielítica oral (OPV), y casi todos habían estado expuestos a contactos familiares que habían recibido OPV. Se encontraron transitoriamente poliovirus de origen vacunal reciente en cuatro personas de México y el Brasil, donde se recomienda administrar OPV a todos los niños. CONCLUSIÓN: Aunque se puede dar una excreción crónica de poliovirus entre las personas con inmunodeficiencia, el fenómeno parece ser infrecuente.

OBJECTIF: Estimer la proportion de sujets excrétant des poliovirus sur le long terme chez les personnes présentant une immunodéficience liée aux lymphocytes B. MÉTHODE: Les auteurs ont recherché activement les cas d'excrétion chronique de virus parmi 306 personnes connues pour avoir une carence en immunoglobulines G (IgG) au Brésil, aux Etats-Unis d'Amérique, au Mexique et au Royaume-Uni et chez 40 autres ayant une carence en immunoglobulines A (IgA) aux Etats-Unis d'Amérique. Les participants ou leurs tuteurs légaux ont donné par écrit leur consentement éclairé et les études ont été officiellement approuvées. Des échantillons de selles ont été prélevés pour tous les participants et mis en culture pour rechercher les poliovirus. Le calcul de l'intervalle de confiance pour la proportion de participants présentant une excrétion persistante repose sur la loi binomiale. RÉSULTATS: Les auteurs n'ont trouvé aucun sujet présentant une excrétion prolongée de poliovirus. Le vaccin antipoliomyélitique buccal (VPO) avait été administré à la plupart des participants et presque tous avaient été en contact dans leur foyer avec des sujets vaccinés par le VPO. Des poliovirus d'origine vaccinale récente ont été retrouvés de manière transitoire chez quatre sujets au Brésil et au Mexique où la vaccination par le VPO est recommandée pour tous les enfants. CONCLUSION: Bien que l'excrétion chronique de poliovirus soit possible chez le sujet immunodéficient, elle semble rare.