After harvesting, barley grains (Hordeum vulgare L.) can show dormancy and water sensitivity, which delays industrial use. Both effects depend on the barley genotype and environmental conditions during grain maturation. In order to analyze the effect of the average temperature and the total rainfall accumulated during and in the final third of the grain filling, on the dormancy and water sensitivity and the relationship between them, three cultivars of barley were sownin four dates in 2009 and two in 2011. Temperature and daily rainfall were recorded from anthesis to physiological maturity. The dormancy was evaluated as germination at 12 days post physiological maturity and the water sensitivity as germination in water excess conditions at 100 days post physiological maturity. The variables that presented a higher correlation with germination and water sensitivity were average temperature and accumulated rainfall during grain maturity. Environments with average high temperature during grain filling, reduced dormancy, but on water sensitivity decrease was cultivar dependent. The increase of rainfall during grain filling, decreased dormancy, but increased water sensitivity in all three cultivars.

Los granos de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) pueden presentar dormición y sensibilidad al agua poscosecha, que retrasan su utilización industrial. Ambas, dependen del genotipo y del ambiente durante la maduración del grano. Con el fin de analizar el efecto de la temperatura media y las precipitaciones acumuladas durante y en el tercio final del llenado de grano, sobre la dormición y la sensibilidad al agua y la relación entre ellas, fueron sembrados tres cultivares de cebada en cuatro fechas durante el 2009 y dos durante el 2011. Se registraron temperaturas y precipitaciones diarias desde antesis a madurez fisiológica. La dormición se evaluó como la germinación a los 12 días posmadurez fisiológica y la sensibilidad al agua como la germinación en exceso de agua, a los 100 días pos-madurez fisiológica. Las variables que presentaron mejor correlación con germinación y sensibilidad al agua fueron la temperatura media y las precipitaciones acumuladas durante el llenado de grano. Ambientes con mayores temperaturas medias durante el llenado de grano disminuyeron la dormición, pero la disminución de la sensibilidad al agua dependió del cultivar. El incremento de las precipitaciones durante el llenado de grano disminuyó la dormición, pero aumentó la sensibilidad al agua en los tres cultivares.

Abstract We report the spectroscopic and photometric monitoring of a sample of 530 candidate AGB stars in a 5 × 5 degrees field, selected from the IPHAS catalog; historic light curves were derived from Asiago IR plates taken in the years 1965 -1984. We found 10 Miras, 5 stars with long term trends, 3 semiregular and 3 irregular. Spectral types from CCD slit spectra gave 8 M-type, 7 C-type and 6 S-type stars. In the color-color plots made from IPHAS and 2MASS catalogs, the S-type and M-type stars occupy the same regions, while C-type stars are well separated. All C-type stars with IR excess show long term trends in their light curve. Distances of the Mira stars, estimated from their periods and K magnitudes, give a median value 4.9 kpc with a large spread. A comparison with astrometric parallaxes from Gaia DR2 is briefly discussed.

Resumen Reportamos los resultados de un monitoreo espectroscópico y fotométrico de una muestra de 530 candidatos a AGB en un campo de 5 × 5 grados del catálogo IPHAS. Se obtienen curvas de luz históricas de las placas IR del Observatorio de Asiago tomadas entre 1965-1984. Encontramos 10Miras, 5estrellas variables con tendencias a largo plazo, 3 variables semi-regulares y 3 irregulares. Se obtienen tipos espectrales de los espectros CCD. Se encuentran 5 estrellas de tipo M, 7 de tipo C, y 6 de tipo S. En los diagramas color-color a partir de los catálogos IPHAS y 2MASS las estrellas de tipo M y S ocupan las mismas regiones, pero las de tipo C están bien separadas. Todas las de tipoC con excesos IR muestran tendencias a largo plazo en sus curvas de luz. Las distancias a las Miras, estimadas a partir de sus períodos y magnitudes K, tienen un valor medio de 4.9 kpc y una gran dispersión. Se discute la comparación entre estas distancias y las paralajes astrométricas del Gaia DR2.

ABSTRACT We studied several color-color infrared diagrams of the 276 late type stars of the BIS catalog. For 95 of these stars we derived spectral classification from our slit spectroscopy. From the 2MASS color diagram we concluded that none of the sample stars is a dwarf. The WISE 3.4-12 vs 12-22 plot is the best to discriminate the variability type (Mira, irregular and not-variable), as well as carbon stars. IRAS colors are less useful due to the poor quality of the data for most of the BIS stars. Mixed plots involving 2MASS, AKARI and WISE were also explored: the 2MASSAKARI J-[S09] vs [S09]-[L18] plot is efficient to discriminate carbon and Mira stars. From the color plots and our spectroscopy we can statistically predict that in the whole BIS catalog no other dusty carbon star is present, while a few Miras and CH or R carbon stars could be discovered. Only about 15% of the BIS stars are of early M type.

RESUMEN Estudiamos diagramas color-color en el infrarrojo de 276 estrellas tardías del catálogo BIS. Obtuvimos clasificaciones espectrales para 95 de ellas. Con el diagrama de color del 2MASS concluímos que ninguna de las estrellas estudiadas es enana. La gráfica 3.4-12 vs 12-22 del WISE permite diferenciar el tipo de variabilidad (Mira, irregular, no variable, o estrellas de carbón). Los colores del IRAS son menos útiles por la pobre calidad de los datos de muchas estrellas BIS. Se exploraron varias gráficas de datos del 2MASS, AKARI y WISE. La gráfica 2MASS-AKARI J-[S09] vs [S09]-[L18] es útil para diferenciar entre las estrellas de carbón y las Miras. Con las gráficas de colores y la espectroscopía que obtuvimos predecimos estadísticamente que en el catálogo BIS no existe otra estrella de carbón con polvo, pero puede haber algunas estrellas Miras y de carbón tipo CH o R aún no descubiertas. Alrededor del 15% de las estrellas BIS son de tipo M temprano.

ABSTRACT Through the analysis and interpretation of newly obtained and of literature data we have clarified the nature of poorly investigated IRAS point sources classified as late type stars, belonging to the Byurakan IRAS Stars catalog. From medium resolution spectroscopy of 95 stars we have strongly revised 47 spectral types and newly classified 31 sources. Nine stars are of G or K types, four are N carbon stars in the Asymptotic Giant Branch, the others being M-type stars. From literature and new photometric observations we have studied their variability behaviour. For the regular variables we determined distances, absolute magnitudes and mass loss rates. For the other stars we estimated the distances, ranging between 1.3 and 10 kpc with a median of 2.8 kpc from the galactic plane, indicating that BIS stars mostly belong to the halo population.

RESUMEN Mediante el análisis y la interpretación de datos de la literatura, y otros recientemente obtenidos, hemos aclarado la naturaleza de algunas fuentes puntuales del IRAS clasificadas como estrellas tardías y contenidas en el catálogo Byurakan-Estrellas IRAS. A partir de espectroscopía de resolución media para 95 estrellas revisamos los tipos espectrales de 47 de ellas y obtenemos una nueva clasificación para 31. Nueve estrellas son de tipo G o K, cuatro son estrellas de carbono tipo N de la rama asintótica de las gigantes, y las demás son de tipo M. Estudiamos su variabilidad, y para las variables regulares, obtenemos distancias, magnitudes absolutas y tasas de pérdida de masa. Para las demás estrellas, estimamos las distancias, que están comprendidas entre 1.3 y 10 kpc, y tienen una mediana de 2.8 kpc del plano galáctico. Esto indica que las estrellas BIS pertenecen principalmente a la población del halo.

Minimization of Gibbs free energy using activity coefficient models and nonlinear equation solution techniques is commonly applied to phase stability problems. However, when conventional techniques, such as the Newton-Raphson method, are employed, serious convergence problems may arise. Due to the existence of multiple solutions, several problems can be found in modeling liquid-liquid equilibrium of multicomponent systems, which are highly dependent on the initial guess. In this work phase stability analysis of liquid-liquid equilibrium is investigated using the NRTL model. For this purpose, two distinct stochastic numerical algorithms are employed to minimize the tangent plane distance of Gibbs free energy: a subdivision algorithm that can find all roots of nonlinear equations for liquid-liquid stability analysis and the Simulated Annealing method. Results obtained in this work for the two stochastic algorithms are compared with those of the Interval Newton method from the literature. Several different binary and multicomponent systems from the literature were successfully investigated.

The present work consists of the ''corpus'' of knowledge achieved through the research: ''The study of historical processes within living memory from Villa Atamisqui'' 1993-1996, directed by Licenciate José Togo, who belongs to the council of Technical and Scientific Research (CICYT) from National University of Santiago del Estero (UNSE). A study performed from a qualitative perspective, resorting to the technique of ''Oral Story'' with in-depth and semistructural interviews, these data are analysed in three dimensions: 1.the construction (interpretation) of its identity, 2.its relationship with the local community and, 3. its relationship with the economic system. The learning of the weaver´s activity is characterized as part of the social process that implies meetings among mothers, daughters and relatives in order to spin, dye and weave and where there is a transmission of knowledge related to the techniques and procedures so as to attain a stated kind of weft and pattern in the blankets which gives each of them a particular and unique feature. If the migratory trend of the weavers´ daughters keeps on, it may stop the ''transmission'' of knowledge as well as the craft. In the same way the impossibility of setting the production on the market would persuade them to look for new methods of alternative incomes and thus lacking cultural, social and economic encouragement this craft would be exctint in the short run.

El presente trabajo se integra en el corpus del conocimiento logrado con la investigación: ''Estudio de los procesos históricos a través de la memoria colectiva de Villa Atamisqui'' 1993-1996, dirigida por el Lic. José Togo, que pertenece al Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CICyT), de la Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE). Un estudio realizado desde una perspectiva cualitativa, recurriendo a la técnica de la ''Historia Oral'' con entrevistas en profundidad y semiestructuradas. Se analizan los datos en tres dimensiones: 1. la construcción de su identidad, 2. su relación con la comunidad local y 3. su relación con el sistema económico. El aprendizaje de la actividad de telera se caracteriza como parte del proceso social, que implica las reuniones entre madres, hijas y parientes para hilar, teñir y tejer, en estas reuniones existe una circulación de conocimientos referidos a las técnicas y procedimientos para lograr determinado tipo de tramado y de dibujo en la manta, lo que le imprime a cada una de ellas un rasgo particular y único. De mantenerse la tendencia migratoria de las hijas de las Teleras, se detendría la ''circulación'' de los conocimientos, se dejaría de transmitir el oficio, del mismo modo por la imposibilidad de colocar su producción en el mercado, las induciría a buscar nuevas formas de ingresos alternativos y al carecer de estímulos económicos, sociales, culturales esta actividad se extinguiría en el corto plazo.

A absorção de cádmio e seus efeitos no crescimento de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris, L. cv carioca) foi estudada em solução nutritiva completa de Hoagland & Arnon acrescida de doses de cádmio com concentrações entre 10 e 200 mmol L-1. Os teores de cádmio em folhas e raízes aumentaram à medida que aumentou a concentração de cádmio na solução nutritiva. Os teores de cádmio nas raízes foram maiores que nas folhas. Os resultados mostraram que a inibição do crescimento de folhas e raízes provocadas pela presença de cádmio são reversíveis.

Cadmium uptake and its effects on the growth of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris, L. cv carioca) was studied in a complete Hoagland &Arnon nutritive solution, containing cadmium levels ranging from 10 to 200 mmol L-1. The concentration of cadmium in leaves and roots increased as the concentration of cadmium in the solution increased. The cadmium level in roots was greater than in leaves. The inhibition of leave and root growths by cadmium was reversible.

Alterações nos níveis de prolina e na atividade da peroxidase foram estudadas em folhas e raízes de feijoeiro em função da resposta à salinidade do meio. A atividade da peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.7) e o teor de prolina das folhas foi maior do que nas raízes. Os resultados mostraram que a atividade da peroxidase diminuiu, enquanto os teores de prolina aumentaram gradualmente nas plantas cultivadas em meio salino. Ocorreu diminuição do teor de potássio e aumento de sódio nos órgãos analisados, com o aumento da concentração salina.

Changes in proline level and peroxidase activity in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. carioca) leaves and roots were studied in response to salinity conditions. Peroxidase activity of (EC 1.11.1.7) and proline concentration in bean leaves were higher than in roots. The results showed that peroxidase activity decreased while proline levels increased in bean grown in saline conditions. Increasing salinity levels in the nutrient solution were followed by a significant accumulation of sodium in the roots, with a concomitant decline of potassium.

Os efeitos da salinidade sobre a atividade de peroxidases foram acompanhadas no embrião e em cotilédones de feijoeiro Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Carioca, observando-se em ambos, aumento na atividade das enzimas. Com relação ao teor de prolina, ocorreu decréscimo constante no embrião de feijoeiro cultivado em condições salinas, entretanto, nos cotilédones, verificou-se aumento progressivo em condições de presença ou ausência de salinidade.

Changes in proline level and peroxidase activity in bean embryo and cotiledon were studied in response to salinity conditions. Activity of peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.7) in bean embryo and cotiledon (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Carioca) was higher than in seedlings growing in the absence of NaCl. Proline level decresead constantly in bean embryo growing in saline conditions. However, in cotiledon the proline content increased progressively in the absence and presence of NaCl in growth solution.

Foi estudado o efeito da deficiência de potássio sobre as atividades da glutamato desidrogenase (EC. 1.4.1.2) e glutamato sintase (EC. 2.6.1.53) em folhas de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Os resultados mostraram que a atividade específica da glutamato desidrogenase aumentou nas plantas deficientes em potássio nos dois cultivares estudados. Foi detectada redução na atividade de glutamato sintase nas plantas deficientes em potássio.

The effect of potassium deficiency on glutamate dehydrogenase(EC. 1.4.1.2) and glutamate synthase (EC. 2.6.1.53) activities in leaves of two cultivars of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied. The results showed an increase of glutamate dehydrogenase and a decrease of glutamate synthase activities in potassium deficient plants of the two cultivars studied.